Urinary |
Lower volume |
Higher calcium |
Higher oxalate (CaOx stones) |
Lower citrate |
Higher pH (CaP stones) |
Anatomic |
Medullary sponge kidney |
Horseshoe kidney |
Diet |
Lower fluid intake |
Lower dietary calcium |
Higher oxalate |
Lower potassium |
Higher sodium |
Higher sucrose |
Higher fructose |
Lower phytate |
Higher vitamin C |
Other medical conditions |
Primary hyperparathyroidism |
Gout |
Obesity |
Diabetes mellitus |
Distal renal tubular acidosis |
Inflammatory bowel disease |
Malabsorptive bariatric surgery |
Short bowel syndrome |
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