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Ferrous gluconate: Drug information

Ferrous gluconate: Drug information
(For additional information see "Ferrous gluconate: Patient drug information" and see "Ferrous gluconate: Pediatric drug information")

For abbreviations, symbols, and age group definitions used in Lexicomp (show table)
Brand Names: US
  • Ferate [OTC]
Pharmacologic Category
  • Iron Preparations
Dosing: Adult

Note: Dosage expression: Dose is expressed in terms of elemental iron; ferrous gluconate contains ~12% elemental iron per mg of mineral salt (eg, each 324 mg tablet contains ~38 mg elemental iron). Formulation: Enteric-coated and slow/sustained-release preparations are generally not preferred due to poor absorption (Hershko 2014; Liu 2012). Route of administration: IV iron replacement is preferred over oral replacement in several clinical situations (eg, poor GI absorption, lack of response to or poor tolerability of oral iron, chronic kidney disease, active inflammatory bowel disease, cancer, chronic or extensive blood loss) (Auerbach 2021).

Iron deficiency or iron-deficiency anemia

Iron deficiency or iron-deficiency anemia: Oral: 27 to 38 mg of elemental iron (1 tablet) once every other day or on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday. Note: Daily dosing has been shown to result in decreased absorption but may be reasonable in some individuals to improve adherence (Auerbach 2021; Stoffel 2017; Stoffel 2020).

Dosage adjustment for concomitant therapy: Significant drug interactions exist, requiring dose/frequency adjustment or avoidance. Consult drug interactions database for more information.

Dosing: Older Adult

Lower doses (15 to 50 mg elemental iron/day) may have similar efficacy and less GI adverse events (eg, nausea, constipation) as compared to higher doses (eg, 150 mg elemental iron/day) (Rimon 2005).

Dosing: Pediatric

(For additional information see "Ferrous gluconate: Pediatric drug information")

Note: Doses expressed as elemental iron. Ferrous gluconate contains ~12% elemental iron.

Iron deficiency, prevention

Iron deficiency, prevention:

WHO recommendations:

Areas where anemia prevalence is ≥40%:

Infants ≥6 months and Children <2 years: Oral: 10 to 12.5 mg elemental iron daily for 3 consecutive months in a year (WHO 2016b).

Children 2 to <5 years: Oral: 30 mg elemental iron daily for 3 consecutive months in a year (WHO 2016b).

Children ≥5 to 12 years: Oral: 30 to 60 mg elemental iron daily for 3 consecutive months in a year (WHO 2016b).

Adolescent menstruating patients (nonpregnant patients of reproductive potential): Oral: 30 to 60 mg elemental iron daily for 3 consecutive months in a year (WHO 2016a).

Areas where anemia prevalence 20% to <40%: Weekly intermittent dosing:

Children 2 to <5 years: Oral: 25 mg elemental iron once weekly for 3 consecutive months, then alternating 3 months off supplementation, 3 months on supplementation (WHO 2011).

Children 5 to 12 years: Oral: 45 mg elemental iron once weekly for 3 consecutive months, then alternating 3 months off supplementation, 3 months on supplementation (WHO 2011).

Iron deficiency, treatment

Iron deficiency, treatment: Oral: Children and Adolescents: Oral: Initial: 3 mg elemental iron/kg/day as a single daily dose (Kazal 2002; Oski 1993; Powers 2017; Reeves 1985) up to 60 to 120 mg elemental iron once daily (AAP [Kleinman 2019]); higher doses may be needed in select patients; dosage range: 3 to 6 mg/kg/day in 1 to 3 divided doses; usual maximum daily dose: 150 to 200 mg elemental iron/day (ASPEN [Corkins 2015]; Kliegman 2020; Zlotkin 2001); once-daily administration may be preferred for ease of administration and adherence (Zlotkin 2001). Studies in iron-depleted adults suggest that iron absorption may be improved by less frequent dosing (alternate-day dosing, or once daily versus multiple daily doses) (Moretti 2015; Stoffel 2017).

Dosage adjustment for concomitant therapy: Significant drug interactions exist, requiring dose/frequency adjustment or avoidance. Consult drug interactions database for more information.

Adverse Reactions

The following adverse drug reactions and incidences are derived from product labeling unless otherwise specified. Frequency not defined.

>10%: Gastrointestinal: Constipation, darkening of stools, nausea, stomach cramps, vomiting

1% to 10%:

Gastrointestinal: Dental discoloration, diarrhea, heartburn

Genitourinary: Urine discoloration

<1%, postmarketing, and/or case reports: Contact dermatitis

Contraindications

Hemochromatosis, hemolytic anemia.

Warnings/Precautions

Disease-related concerns:

• Gastrointestinal disease: Avoid in patients with peptic ulcer, enteritis, or ulcerative colitis.

Special populations:

• Blood transfusion recipients: Avoid in patients receiving frequent blood transfusions.

• Older adult: Anemia in the elderly is often caused by “anemia of chronic disease” or associated with inflammation rather than blood loss. Iron stores are usually normal or increased, with a serum ferritin >50 ng/mL and a decreased total iron binding capacity. Hence, the “anemia of chronic disease” is not secondary to iron deficiency but the inability of the reticuloendothelial system to reclaim available iron stores.

• Pediatric: Accidental overdose of iron-containing products is a leading cause of fatal poisoning in children under 6 years of age. Keep this product out of the reach of children. In case of accidental overdose call the poison control center immediately.

• Premature infants: Avoid use in premature infants until the vitamin E stores, deficient at birth, are replenished.

Dosage form specific issues:

• Oral iron formulations: Immediate release oral iron products are preferred for treatment of iron deficiency anemia; enteric coated and slow/sustained release preparations are not desired due to poor absorption (Hershko 2014; Liu 2012).

Other warnings/precautions:

• Duration of therapy: Administration of iron for >6 months should be avoided except in patients with continuous bleeding or menorrhagia.

Warnings: Additional Pediatric Considerations

Consider all iron sources when evaluating the dose of iron, including combination products, infant formulas, and liquid nutritional supplements.

Dosage Forms Considerations

Ferrous gluconate is ~12% elemental iron. Specific amount of elemental iron listed for each dosage form is per the manufacturer’s labeling.

Dosage Forms: US

Excipient information presented when available (limited, particularly for generics); consult specific product labeling.

Tablet, Oral:

Generic: 240 mg [elemental iron 27 mg], 324 mg [elemental iron 38 mg]

Tablet, Oral [preservative free]:

Ferate: 240 mg [elemental iron 27 mg] [corn free, dairy free, egg free, fragrance free, gluten free, no artificial flavor(s), sodium free, soy free, starch free, sugar free, wheat free, yeast free; contains fd&c blue #1 (brill blue) aluminum lake, fd&c yellow #6(sunset yellow)alumin lake]

Generic: 324 mg [elemental iron 37.5 mg]

Generic Equivalent Available: US

Yes

Pricing: US

Tablets (Ferate Oral)

240 (27 Fe) mg (per each): $0.02

Tablets (Ferrous Gluconate Oral)

240 (27 Fe) mg (per each): $0.02

324 (37.5 Fe) mg (per each): $0.06

324 (38 Fe) mg (per each): $0.06 - $0.11

Disclaimer: A representative AWP (Average Wholesale Price) price or price range is provided as reference price only. A range is provided when more than one manufacturer's AWP price is available and uses the low and high price reported by the manufacturers to determine the range. The pricing data should be used for benchmarking purposes only, and as such should not be used alone to set or adjudicate any prices for reimbursement or purchasing functions or considered to be an exact price for a single product and/or manufacturer. Medi-Span expressly disclaims all warranties of any kind or nature, whether express or implied, and assumes no liability with respect to accuracy of price or price range data published in its solutions. In no event shall Medi-Span be liable for special, indirect, incidental, or consequential damages arising from use of price or price range data. Pricing data is updated monthly.

Administration: Adult

Oral: Administer with water or juice prior to breakfast and/or between meals for maximum absorption (Kliegman 2020; Oski 1993); may administer with food if GI upset occurs;. Do not crush or chew tablets.

Administration: Pediatric

Oral: Administer with water or juice prior to breakfast and/or between meals for maximum absorption (Kliegman 2020; Oski 1993); may administer with food if GI upset occurs; do not administer with milk or milk products.

Use: Labeled Indications

Iron deficiency or iron-deficiency anemia: Prevention and treatment of iron-deficiency anemias.

Metabolism/Transport Effects

None known.

Drug Interactions

Note: Interacting drugs may not be individually listed below if they are part of a group interaction (eg, individual drugs within “CYP3A4 Inducers [Strong]” are NOT listed). For a complete list of drug interactions by individual drug name and detailed management recommendations, use the Lexicomp drug interactions program by clicking on the “Launch drug interactions program” link above.

Alpha-Lipoic Acid: Iron Preparations may decrease the absorption of Alpha-Lipoic Acid. Alpha-Lipoic Acid may decrease the absorption of Iron Preparations. Management: Separate administration of alpha-lipoic acid from that of any iron-containing compounds by several hours. If alpha-lipoic acid is given 30 minutes before breakfast, then administer oral iron-containing products at lunch or dinner. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Antacids: May decrease the absorption of Iron Preparations. Management: No action is likely necessary for the majority of patients who only use antacids intermittently or occasionally. Consider separating doses of oral iron and antacids in patients who require chronic use of both agents and monitor for reduced iron efficacy. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Baloxavir Marboxil: Polyvalent Cation Containing Products may decrease the serum concentration of Baloxavir Marboxil. Risk X: Avoid combination

Bictegravir: Iron Preparations may decrease the serum concentration of Bictegravir. Management: Bictegravir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir alafenamide can be administered with iron preparations under fed conditions, but coadministration with or 2 hours after an iron preparation is not recommended under fasting conditions. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Bisphosphonate Derivatives: Polyvalent Cation Containing Products may decrease the serum concentration of Bisphosphonate Derivatives. Management: Avoid administration of oral medications containing polyvalent cations within: 2 hours before or after tiludronate/clodronate/etidronate; 60 minutes after oral ibandronate; or 30 minutes after alendronate/risedronate. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Cabotegravir: Polyvalent Cation Containing Products may decrease the serum concentration of Cabotegravir. Management: Administer polyvalent cation containing products at least 2 hours before or 4 hours after oral cabotegravir. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Cefdinir: Iron Preparations may decrease the serum concentration of Cefdinir. Red-appearing, non-bloody stools may also develop due to the formation of an insoluble iron-cefdinir complex. Management: Avoid concurrent cefdinir and oral iron when possible. Separate doses by at least 2 hours if combined. Iron-containing infant formulas do not appear alter cefdinir pharmacokinetics, but red-appearing, non-bloody stools may develop when combined. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Deferiprone: Polyvalent Cation Containing Products may decrease the serum concentration of Deferiprone. Management: Separate administration of deferiprone and oral medications or supplements that contain polyvalent cations by at least 4 hours. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Dimercaprol: May enhance the nephrotoxic effect of Iron Preparations. Risk X: Avoid combination

Dolutegravir: Iron Preparations may decrease the serum concentration of Dolutegravir. Management: Administer dolutegravir at least 2 hours before or 6 hours after oral iron. Administer dolutegravir/rilpivirine at least 4 hours before or 6 hours after oral iron. Alternatively, dolutegravir and oral iron can be taken together with food. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Eltrombopag: Polyvalent Cation Containing Products may decrease the serum concentration of Eltrombopag. Management: Administer eltrombopag at least 2 hours before or 4 hours after oral administration of any polyvalent cation containing product. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Elvitegravir: Polyvalent Cation Containing Products may decrease the serum concentration of Elvitegravir. Management: Administer elvitegravir 2 hours before or 6 hours after the administration of polyvalent cation containing products. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Entacapone: Iron Preparations may decrease the serum concentration of Entacapone. Management: Consider separating doses of the agents by 2 or more hours to minimize the effects of this interaction. Monitor for decreased therapeutic effects of levodopa during concomitant therapy, particularly if doses cannot be separated. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Ferric Hydroxide Polymaltose Complex: May decrease the serum concentration of Iron Preparations. Specifically, the absorption of oral iron salts may be reduced. Management: Do not administer intravenous (IV) ferric hydroxide polymaltose complex with other oral iron preparations. Therapy with oral iron preparations should begin 1 week after the last dose of IV ferric hydroxide polymaltose complex. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Levodopa: Iron Preparations may decrease the serum concentration of Levodopa. Only applies to oral iron preparations. Management: Consider separating doses of the agents by 2 or more hours to minimize the effects of this interaction. Monitor for decreased therapeutic effects of levodopa during concomitant therapy, particularly if doses cannot be separated. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Levonadifloxacin: Iron Preparations may decrease the serum concentration of Levonadifloxacin. Risk X: Avoid combination

Levothyroxine: Iron Preparations may decrease the serum concentration of Levothyroxine. Management: Separate oral administration of iron preparations and levothyroxine by at least 4 hours. Separation of doses is not required with parenterally administered iron preparations or levothyroxine. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Methyldopa: Iron Preparations may decrease the serum concentration of Methyldopa. Management: Consider separating doses of methyldopa and orally administered iron preparation by 2 or more hours. Monitor for decreased efficacy of methyldopa if an oral iron preparation is initiated/dose increase, or increased efficacy if discontinued/dose decreased. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

PenicillAMINE: Polyvalent Cation Containing Products may decrease the serum concentration of PenicillAMINE. Management: Separate the administration of penicillamine and oral polyvalent cation containing products by at least 1 hour. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Phosphate Supplements: Iron Preparations may decrease the absorption of Phosphate Supplements. Management: Administer oral phosphate supplements as far apart from the administration of an oral iron preparation as possible to minimize the significance of this interaction. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Polyethylene Glycol-Electrolyte Solution: May decrease the absorption of Iron Preparations. Management: Give oral iron products at least 2 hours before or at least 6 hours after polyethylene glycol-electrolyte solutions that contain magnesium sulfate (Suflave brand). Other products without magnesium do not require dose separation. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Quinolones: Iron Preparations may decrease the serum concentration of Quinolones. Management: Give oral quinolones at least several hours before (4 h for moxi- and sparfloxacin, 2 h for others) or after (8 h for moxi-, 6 h for cipro/dela-, 4 h for lome-, 3 h for gemi-, and 2 h for enox-, levo-, nor-, oflox-, peflox, or nalidixic acid) oral iron. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Raltegravir: Polyvalent Cation Containing Products may decrease the serum concentration of Raltegravir. Management: Administer raltegravir 2 hours before or 6 hours after administration of the polyvalent cations. Dose separation may not adequately minimize the significance of this interaction. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Roxadustat: Polyvalent Cation Containing Products may decrease the serum concentration of Roxadustat. Management: Administer roxadustat at least 1 hour after the administration of oral polyvalent cation containing products. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Tetracyclines: May decrease the absorption of Iron Preparations. Iron Preparations may decrease the serum concentration of Tetracyclines. Management: Avoid this combination if possible. Administer oral iron preparations at least 2 hours before, or 4 hours after, the dose of the oral tetracycline derivative. Monitor for decreased therapeutic effect of oral tetracycline derivatives. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Trientine: Polyvalent Cation Containing Products may decrease the serum concentration of Trientine. Management: Avoid concomitant use of trientine and polyvalent cations. If oral iron supplements are required, separate the administration by 2 hours. For other oral polyvalent cations, give trientine 1 hour before, or 1 to 2 hours after the polyvalent cation. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Unithiol: May diminish the therapeutic effect of Polyvalent Cation Containing Products. Risk X: Avoid combination

Food Interactions

Cereals, dietary fiber, tea, coffee, eggs, and milk may decrease absorption.

Pregnancy Considerations

Iron transfer to the fetus is regulated by the placenta (BSH [Pavord 2020]; NAS 2020).

Maternal iron requirements increase during pregnancy. Untreated iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in pregnant patients are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, including low birth weight, preterm birth, and increased perinatal mortality (ACOG 2021; BSH [Pavord 2020]). Maternal iron deficiency is also associated with fatigue, increased risk of postpartum depression, and possibly postpartum hemorrhage (BSH [Pavord 2020]).

Oral and parenteral iron are effective at replacing iron stores in pregnant patients (ACOG 2021). Most studies note iron therapy improves maternal hematologic parameters; however, data related to clinical outcomes in the mother and neonate are limited (FIGO 2019; NAS 2020; USPSTF [Siu 2015]). Use of low-dose supplemental iron is recommended for all pregnant patients beginning in the first trimester or first prenatal visit to prevent anemia at term (ACOG 2021).

Ferrous gluconate has been evaluated for the treatment of IDA during pregnancy (Peña-Rosas 2015; Reveiz 2011; Rogozińska 2021). Ferrous salts are preferred over ferric salts for the oral management of IDA in pregnancy due to better absorption and bioavailability (BSH [Pavord 2020]). Iron supplementation is recommended for 3 months once hemoglobin is within the normal range and at least 6 weeks postpartum to replenish maternal iron stores (BSH [Pavord 2020]; FIGO 2019). Iron supplementation is recommended in addition to use of prenatal vitamins in pregnant patients diagnosed with IDA (ACOG 2021). Enteric-coated and slow/sustained-release preparations may be less effective due to decreased absorption, and use should be avoided (ACOG 2021; BSH [Pavord 2020]).

Breastfeeding Considerations

Iron is present in breast milk.

Endogenous iron concentrations in breast milk vary by postpartum age and are lower than concentrations in the maternal plasma (Dorea 2000; Emmett 1997). Breast milk concentrations of iron are maintained in lactating patients with mild to moderate iron deficiency anemia (IDA), but concentrations decrease if IDA is moderate to severe (El-Farrash 2012) or severe (Kumar 2008).

Iron deficiency and IDA are associated with adverse effects in postpartum patients (eg, altered cognition, depression, fatigue), which may influence interactions with the infant. Iron supplementation in the postpartum patient should be initiated as soon as possible following delivery when gestational anemia is a concern (WHO 2016c). The World Health Organization considers ferrous salts used for anemia to be compatible with breastfeeding (WHO 2002). All postpartum patients at risk of gestational anemia (regardless of breastfeeding status) may be given oral iron with or without folic acid for 6 to 12 weeks postpartum to reduce the risk of anemia (WHO 2016c). Oral iron therapy is recommended for postpartum patients with uncorrected anemia at delivery who are hemodynamically stable and are asymptomatic or have only mild symptoms; treatment should continue for at least 3 months (BSH [Pavord 2020]).

Dietary Considerations

May be administered with food to prevent irritation; however, not with cereals, dietary fiber, tea, coffee, eggs, or milk.

Elemental iron content of ferrous gluconate: 12%.

Dietary sources of iron include beans, cereal (enriched), clams, beef, lentils, liver, oysters, shrimp, and turkey. Foods that enhance dietary absorption of iron include broccoli, grapefruit, orange juice, peppers and strawberries. Foods that decrease dietary absorption of iron include coffee, dairy products, soy products, spinach, and tea.

Dietary reference intake (IOM 2001):

0 to 6 months: Adequate intake: 0.27 mg elemental iron/day.

7 to 12 months: RDA: 11 mg elemental iron/day.

1 to 3 years: RDA: 7 mg elemental iron/day.

4 to 8 years: RDA: 10 mg elemental iron/day.

9 to 13 years: RDA: 8 mg elemental iron/day.

14 to 18 years: RDA:

Males: 11 mg elemental iron/day.

Females: 15 mg elemental iron/day.

Pregnant patients: 27 mg elemental iron/day.

Lactating patients: 10 mg elemental iron/day.

19 to 50 years: RDA:

Males: 8 mg elemental iron/day.

Females: 18 mg elemental iron/day.

Pregnant patients: 27 mg elemental iron/day.

Lactating patients: 9 mg elemental iron/day.

≥50 years: RDA: 8 mg elemental iron/day.

Monitoring Parameters

Serum iron, total iron binding capacity, reticulocyte count, hemoglobin

Reference Range

Anemia:

Hemoglobin, whole blood:

Female: 12 to16 g/dL (SI: 120 to 160 g/L) (ABIM 2023).

Male: 13 to 18 g/dL (SI: 130 to 180 g/L) (ABIM 2023; WHO 2011).

Iron deficiency (ABIM 2023):

Ferritin, serum: Note: Ferritin is an acute phase reactant; levels may be elevated in the presence of inflammation or infection which is independent of iron status (WHO 2020).

Female: 24 to 307 ng/mL (SI: 53.9 to 689.8 picomole/L).

Male: 24 to 336 ng/mL (SI: 53.9 to 755 picomole/L).

Iron, serum: 50 to 150 mcg/dL (SI: 9 to 26.9 micromole/L).

Total iron binding capacity, serum: 250 to 310 mcg/dL (SI: 44.8 to 55.5 micromole/L).

Transferrin saturation: 20% to 50%.

Transferrin, serum: 200 to 400 mg/dL (SI: 24.6 to 49.2 micromole/L).

Chronic kidney disease–associated anemia: To achieve and maintain target hemoglobin for patients with nondialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease, patients with a transferrin saturation (TSAT) ≤30% and a serum ferritin level ≤500 ng/mL (SI: 1,123.5 picomole/L) will often respond to iron supplementation (Gutiérrez 2021; KDIGO 2012).

Mechanism of Action

Replaces iron found in hemoglobin, myoglobin, and enzymes; allows the transportation of oxygen via hemoglobin

Pharmacokinetics (Adult Data Unless Noted)

Onset of action: Hematologic response: Oral: 3 to 10 days; peak reticulocytosis occurs in 5 to 10 days, and hemoglobin values increase in ∼2 to 4 weeks

Brand Names: International
International Brand Names by Country
For country code abbreviations (show table)

  • (AE) United Arab Emirates: Fergon | Glucofer;
  • (DE) Germany: Ferrum;
  • (EG) Egypt: Glucofer;
  • (IT) Italy: Ferro Gluc.Eg;
  • (JO) Jordan: Glucofer;
  • (KW) Kuwait: Apo-ferrous gluconate | Fergon;
  • (LB) Lebanon: Apo-ferrous gluconate | Fergon;
  • (LT) Lithuania: Apo ferrum;
  • (MY) Malaysia: Apo-ferrous gluconate;
  • (RO) Romania: Ferronal | Gluconat feros;
  • (RU) Russian Federation: Ferronal;
  • (SA) Saudi Arabia: Apo-ferrous gluconate;
  • (TH) Thailand: Ferrin;
  • (UA) Ukraine: Ferronal
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