Version May 2024
| Established risk factors |
| Prior stress fracture |
| Poor bone health (osteopenia and osteoporosis) |
| Substantial increase in intensity or volume of activity (eg, military boot camp) |
| Decreased physical fitness (poor muscle strength or endurance) |
| Dietary disorders (eg, insufficient calcium intake, vitamin D deficiency, eating disorders) |
| Family history of osteopenia or osteoporosis |
| Poor running biomechanics |
| Female sex |
| Menstrual irregularity in females |
| Low body mass index |
| Prolonged glucocorticoid use |
| Older age |
| Factors of uncertain risk |
| Shoe type; Worn-out shoes |
| Running surface |
| Foot anatomy (eg, extreme high arch) |
| Muscle inflexibility |
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