Version June 2024
| Mechanism | Examples |
| Poor intake | Poverty, limited access to food (eg, food deserts, some older adults who have challenges with meal preparation), poor dentition, alcohol use disorder, restrictive diets (eg, vegan) |
| Malabsorption | Celiac disease, Crohn disease, short bowel, bariatric surgery, chlorhydria, bacterial overgrowth, chronic use of certain medications |
| Abnormal losses | Hemodialysis, chronic diarrhea |
| Abnormal metabolism | Genetic polymorphisms, alcohol use disorder (increases folate metabolism), chronic use of certain medications |
| Inadequate synthesis | Vitamin D (Northern latitude, homebound) |
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