Predictors of spontaneous closure of enterocutaneous fistulas

Factor	Likely to close	Unlikely to close
Anatomical location	Oropharyngeal Esophageal Duodenal stump Lateral duodenal Pancreaticobiliary Jejunal	Gastric Ligament of Treitz Ileal
Tract length	>2 cm	<2 cm
Defect size	<1 cm²	>1 cm²
Fistula output	Decreasing	Stable or increasing
Surrounding bowel	Healthy	Distal obstruction or stricture Abscess Active inflammation Bowel discontinuity
Etiology	Appendicitis Diverticulitis Postoperative	Crohn disease Malignancy Radiation Foreign body (mesh)
Nutritional status	Well nourished	Malnourished
Sepsis	Absent	Present

Reproduced with permission from: Fischer JE, Evenson AR. Gastrointestinal-cutaneous fistulae. In: Mastery of Surgery, Fischer JE (Ed), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2007. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. www.lww.com.

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Predictors of spontaneous closure of enterocutaneous fistulas