Examples | |
Dry eyes | |
Aqueous-deficient form | |
| Sarcoidosis Lymphoma IgG4-related disease Graft-versus-host disease HCV infection |
| Trachoma Stevens-Johnson syndrome Ocular cicatricial pemphigoid |
| |
| Corneal surgery (eg, laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis [LASIK]) Chronic contact lens wear Diabetes mellitus |
| |
| Tricyclic and other antidepressants; antihistamines |
Evaporative form | |
| Acne rosacea Seborrheic dermatitis Atopic dermatitis Isotretinoin therapy Menopause |
| Thyroid ophthalmopathy |
| Parkinson disease Working at a computer monitor[2,3] |
| Vitamin A deficiency[4-6] Topical drugs and preservatives Contact lens wear Allergic conjunctivitis |
Dry mouth | |
Drugs | Antidepressants Antihistamines Anticholinergics Diuretics Neuroleptics |
Systemic diseases | Amyloidosis Sarcoidosis HIV and HCV infection Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus |
Psychogenic | Anxiety |
Radiation therapy | External beam for head and neck cancers Iodine-131 for thyroid cancer |
Dehydration | |
Salivary gland enlargement | |
Usually unilateral | |
| Bacterial infection Actinomycosis[7] Obstruction |
| Chronic sialadenitis Primary neoplasm (adenoma, adenocarcinoma, lymphoma, mixed salivary gland tumors) |
Usually bilateral | |
| Acute viral infections (EBV, mumps, CMV, coxsackie A) |
| Chronic viral infections (HIV, HCV) IgG4-related sialadenitis Amyloidosis Granulomatous diseases (sarcoidosis, tuberculosis)[8,9] HIV infection Hyperlipidemia Diabetes mellitus[10] Alcoholism[10] Malnutrition Acromegaly[11,12] Anorexia and bulimia[13,14] |
Adapted from: The definition and classification of dry eye disease: report of the Definition and Classification Subcommittee of the International Dry Eye WorkShop (2007). Ocul Surf 2007; 5:75.
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