Version May 2024
| High New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class |
| Reduced left ventricular ejection fraction |
| Diastolic dysfunction |
| Right ventricular dysfunction |
| Reduced right ventricular ejection fraction |
| Right ventricular enlargement |
| Tricuspid regurgitation |
| Low peak VO2 with maximal exercise |
| Exercise hemodynamics |
| Resting sinus tachycardia |
| Signs of reduced tissue perfusion |
| Low mean arterial pressure |
| Renal insufficiency |
| Neurohumoral activation |
| Hyponatremia due to increased antidiuretic hormone secretion |
| Increases in plasma renin, norepinephrine, brain natriuretic peptide, and big endothelin-1 |
| Comorbid factors |
| Diabetes mellitus |
| Ischemic heart disease, including extent of coronary artery disease |
| Additional predictors |
| Echocardiographic findings |
| Hemodynamic parameters |
| Increase in pulse pressure |
| Low heart rate response to exercise |
| Reduced heart rate variability |
| Hematologic abnormalities |
| Low lymphocyte percentage |
| White blood cell count above 7000/µL in ischemic cardiomyopathy |
| Erythrocyte sedimentation rate above 15 mm/h |
| Other |
| Left bundle branch block |
| Depression |
| Mutant allele of the adenosine monophosphate deaminase 1 gene |
| Nocturnal Cheyne-Stokes respiration |
| More than 30 apneic or hypopneic episodes per hour |
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