Our categorization of complementary and alternative medicine therapies for autism spectrum disorders according to benefits and risks

No benefit
Secretin Facilitated communication
Possible benefit, potential risk	Possible benefit, low risk
Gluten-free casein-free diet*	Music therapy Melatonin^¶ Oxytocin Therapeutic horseback riding^Δ Other types of animal/pet therapy Sulforaphane Transcranial magnetic stimulation Yoga Body work (eg, massage/qigong) Energy therapies (eg, healing touch, Reiki) Biofeedback/neurofeedback Hypnotherapy Vitamin C Vitamin B12 Folinic acid and folic acid
Unknown benefit, potential risk	Unknown benefit, low risk
Intravenous immunoglobulin Chelation^◊ Hyperbaric oxygen therapy Antimicrobial agents Vitamin B6 and magnesium Vitamin A Vitamin D in excess of tolerable upper intake level^§ Homeopathy Vagus nerve stimulation Stem cell therapy	Auditory integration therapy Omega-3 fatty acids Probiotics Cannabinoids Methylcobalamin, N-acetylcysteine Zinc Interactive metronome Herbal products Amino acids (eg, taurine, dimethylglycine) Digestive enzymes Mindfulness therapy Acupuncture Craniosacral manipulation Chiropractic^¥

Refer to UpToDate content on complementary and alternative therapies for autism spectrum disorders for additional information about potential benefits and risks.

ASD: autism spectrum disorder.
* Children following a gluten-free casein-free diet should be monitored by a registered dietitian.
¶ Refer to the UpToDate topic on pharmacologic interventions for ASD for a discussion of the use of melatonin in the management of sleep disturbance in children with ASD.
Δ Therapeutic horseback riding is safe with proper precautions (eg, helmet, appropriate supervision).
◊ Chelation is associated with potentially serious adverse effects including death.
§ Refer to UpToDate topic on vitamin D for details.
¥ Chiropractic is generally safe for patients without spinal abnormalities.

Graphic 81572 Version 13.0

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Our categorization of complementary and alternative medicine therapies for autism spectrum disorders according to benefits and risks