Grade* | Description of injury |
I | Blunt cardiac injury with minor ECG abnormality (nonspecific ST or T wave changes, premature atrial or ventricular contraction, or persistent sinus tachycardia) |
Blunt or penetrating pericardial wound without cardiac injury, cardiac tamponade, or cardiac herniation | |
II | Blunt cardiac injury with heart block or ischemic changes without cardiac failure |
Penetrating tangential cardiac wound up to but not extending through endocardium, without tamponade | |
III | Blunt cardiac injury with sustained or multifocal ventricular contractions |
Blunt or penetrating cardiac injury with septal rupture, pulmonary or tricuspid incompetence, papillary muscle dysfunction, or distal coronary artery occlusion without cardiac failure | |
Blunt pericardial laceration with cardiac herniation | |
Blunt cardiac injury with cardiac failure | |
Penetrating tangential myocardial wound up to but not through endocardium, with tamponade | |
IV | Blunt or penetrating cardiac injury with septal rupture, pulmonary or tricuspid incompetence, papillary muscle dysfunction, or distal coronary artery occlusion producing cardiac failure |
Blunt or penetrating cardiac injury with aortic or mitral incompetence | |
Blunt or penetrating cardiac injury of the right ventricle, right or left atrium | |
V | Blunt or penetrating cardiac injury with proximal coronary artery occlusion |
Blunt or penetrating left ventricular perforation | |
Stellate injuries <50% tissue loss of the right ventricle, right or left atrium | |
VI | Blunt avulsion of the heart |
Penetrating wound producing >50% tissue loss of a chamber |
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