Version June 2024
| Ulcers due to defined mechanisms |
| Infection |
| Helicobacter pylori |
| HSV |
| CMV |
| Helicobacter heilmannii |
| Other rare infections: TB, syphilis, mucormycosis, etc |
| Drug exposure (all probably worse when combined with NSAIDs or in high risk subjects) |
| NSAIDs and aspirin including low dose aspirin |
| Bisphosphonates (probably when combined with NSAIDs) |
| Clopidogrel (when combined with NSAIDs or in high risk subjects) |
| Corticosteroids (when combined with NSAIDs) |
| Sirolimus |
| Spironolactone (probable, no data with NSAID cotherapy) |
| Mycophenolate mofetil |
| Potassium chloride |
| Chemotherapy (eg, hepatic infusion with 5-fluorouracil), molecular targeted therapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors |
| Hormonal or mediator-induced, including acid hypersecretory states |
| Gastrinoma (Zollinger-Ellison syndrome) |
| Systemic mastocytosis |
| Basophilia in myeloproliferative disease |
| Antral G cell hyperfunction (existence independent of H. pylori is debatable) |
| Post surgical |
| Antral exclusion |
| Post-gastric bypass |
| Vascular insufficiency including crack cocaine use |
| Mechanical: Duodenal obstruction (eg, annular pancreas) |
| Radiation therapy |
| Infiltrating disease |
| Sarcoidosis |
| Crohn disease |
| Idiopathic peptic ulcer |
| Non-Helicobacter pylori, non-NSAID peptic ulcer |
| Comorbid ulcers associated with decompensated chronic disease or acute multisystem failure |
| Stress intensive care unit ulcers |
| Cirrhosis |
| Organ transplantation |
| Renal failure |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (secondary to smoking) |
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