Features associated with, or contributing to, appearance of central apneas in treatment-emergent central sleep apnea

Non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep

Severe OSA

Supine position

Higher CPAP levels ("over-titration")

Higher pressure support level

Altitude

Oral breathing

Opioid narcotics

Congestive heart failure

OSA: obstructive sleep apnea; CPAP: continuous positive airway pressure.

Graphic 84027 Version 7.0

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