Version June 2024
| Condition | Characteristic features | Radiographic features |
| Bacterial tracheitis | Fever; toxic appearance | Intraluminal membranes and tracheal wall irregularity |
| Epiglottitis | Fever, toxic appearance; anxiety out of proportion to degree of respiratory distress; "tripod" and/or "sniffing" posture; drooling | Swollen epiglottis ("thumb sign") on lateral neck radiograph |
| Laryngotracheitis (croup) | Typically occurs in children 6 to 36 months; "barking" cough, stridor; "steeple sign" on anteroposterior neck radiograph | Tapering of upper airway ("steeple sign") on anteroposterior neck radiograph Subglottic narrowing and distended hypopharynx on lateral neck radiograph |
| Peritonsillar abscess | Typically occurs in older children and adolescents; drooling; trismus; muffled voice; tonsillar swelling with deviation of the uvula | Radiographs usually not necessary for diagnosis |
| Retropharyngeal abscess | Typically occurs in children aged 2 to 4 years; neck pain, fever, pain with swallowing; drooling; unwillingness to move the neck; trismus; midline or unilateral swelling of posterior pharyngeal wall | Widening of the retropharyngeal space and reversal of the normal cervical spine curvature |
| Severe bacterial pneumonia | Signs of lower respiratory tract infection (eg, crackles, consolidation) | Pulmonary infiltrate with or without parapneumonic effusion |
| Foreign-body aspiration | History of sudden onset of choking (though this history is frequently absent); hoarseness or stridor with laryngeal or upper-esophageal foreign body | Visualization of radio-opaque foreign body; upper-esophageal foreign body may cause distortion or deviation of extrathoracic trachea |
| Diphtheria | Sore throat; malaise; low-grade fever; diphtheritic membrane (exceedingly rare in countries with high rates of diphtheria immunization) | Radiographs usually not necessary for diagnosis |
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