Category | Marker (and commonly used abbreviation) | Evidence for outcome predictability in CKD* |
Short pentraxins | C-reactive protein (CRP) | ++++ |
Serum amyloid P (SAP) | ++ | |
Long pentraxins | Pentraxin-3 (PTX3) | ++ |
Neuronal pentraxins | ? | |
Pro-inflammatory cytokines | Interleukin-6 (IL-6) | ++++ |
Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1-beta) | + | |
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) | +/- | |
Interleukin-8 (IL-8) | + | |
Interleukin-18 (IL-18) | ? | |
Interleukin-12 (IL-12) | ? | |
Interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) | + | |
Anti-inflammatory cytokines | Interleukin-10 (IL-10) | ? |
IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) | + | |
Interleukin-4 (IL-4) | ? | |
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) | ? | |
Adipokines and related compounds | Adiponectin | ++ |
Visfatin | + | |
Resistin | + | |
Leptin | + | |
CD163 | + | |
Adhesion molecules and endothelial markers | Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) | ++ |
Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) | ++ | |
E-selectin | + | |
Coagulation markers | Fibrinogen | + |
Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) | + | |
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 [PAI-1]) | + | |
von Willebrand factor (vWF) & factor VII | ? | |
Fibrin D-dimer | ? | |
Inflammatory molecules with negative acute phase reaction | Albumin (negative) | ++++ |
Transferrin or TIBC | ++ | |
Iron | ++ | |
Fetuin | + | |
Inflammatory lipoproteins | HDL inflammatory index (HII) | ++ |
Oxidized LDL (oxLDL) | + | |
Inflammatory enzymes | Myeloperoxidase (MPO) | + |
Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-9) | + | |
Pro-inflammatory transcription factors | Activator protein-1 (AP-1) | + |
Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) | + | |
Other inflammatory markers | Serum ferritin | +++ |
Serum amyloid A (SAA) | + | |
Neopterin (monocyte/macrophage activator) | + | |
Platelet count | +++ | |
WBC count | ++ | |
Neutrophil count | + | |
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) | + |
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