|
Common causes
|
| Normal variation |
| Congenital hypothyroidism |
| Primary megalencephaly |
| Increased intracranial pressure (of any etiology) |
| Down syndrome |
| Rickets |
|
Skeletal disorders
|
| Achondroplasia* |
| Osteogenesis imperfecta* |
| Cleidocranial dysostosis* |
| Apert syndrome* |
| Campomelic dysplasia |
| Otopalatodigital syndrome, Type II |
| Achondrogenesis-hypochondrogenesis, Type II |
| Acrocallosal syndrome |
| Antley-Bixler syndrome |
| Hypophosphatasia* |
| Pycnodysostosis* |
| Schinzel-Giedion syndrome |
| Kenny syndrome* |
| Lenz-Majewski hyperostosis* |
| Stanesco dysostosis |
|
Chromosomal abnormalities
|
| Down syndrome* |
| Trisomy 13* |
| Trisomy 18* |
|
|
Endocrine disorders
|
| Hypothyroidism* |
| Rickets* |
|
Drugs/toxins
|
| Fetal hydantoin syndrome |
| Aminopterin-induced malformation |
| Aluminum toxicity |
|
Dysmorphogenetic syndromes
|
| Russell-Silver syndrome* |
| Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome* |
| Hallermann-Streiff syndrome* (Oculomandibulofacial syndrome) |
| Zellweger syndrome* (cerebrohepatorenal syndrome) |
| Robinow syndrome* |
| Cutis laxa* |
| Progeria |
| VATER association* |
| Aase syndrome |
| Melnick-Needles syndrome |
| Conradi-Hunermann syndrome |
| Otopalatodigital syndrome |
| Saethre-Chotzen syndrome |
|
Miscellaneous
|
| Primary megalencephaly |
| Malnutrition* |
| Congenital syphilis* |
|
