Version May 2024
| Intrinsic |
| Chromosomal |
| Trisomy 18, 13, 21 |
| Deletions of chromosomes 18q, 4p, 7q, 9q, 13q, 22q11.2 |
| Sex chromosome aneuploidy |
| Connective tissue |
| Arthrogryposis |
| Collagen defects |
| Joint synostosis |
| Neuromuscular conditions |
| Anencephaly |
| Anterior motor horn cell deficiency |
| Hydranencephaly |
| Holoprosencephaly |
| Myelomeningocele |
| Spina bifida |
| Myotonic dystrophy |
| Spinal muscular atrophy |
| Muscular |
| Myopathy |
| Myotonic dystrophy |
| Skeletal dysplasia |
| Campomelic dysplasia |
| Chondrodysplasia punctata |
| Diastrophic dysplasia |
| Ellis-van Creveld |
| Syndromes |
| Escobar |
| Hecht |
| Larsen |
| Meckel-Gruber |
| Multiple pterygium |
| Pena Shokeir |
| Smith-Lemli-Opitz |
| Zellwegers |
| Gordon |
| Pierre-Robin |
| Roberts |
| TARP (talipes equinovarus, atrial septal defect, Robin sequence, persistence of left superior vena cava) |
| Lambert |
| Extrinsic |
| Amniotic bands or synechiae |
| Early amniocentesis (before 15 weeks of gestation) |
| Intrauterine crowding |
| Fibroids |
| Multiple gestation |
| Oligohydramnios |
| Potter sequence |
| Malposition |
| Breech |
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