Version May 2024
The FDA has issued a drug safety communication to announce safety-related updates to the prescribing information for immediate-release (IR) and extended-release (ER)/long-acting (LA) opioid analgesics, including updates to Boxed Warnings, Indications and Usage, Dosage and Administration, Warnings and Precautions, and the Medication Guide. These safety labeling changes are intended to provide clarity on appropriate patient populations for opioid treatment, appropriate dosage and administration, and updated information on the risks associated with opioid use. The required safety labeling changes include stating:
the risk of overdose increases as the dosage increases for all opioid pain medicines;
IR opioids should not be used for an extended period of time unless a patient's pain remains severe enough to require them and alternative treatment options continue to be inadequate;
many acute pain conditions treated in the outpatient setting require no more than a few days of an opioid pain medicine;
it is recommended to reserve ER/LA opioid pain medicines for severe and persistent pain that requires an extended treatment period with a daily opioid pain medicine and for which alternative treatment options are inadequate; and
a warning about opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH), including information on differentiating OIH symptoms from those of opioid tolerance and withdrawal.
Further information may be found at https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-updates-prescribing-information-all-opioid-pain-medicines-provide-additional-guidance-safe-use.
Because the use of hydrocodone/acetaminophen exposes patients and other users to the risks of opioid addiction, abuse, and misuse, which can lead to overdose and death, assess each patient's risk prior to prescribing and reassess all patients regularly for the development of these behaviors and conditions.
Health care providers are strongly encouraged to complete a REMS-compliant education program and to counsel patients and caregivers on serious risks, safe use, and the importance of reading the Medication Guide with each prescription.
Serious, life-threatening, or fatal respiratory depression may occur with use of hydrocodone/acetaminophen, especially during initiation or following a dose increase. To reduce the risk for respiratory depression, proper dosing and titration of hydrocodone/acetaminophen are essential.
Accidental ingestion of even one dose of hydrocodone/acetaminophen, especially by children, can result in a fatal overdose of hydrocodone.
If opioid use is required for an extended period of time in a pregnant woman, advise the patient of the risk of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome (NOWS), which may be life-threatening if not recognized and treated. Ensure that management by neonatology experts will be available at delivery.
The concomitant use of hydrocodone/acetaminophen with all cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibitors may result in an increase in hydrocodone plasma concentrations, which could increase or prolong adverse reactions and may cause potentially fatal respiratory depression. In addition, discontinuation of a concomitantly used cytochrome P450 3A4 inducer may result in an increase in hydrocodone plasma concentrations. Monitor patients receiving hydrocodone/acetaminophen and any cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibitor or inducer for signs of respiratory depression or sedation.
Acetaminophen has been associated with cases of acute liver failure, at times resulting in liver transplant and death. Most of the cases of liver injury are associated with the use of acetaminophen at doses that exceed 4 g/day, and often involve more than one acetaminophen-containing product.
Concomitant use of opioids with benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants, including alcohol, may result in profound sedation, respiratory depression, coma, and death. Reserve concomitant prescribing of hydrocodone/acetaminophen and benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants for use in patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate.
Dosage guidance:
Safety: Consider prescribing naloxone for patients with factors associated with an increased risk for overdose, such as history of overdose or substance use disorder, patients with sleep-disordered breathing, higher opioid dosages (≥50 morphine milligram equivalents [MME]/day orally), and/or concomitant benzodiazepine use (Ref).
Dosing: Individualize dosing based on patient-specific factors (eg, severity of pain, comorbidities, degree of opioid experience/tolerance) and titrate to patient-specific treatment goals (eg, improvement in function and quality of life, decrease in pain using a validated pain rating scale). Use the lowest effective dose for the shortest period of time (Ref).
Clinical considerations: Opioids may be part of a comprehensive, multimodal, patient-specific treatment plan for managing moderate to severe pain. Maximize nonopioid analgesia (when appropriate) prior to initiation of opioid analgesia (Ref).
Pain management:
Oral: Usual dosage range, based on hydrocodone content: 5 to 10 mg every 4 to 6 hours as needed; the daily dosage of acetaminophen should be limited to ≤4 g/day. Start at the lower end of dosing range for opioid-naive patients; for acute noncancer pain, limit the quantity prescribed to the expected duration of pain severe enough to require opioids (Ref).
Discontinuation or tapering of therapy: When reducing the dose, discontinuing, or tapering long-term opioid therapy, the dose should be gradually tapered. An optimal tapering schedule has not been established. Individualize tapering based on discussions with patient to minimize withdrawal, while considering patient-specific goals and concerns and the opioid's pharmacokinetics. Proposed initial schedules range from slow (eg, 10% reduction per week or 10% reduction per month depending on duration of long-term therapy) to rapid (eg, 25% to 50% reduction every few days) (Ref). Slower tapers may be appropriate after long-term use (eg, >1 year), whereas more rapid tapers may be appropriate in patients experiencing severe adverse effects. During tapering, patients may be at an increased risk of overdose if they return to their original (or higher) opioid dose or use illicit opioids, due to rapid loss of tolerance; consider prescribing naloxone. Monitor carefully for signs/symptoms of withdrawal. If the patient displays withdrawal symptoms, consider slowing the taper schedule; alterations may include increasing the interval between dose reductions, decreasing amount of daily dose reduction, pausing the taper and restarting when the patient is ready, and/or coadministration of an alpha-2 agonist (eg, clonidine) to blunt autonomic withdrawal symptoms and other adjunctive agents to treat GI symptoms and muscle spasms, as needed. Continue to offer nonopioid analgesics as needed for pain management during the taper (Ref).
Dosage adjustment for concomitant therapy: Significant drug interactions exist, requiring dose/frequency adjustment or avoidance. Consult drug interactions database for more information.
The renal dosing recommendations are based upon the best available evidence and clinical expertise. Senior Editorial Team: Bruce Mueller, PharmD, FCCP, FASN, FNKF; Jason A. Roberts, PhD, BPharm (Hons), B App Sc, FSHP, FISAC; Michael Heung, MD, MS.
There are no data on the safety and efficacy of hydrocodone/acetaminophen combination therapy in patients with kidney impairment. The use of acetaminophen in patients with kidney impairment is generally regarded as safe, but the daily dosage should be limited to ≤4 g/day (or less in the presence of extrarenal risk factors predisposing patients to hepatoxicity). Limited data are available regarding the use of hydrocodone in patients with kidney impairment. In a single-dose pharmacokinetic study of an ER hydrocodone formulation, AUCs were ~70% higher in patients with moderate to severe kidney impairment compared to subjects with normal kidney function. Hydrocodone is metabolized to hydromorphone (active metabolite), which is subsequently metabolized to hydromorphone-3-glucuronide; hydromorphone-3-glucuronide accumulation in patients with kidney impairment may have neurotoxic effects (Ref).
Altered kidney function:
eGFR ≥60 mL/minute/1.73 m2: No dosage adjustment necessary (Ref).
eGFR 30 to <60 mL/minute/1.73 m2: Oral: Initiate therapy at the lower end of the usual dosage range (eg, 5 mg [based on hydrocodone component] every 4 to 6 hours as needed); titrate cautiously with frequent monitoring for adverse effects (Ref).
eGFR <30 mL/minute/1.73 m2: Oral: Initiate therapy at the lower end of the usual dosage range and consider extending the dosing interval (eg, 5 mg [based on hydrocodone component] every 6 to 8 hours as needed); titrate cautiously with frequent monitoring for adverse effects (Ref).
Augmented renal clearance (measured urinary CrCl ≥130 mL/minute/1.73 m2): Note: Augmented renal clearance (ARC) is a condition that occurs in certain critically ill patients without organ dysfunction and with normal serum creatinine concentrations. Young patients (<55 years of age) admitted post trauma or major surgery are at highest risk for ARC, as well as those with sepsis, burns, or hematologic malignancies. An 8- to 24-hour measured urinary CrCl is necessary to identify these patients (Ref).
Oral: No dosage adjustment be necessary (Ref).
Hemodialysis, intermittent (thrice weekly): Hydromorphone (active metabolite): Dialyzable (40% to 55%); hydromorphone-3-glucuronide: dialyzable (exact % removed unknown) (Ref); acetaminophen and its conjugates are readily dialyzable (Ref).
Oral: Initiate therapy at the lower end of the usual dosage range and consider extending the dosing interval (eg, 5 mg [based on hydrocodone component] every 6 to 8 hours as needed); titrate cautiously with frequent monitoring for adverse effects (Ref).
Peritoneal dialysis: Oral: Initiate therapy at the lower end of the usual dosage range and consider extending the dosing interval (eg, 5 mg [based on hydrocodone component] every 6 to 8 hours as needed); titrate cautiously with frequent monitoring for adverse effects (Ref).
CRRT: Oral: Initiate therapy at the lower end of the usual dosage range (eg, 5 mg [based on hydrocodone component] every 4 to 6 hours as needed); titrate cautiously with frequent monitoring for adverse effects (Ref).
PIRRT (eg, sustained, low-efficiency diafiltration): Oral: Initiate therapy at the lower end of the usual dosage range (eg, 5 mg [based on hydrocodone component] every 4 to 6 hours as needed); titrate cautiously with frequent monitoring for adverse effects (Ref).
There are no specific dosage adjustments provided in the manufacturer's labeling; use with caution. Initiate therapy with a low dose and monitor closely. Also refer to individual agents.
Note: Minimize opioid use in older adults unless for the management of severe acute pain. Opioids are associated with an increased risk of falls and inducing or worsening delirium in older adults (Beers Criteria [AGS 2023]).
Refer to adult dosing. Initiate dosing at the lower end of the dosage range. Monitor closely.
(For additional information see "Hydrocodone and acetaminophen (paracetamol): Pediatric drug information")
Dosage guidance:
Safety: Consider all sources of acetaminophen (eg, prescription, OTC, combination products) when evaluating a patient's maximum daily dose. To lower the risk for hepatotoxicity, limit daily dose to ≤75 mg/kg/day (maximum of 5 daily doses), not to exceed 4,000 mg/day; while recommended doses are generally considered safe, hepatotoxicity has been reported rarely even with doses below recommendations (AAP [Sullivan 2011]; Heard 2014; Lavonas 2010).
Dosing: Doses based on hydrocodone; titrate to appropriate analgesic effect.
Analgesic; opioid-naive patients (Coté 2018; Kliegman 2020; Thigpen 2019): Infants, Children, and Adolescents: Limited data available in infants and children <2 years:
Patient weight:
<50 kg: Oral: Usual initial dose: Hydrocodone 0.1 to 0.2 mg/kg/dose every 4 to 6 hours; in infants, reduced doses and close monitoring should be considered due to possible increased sensitivity to respiratory depressant effects; use with caution in infants.
≥50 kg: Oral: Usual initial dose: Hydrocodone 5 to 10 mg every 4 to 6 hours.
Discontinuation of therapy: Do not abruptly discontinue therapy in patients who are physically dependent; dose should be gradually tapered to avoid withdrawal. An optimal tapering schedule has not been established. The taper should be individualized to minimize withdrawal and should be based on total daily opioid dose, length of opioid exposure, and patient response. Monitor patients for signs and symptoms of opioid withdrawal (D'Souza 2018).
Dosage adjustment for concomitant therapy: Significant drug interactions exist, requiring dose/frequency adjustment or avoidance. Consult drug interactions database for more information.
There are no specific dosage adjustments provided in the manufacturer's labeling; use with caution as plasma hydrocodone concentrations may be higher than in patients with normal renal function. Initiate therapy with a low dose and monitor closely; may also consider extending dosing intervals.
There are no specific dosage adjustments provided in the manufacturer's labeling; use with caution as plasma hydrocodone concentrations may be higher than in patients with normal hepatic function. Initiate therapy with a low dose and monitor closely. For acetaminophen, limited, low-dose therapy is usually well-tolerated in hepatic disease/cirrhosis; however, cases of hepatotoxicity at daily acetaminophen dosages <4,000 mg/day have been reported. Avoid chronic use in hepatic impairment. See individual monograph.
The following adverse drug reactions are derived from product labeling unless otherwise specified. Also see individual agents.
Postmarketing:
Cardiovascular: Bradycardia, circulatory shock, hypotension
Dermatologic: Cold and clammy skin, diaphoresis, pruritus, skin rash, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis
Endocrine & metabolic: Hypoglycemic coma
Gastrointestinal: Abdominal pain, constipation, gastric distress, heartburn, nausea, occult blood in stools, peptic ulcer, vomiting
Genitourinary: Hypogonadism (Brennan 2013; Debono 2011), ureteral spasm, urinary retention, vesicle sphincter spasm
Hematologic & oncologic: Agranulocytosis, hemolytic anemia, iron deficiency anemia, prolonged bleeding time, thrombocytopenia
Hepatic: Acute hepatic failure (Csete 1993), hepatic necrosis, hepatitis
Hypersensitivity: Hypersensitivity reaction (including anaphylaxis)
Nervous system: Allodynia (opioid-induced hyperalgesia) (FDA Safety Communication 2023), anxiety, clouding of consciousness, coma, decreased mental acuity, dizziness, drowsiness, drug abuse, dysphoria, euphoria, fear, lethargy, malaise, mood changes, neonatal withdrawal, opioid dependence, sedated state, stupor
Neuromuscular & skeletal: Muscle hypotonia
Otic: Auditory impairment (including hearing loss [predominantly with chronic overdose]) (Ho 2007)
Renal: Nephrotoxicity, renal tubular necrosis
Respiratory: Airway obstruction, apnea, dyspnea, respiratory depression
Miscellaneous: Impaired physical performance
Hypersensitivity (eg, anaphylaxis) to hydrocodone, acetaminophen, or any component of the formulation; significant respiratory depression; acute or severe bronchial asthma in an unmonitored setting or in the absence of resuscitative equipment; GI obstruction, including paralytic ileus (known or suspected)
Concerns related to adverse effects:
• CNS depression: May cause CNS depression, which may impair physical or mental abilities; patients must be cautioned about performing tasks which require mental alertness (eg, operating machinery or driving).
• Constipation: Hydrocodone may cause constipation which may be problematic in patients with unstable angina and patients post-myocardial infarction. Consider preventive measures (eg, stool softener, increased fiber) to reduce the potential for constipation.
• Hepatotoxicity: Acetaminophen has been associated with hepatotoxicity; risk is increased with alcohol use and preexisting liver disease. Chronic daily dosing in adults has also resulted in liver damage in some patients.
• Hyperalgesia: Opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH) has occurred with short-term and prolonged use of opioid analgesics. Symptoms may include increased levels of pain upon opioid dosage increase, decreased levels of pain upon opioid dosage decrease, or pain from ordinarily nonpainful stimuli; symptoms may be suggestive of OIH if there is no evidence of underlying disease progression, opioid tolerance, opioid withdrawal, or addictive behavior. Consider decreasing the current opioid dose or opioid rotation in patients who experience OIH.
• Hypersensitivity/anaphylactic reactions: Hypersensitivity and anaphylactic reactions have been reported with acetaminophen use; discontinue immediately if symptoms of allergic or hypersensitivity reactions occur.
• Hypotension: May cause severe hypotension (including orthostatic hypotension and syncope); use with caution in patients with hypovolemia, cardiovascular disease (including acute myocardial infarction [MI]), or drugs which may exaggerate hypotensive effects (including phenothiazines or general anesthetics). Avoid use in patients with circulatory shock.
• Phenanthrene hypersensitivity: Use with caution in patients with hypersensitivity reactions to other phenanthrene derivative opioid agonists (codeine, hydromorphone, levorphanol, oxycodone, oxymorphone).
• Respiratory depression: Carbon dioxide retention from opioid-induced respiratory depression can exacerbate the sedating effects of opioids. Patients and caregivers should be educated on how to recognize respiratory depression and the importance of getting emergency assistance immediately (eg, calling 911) in the event of known or suspected overdose.
• Skin reactions: Rarely, acetaminophen may cause serious and potentially fatal skin reactions such as acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and toxic epidermal necrolysis.
Disease-related concerns:
• Abdominal conditions: May obscure diagnosis or clinical course of patients with acute abdominal conditions. Use with caution in patients with underlying intestinal motility disorders; may result in constipation or obstructive bowel disease.
• Adrenocortical insufficiency: Use with caution in patients with adrenocortical insufficiency, including Addison disease. Long-term opioid use may cause secondary hypogonadism, which may lead to mood disorders and osteoporosis (Brennan 2013).
• Biliary tract impairment: Use with caution in patients with biliary tract dysfunction or acute pancreatitis; opioids may cause constriction of sphincter of Oddi.
• CNS depression/coma: Avoid use in patients with impaired consciousness or coma as these patients are susceptible to intracranial effects of CO2 retention.
• Delirium tremens: Use with caution in patients with delirium tremens.
• Ethanol use: Use with caution in patients with alcoholic liver disease; consuming ≥3 alcoholic drinks/day may increase the risk of liver damage.
• G6PD deficiency: Use acetaminophen with caution in patients with known G6PD deficiency.
• Head trauma: Use with extreme caution in patients with head injury, intracranial lesions, or elevated intracranial pressure; exaggerated elevation of ICP may occur.
• Hepatic impairment: Use with caution in patients with hepatic impairment.
• Mental health conditions: Use opioids with caution for chronic pain in patients with mental health conditions (eg, depression, anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder) due to potential increased risk for opioid use disorder and overdose; more frequent monitoring is recommended (CDC [Dowell 2022]).
• Obesity: Use with caution in patients who are morbidly obese.
• Prostatic hyperplasia/urinary stricture: Use with caution in patients with prostatic hyperplasia and/or urinary stricture.
• Psychosis: Use with caution in patients with toxic psychosis.
• Renal impairment: Use with caution in patients with renal impairment.
• Respiratory disease: Use opioids with caution and monitor for respiratory depression in patients with significant chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or cor pulmonale and those having a substantially decreased respiratory reserve, hypoxia, hypercapnia, or preexisting respiratory depression, particularly when initiating therapy and titrating therapy. Critical respiratory depression may occur, even at therapeutic dosages. Consider the use of alternative nonopioid analgesics in these patients.
• Seizures: Use with caution in patients with a history of seizure disorders; may cause or exacerbate seizures.
• Sleep-related disorders: Use with caution in patients with sleep-related disorders, including sleep apnea, due to increased risk for respiratory and CNS depression. Monitor carefully and titrate dosage cautiously in patients with mild sleep-disordered breathing. Avoid opioids in patients with moderate to severe sleep-disordered breathing (CDC [Dowell 2022]).
• Thyroid dysfunction: Use with caution in patients with thyroid dysfunction.
Special populations:
• CYP2D6 poor or intermediate metabolizers: Due to the role of CYP2D6 in the metabolism of hydrocodone to hydromorphone (an active metabolite with higher binding affinity to mu-opioid receptors compared to hydrocodone), CYP2D6 poor and intermediate metabolizers may have decreased hydromorphone formation. However, limited data exist to determine if clinically significant differences of analgesia and toxicity can be predicted based on CYP2D6 phenotype. Use of an alternative opioid (NOT codeine or tramadol) may be considered in patients unresponsive to hydrocodone therapy (CPIC [Crews 2021]).
• Cachectic or debilitated patients: Use with caution in cachectic or debilitated patients; there is a greater potential for critical respiratory depression, even at therapeutic dosages. Consider the use of alternative nonopioid analgesics in these patients.
• Older adult: Use opioids with caution in older adults; may be more sensitive to adverse effects. Clearance may also be reduced in older adults (with or without renal impairment), resulting in a narrow therapeutic window and increased adverse effects. Monitor closely for adverse effects associated with opioid therapy (eg, respiratory and CNS depression, falls, cognitive impairment, constipation) (CDC [Dowell 2022]). Consider the use of alternative nonopioid analgesics in these patients when possible.
• Neonates: Neonatal withdrawal syndrome: Signs and symptoms include irritability, hyperactivity and abnormal sleep pattern, high-pitched cry, tremor, vomiting, diarrhea, and failure to gain weight. Onset, duration, and severity depend on the drug used, duration of use, maternal dose, and rate of drug elimination by the newborn.
Dosage form specific issues:
• Propylene glycol: Some dosage forms may contain propylene glycol; large amounts are potentially toxic and have been associated hyperosmolality, lactic acidosis, seizures and respiratory depression; use caution (AAP 1997; Zar 2007).
Other warnings/precautions:
• Abrupt discontinuation/withdrawal: Abrupt discontinuation in patients who are physically dependent on opioids has been associated with serious withdrawal symptoms, uncontrolled pain, attempts to find other opioids (including illicit), and suicide. Use a collaborative, patient-specific taper schedule that minimizes the risk of withdrawal, considering factors such as current opioid dose, duration of use, type of pain, and physical and psychological factors. Monitor pain control, withdrawal symptoms, mood changes, suicidal ideation, and for use of other substances and provide care as needed. Concurrent use of mixed agonist/antagonist analgesics (eg, pentazocine, nalbuphine, butorphanol) or partial agonist analgesics (eg, buprenorphine) may also precipitate withdrawal symptoms and/or reduced analgesic efficacy in patients following prolonged therapy with mu opioid agonists.
• Abuse/misuse/diversion: Use with caution in patients with a personal or family history of substance abuse disorder; potential for drug dependency exists. Other factors associated with increased risk for misuse include concomitant depression or other mental health conditions, higher opioid dosages, or taking other CNS depressants. Consider offering naloxone prescriptions in patients with an increased risk for overdose, such as history of overdose or substance use disorder, higher opioid dosages (≥50 morphine milligram equivalents [MME]/day orally), concomitant benzodiazepine use, and patients at risk for returning to a high dose after losing tolerance (CDC [Dowell 2022]).
• Appropriate use: Outpatient setting: Opioids should not be used as first-line therapy for acute (<1-month duration), subacute (1- to 3-month duration), or chronic pain (>3-month duration [outside of end-of-life or palliative care, active cancer treatment, sickle cell disease, or medication-based opioid use disorder treatment]). Preferred management includes nonpharmacologic therapy and nonopioid therapy (eg, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, acetaminophen, certain antiseizure medications and antidepressants) as appropriate for the specific condition. If opioid therapy is initiated, it should be combined with nonpharmacologic and nonopioid therapy, as appropriate. Prior to initiation, known risks and realistic benefits of opioid therapy should be discussed with the patient. Therapy should be initiated at the lowest effective dosage using IR opioids (instead of ER/long-acting opioids). For the treatment of acute pain, therapy should only be given for the expected duration of pain severe enough to require opioids and prescribed as needed (not scheduled). For the treatment of subacute and chronic pain, realistic treatment goals for pain/function should be established, including consideration for discontinuation if benefits do not outweigh risks. Therapy should be continued only if clinically meaningful improvement in pain/function outweighs risks. Risk to patients increases with higher opioid dosages. Dosages ≥50 MME/day are likely to not have increased benefit to pain relief or function relative to overall risk to patients; before increasing dosage to ≥50 MME/day, readdress pain and reassess evidence of individual benefits and risks (CDC [Dowell 2022]).
• Dosage limit: Limit acetaminophen dose from all sources (prescription and OTC) to <4 g/day in adults.
• Naloxone access: Discuss the availability of naloxone with all patients who are prescribed opioid analgesics, as well as their caregivers, and consider prescribing it to patients who are at increased risk of opioid overdose. These include patients who are also taking benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants, have an opioid use disorder (OUD) (current or history of), or have experienced opioid-induced respiratory depression/opioid overdose. Additionally, health care providers should consider prescribing naloxone to patients prescribed medications to treat OUD; patients at risk of opioid overdose even if they are not taking an opioid analgesic or medication to treat OUD; and patients taking opioids, including methadone or buprenorphine for OUD, if they have household members, including children, or other close contacts at risk for accidental ingestion or opioid overdose. Inform patients and caregivers on options for obtaining naloxone (eg, by prescription, directly from a pharmacist, a community-based program) as permitted by state dispensing and prescribing guidelines. Educate patients and caregivers on how to recognize respiratory depression, proper administration of naloxone, and getting emergency help.
• Optimal regimen: An opioid-containing analgesic regimen should be tailored to each patient's needs and based upon the type of pain being treated (acute versus chronic), the route of administration, degree of tolerance for opioids (naive versus chronic user), age, weight, and medical condition. The optimal analgesic dose varies widely among patients; doses should be titrated to pain relief/prevention.
• Surgery: Opioids decrease bowel motility; monitor for decreased bowel motility in postoperative patients receiving opioids. Use with caution in the perioperative setting; individualize treatment when transitioning from parenteral to oral analgesics.
Hepatoxicity has been reported in patients using acetaminophen. In pediatric patients, this is most commonly associated with supratherapeutic dosing, more frequent administration than recommended, and use of multiple acetaminophen-containing products; however, hepatotoxicity has been rarely reported with recommended dosages (AAP [Sullivan 2011]; Heard 2014). All sources of acetaminophen (eg, prescription, OTC, combination) should be considered when evaluating a patient's maximum daily dose. To lower the risk for hepatotoxicity, the maximum daily acetaminophen dose should be limited to ≤75 mg/kg/day (maximum of 5 daily doses), not to exceed 4,000 mg/day (AAP [Sullivan 2011]; Heard 2014; Krenzelok 2012; Lavonas 2010). Acetaminophen avoidance or a lower total daily dose (2,000 to 3,000 mg/day) has been suggested for adults with increased risk for acetaminophen hepatotoxicity (eg, malnutrition, certain liver diseases, use of drugs that interact with acetaminophen metabolism); similar data are unavailable in pediatric patients (Hayward 2016; Larson 2007; Worriax 2007).
Infants born to women physically dependent on opioids will also be physically dependent and may experience respiratory difficulties or opioid withdrawal symptoms (neonatal abstinence syndrome [NAS]). Onset, duration, and severity of NAS depend upon the drug used (maternal), duration of use, maternal dose, and rate of drug elimination by the newborn. Symptoms of opioid withdrawal may include excessive crying, diarrhea, fever, hyper-reflexia, irritability, tremors, or vomiting or failure to gain weight. Opioid withdrawal syndrome in the neonate may be life-threatening and should be promptly treated.
Some dosage forms may contain propylene glycol; in neonates large amounts of propylene glycol delivered orally, intravenously (eg, >3,000 mg/day), or topically have been associated with potentially fatal toxicities which can include metabolic acidosis, seizures, renal failure, and CNS depression; toxicities have also been reported in children and adults including hyperosmolality, lactic acidosis, seizures and respiratory depression; use caution (AAP 1997; Shehab 2009).
Excipient information presented when available (limited, particularly for generics); consult specific product labeling. [DSC] = Discontinued product
Elixir, oral:
Lortab: Hydrocodone bitartrate 10 mg and acetaminophen 300 mg per 15 mL (473 mL) [contains ethanol 7%, propylene glycol; tropical fruit punch flavor]
Solution, oral:
Generic: Hydrocodone bitartrate 7.5 mg and acetaminophen 325 mg per 15 mL (5 mL, 10 mL, 15 mL, 118 mL, 473 mL); Hydrocodone bitartrate 10 mg and acetaminophen 325 mg per 15 mL (7.5 mL [DSC], 15 mL [DSC])
Tablet, oral:
Lorcet: Hydrocodone bitartrate 5 mg and acetaminophen 325 mg (100s [DSC], 500s [DSC])
Lorcet HD: Hydrocodone bitartrate 10 mg and acetaminophen 325 mg (100s [DSC], 500s [DSC])
Lorcet Plus: Hydrocodone bitartrate 7.5 mg and acetaminophen 325 mg (100s [DSC], 500s [DSC])
Norco: Hydrocodone bitartrate 5 mg and acetaminophen 325 mg (100s [DSC]); Hydrocodone bitartrate 7.5 mg and acetaminophen 325 mg (100s [DSC]); Hydrocodone bitartrate 10 mg and acetaminophen 325 mg (100s [DSC], 500s [DSC])
Generic: Hydrocodone bitartrate 5 mg and acetaminophen 300 mg (100s, 500s); Hydrocodone bitartrate 5 mg and acetaminophen 325 mg (1s, 100s, 500s, 1000s); Hydrocodone bitartrate 7.5 mg and acetaminophen 300 mg (100s, 500s); Hydrocodone bitartrate 7.5 mg and acetaminophen 325 mg (1s, 100s, 120s, 500s, 1000s); Hydrocodone bitartrate 10 mg and acetaminophen 300 mg (100s, 500s); Hydrocodone bitartrate 10 mg and acetaminophen 325 mg (1s, 60s, 100s, 500s, 1000s)
Yes: Oral solution, tablet
Solution (HYDROcodone-Acetaminophen Oral)
7.5-325 mg/15 mL (per mL): $0.28 - $0.49
Tablets (HYDROcodone-Acetaminophen Oral)
5-300 mg (per each): $1.50 - $8.63
5-325 mg (per each): $0.11 - $0.80
7.5-300 mg (per each): $1.80 - $8.63
7.5-325 mg (per each): $0.13 - $2.65
10-300 mg (per each): $2.28 - $8.63
10-325 mg (per each): $0.12 - $1.21
Disclaimer: A representative AWP (Average Wholesale Price) price or price range is provided as reference price only. A range is provided when more than one manufacturer's AWP price is available and uses the low and high price reported by the manufacturers to determine the range. The pricing data should be used for benchmarking purposes only, and as such should not be used alone to set or adjudicate any prices for reimbursement or purchasing functions or considered to be an exact price for a single product and/or manufacturer. Medi-Span expressly disclaims all warranties of any kind or nature, whether express or implied, and assumes no liability with respect to accuracy of price or price range data published in its solutions. In no event shall Medi-Span be liable for special, indirect, incidental, or consequential damages arising from use of price or price range data. Pricing data is updated monthly.
C-II
Oral: May administer with food or milk to decrease GI distress
An FDA-approved patient medication guide, which is available with the product information and as follows, must be dispensed with this medication:
Norco: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2019/040099s023lbl.pdf#page=23
Pain management: Management of pain severe enough to require an opioid analgesic and for which alternative treatments are inadequate.
Limitations of use: Because of the risks of substance use disorder, abuse, and misuse with opioids, which may occur at any dosage or duration, reserve hydrocodone/acetaminophen for use in patients for whom alternative treatment options (eg, nonopioid analgesics) have not been tolerated, or are not expected to be tolerated; have not provided adequate analgesia, or are not expected to provide adequate analgesia. Not intended to be used for an extended period of time unless the pain remains severe enough to require an opioid analgesic and for which alternative treatment options continue to be inadequate. For acute non–cancer-related pain severe enough to require an opioid, utilize multimodal pain control, maximize nonopioid analgesics, and limit the quantity prescribed to the expected duration of pain severe enough to require opioids (CDC [Dowell 2022]).
Hydrocodone and Acetaminophen may be confused with Oxycodone and Acetaminophen
Lorcet may be confused with Fioricet
Lortab may be confused with Cortef
Vicodin may be confused with Hycodan, Indocin, Visicol [DSC]
Zydone may be confused with Vytone
The Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) includes this medication among its list of drug classes which have a heightened risk of causing significant patient harm when used in error.
Duplicate therapy issues: This product contains acetaminophen, which may be a component of other combination products. Do not exceed the maximum recommended daily dose of acetaminophen.
Refer to individual components.
Note: Interacting drugs may not be individually listed below if they are part of a group interaction (eg, individual drugs within “CYP3A4 Inducers [Strong]” are NOT listed). For a complete list of drug interactions by individual drug name and detailed management recommendations, use the Lexicomp drug interactions program by clicking on the “Launch drug interactions program” link above.
Alcohol (Ethyl): May enhance the CNS depressant effect of HYDROcodone. Alcohol (Ethyl) may increase the serum concentration of HYDROcodone. Management: Patients using hydrocodone extended-release capsules must not consume alcohol or alcohol-containing products due to possibly fatal outcomes. Other hydrocodone products are also expected to interact, but to a less significant degree. Risk X: Avoid combination
Alizapride: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Alvimopan: Opioid Agonists may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Alvimopan. This is most notable for patients receiving long-term (i.e., more than 7 days) opiates prior to alvimopan initiation. Management: Alvimopan is contraindicated in patients receiving therapeutic doses of opioids for more than 7 consecutive days immediately prior to alvimopan initiation. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Amphetamines: May enhance the analgesic effect of Opioid Agonists. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Anticholinergic Agents: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Opioid Agonists. Specifically, the risk for constipation and urinary retention may be increased with this combination. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Azelastine (Nasal): May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Risk X: Avoid combination
Blonanserin: CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Blonanserin. Management: Use caution if coadministering blonanserin and CNS depressants; dose reduction of the other CNS depressant may be required. Strong CNS depressants should not be coadministered with blonanserin. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Brimonidine (Topical): May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Bromopride: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Bromperidol: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Risk X: Avoid combination
Busulfan: Acetaminophen may increase the serum concentration of Busulfan. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Cannabinoid-Containing Products: CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Cannabinoid-Containing Products. Risk C: Monitor therapy
CarBAMazepine: May increase the metabolism of Acetaminophen. This may 1) diminish the effect of acetaminophen; and 2) increase the risk of liver damage. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Chlormethiazole: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Management: Monitor closely for evidence of excessive CNS depression. The chlormethiazole labeling states that an appropriately reduced dose should be used if such a combination must be used. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Chlorphenesin Carbamate: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of CNS Depressants. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Clofazimine: May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inhibitors). Risk C: Monitor therapy
CNS Depressants: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of Opioid Agonists. Management: Avoid concomitant use of opioid agonists and benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants when possible. These agents should only be combined if alternative treatment options are inadequate. If combined, limit the dosages and duration of each drug. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Strong): May decrease serum concentrations of the active metabolite(s) of HYDROcodone. Specifically, concentrations of hydromorphone may be decreased. Risk C: Monitor therapy
CYP3A4 Inducers (Moderate): May decrease the serum concentration of HYDROcodone. Risk C: Monitor therapy
CYP3A4 Inducers (Strong): May decrease the serum concentration of HYDROcodone. Risk C: Monitor therapy
CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Moderate): May increase the serum concentration of HYDROcodone. Risk C: Monitor therapy
CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Strong): May increase the serum concentration of HYDROcodone. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Dapsone (Topical): May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Methemoglobinemia Associated Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Daridorexant: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Management: Dose reduction of daridorexant and/or any other CNS depressant may be necessary. Use of daridorexant with alcohol is not recommended, and the use of daridorexant with any other drug to treat insomnia is not recommended. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Dasatinib: Acetaminophen may enhance the hepatotoxic effect of Dasatinib. Dasatinib may increase the serum concentration of Acetaminophen. Management: Avoid coadministration of acetaminophen and dasatinib if possible. If coadministration is unavoidable, monitor for signs/symptoms of hepatotoxicity, particularly in patients with greater acetaminophen exposure. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Desmopressin: Opioid Agonists may enhance the hyponatremic effect of Desmopressin. Risk C: Monitor therapy
DexmedeTOMIDine: CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of DexmedeTOMIDine. Management: Monitor for increased CNS depression during coadministration of dexmedetomidine and CNS depressants, and consider dose reductions of either agent to avoid excessive CNS depression. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Difelikefalin: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Dimethindene (Topical): May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Diuretics: Opioid Agonists may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Diuretics. Opioid Agonists may diminish the therapeutic effect of Diuretics. Risk C: Monitor therapy
DroPERidol: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Management: Consider dose reductions of droperidol or of other CNS agents (eg, opioids, barbiturates) with concomitant use. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Eluxadoline: Opioid Agonists may enhance the constipating effect of Eluxadoline. Risk X: Avoid combination
Fexinidazole: May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inhibitors). Risk X: Avoid combination
Flucloxacillin: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Acetaminophen. Specifically, the risk for high anion gap metabolic acidosis may be increased. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Flunarizine: CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Flunarizine. Risk X: Avoid combination
Flunitrazepam: CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Flunitrazepam. Management: Reduce the dose of CNS depressants when combined with flunitrazepam and monitor patients for evidence of CNS depression (eg, sedation, respiratory depression). Use non-CNS depressant alternatives when available. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Fosphenytoin-Phenytoin: May decrease the serum concentration of Acetaminophen. Specifically, serum concentrations of acetaminophen may be decreased (leading to decreased efficacy), but the formation of the toxic N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI) metabolite may be increased (leading to increased hepatotoxicity). Risk C: Monitor therapy
Fusidic Acid (Systemic): May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inhibitors). Risk X: Avoid combination
Gastrointestinal Agents (Prokinetic): Opioid Agonists may diminish the therapeutic effect of Gastrointestinal Agents (Prokinetic). Risk C: Monitor therapy
HydrOXYzine: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Management: Consider a decrease in the CNS depressant dose, as appropriate, when used together with hydroxyzine. Increase monitoring of signs/symptoms of CNS depression in any patient receiving hydroxyzine together with another CNS depressant. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Imatinib: Acetaminophen may enhance the hepatotoxic effect of Imatinib. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (Anti-PD-1, -PD-L1, and -CTLA4 Therapies): Acetaminophen may diminish the therapeutic effect of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (Anti-PD-1, -PD-L1, and -CTLA4 Therapies). Risk C: Monitor therapy
Isoniazid: May enhance the hepatotoxic effect of Acetaminophen. Isoniazid may increase the metabolism of Acetaminophen. Specifically, formation of the hepatotoxic NAPQI metabolite may be increased. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Ixabepilone: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Kava Kava: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Kratom: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Risk X: Avoid combination
Lemborexant: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Management: Dosage adjustments of lemborexant and of concomitant CNS depressants may be necessary when administered together because of potentially additive CNS depressant effects. Close monitoring for CNS depressant effects is necessary. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Lisuride: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Local Anesthetics: Methemoglobinemia Associated Agents may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Local Anesthetics. Specifically, the risk for methemoglobinemia may be increased. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Lofexidine: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Lorlatinib: May decrease the serum concentration of Acetaminophen. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Magnesium Sulfate: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Methotrimeprazine: CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Methotrimeprazine. Methotrimeprazine may enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Management: Reduce the usual dose of CNS depressants by 50% if starting methotrimeprazine until the dose of methotrimeprazine is stable. Monitor patient closely for evidence of CNS depression. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Metoclopramide: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Risk C: Monitor therapy
MetyraPONE: May increase the serum concentration of Acetaminophen. More importantly, by inhibiting the conjugative metabolism of acetaminophen, metyrapone may shift the metabolism towards the oxidative route that produces a hepatotoxic metabolite. Risk X: Avoid combination
MetyroSINE: CNS Depressants may enhance the sedative effect of MetyroSINE. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Minocycline (Systemic): May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Mipomersen: Acetaminophen may enhance the hepatotoxic effect of Mipomersen. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Mitapivat: May decrease the serum concentration of UGT1A1 Substrates. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of HYDROcodone. HYDROcodone may enhance the serotonergic effect of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors. This could result in serotonin syndrome. Management: Consider alternatives to this combination when possible. If coadministration is required, use test doses, titrate small doses frequently, and monitor patients closely for evidence of serotonergic and opioid toxicities. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Nabilone: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Risk X: Avoid combination
Nalfurafine: Opioid Agonists may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Nalfurafine. Opioid Agonists may diminish the therapeutic effect of Nalfurafine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Nalmefene: May diminish the therapeutic effect of Opioid Agonists. Management: Avoid the concomitant use of oral nalmefene and opioid agonists. Discontinue oral nalmefene 1 week prior to any anticipated use of opioid agonists. If combined, larger doses of opioid agonists will likely be required. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Naltrexone: May diminish the therapeutic effect of Opioid Agonists. Management: Seek therapeutic alternatives to opioids. See full drug interaction monograph for detailed recommendations. Risk X: Avoid combination
Nefazodone: Opioid Agonists (metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6) may enhance the serotonergic effect of Nefazodone. This could result in serotonin syndrome. Nefazodone may increase the serum concentration of Opioid Agonists (metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6). Management: Monitor for increased opioid effects, including fatal respiratory depression, when these agents are combined and consider opioid dose reductions until stable drug effects are achieved. Additionally, monitor for serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Nitric Oxide: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Methemoglobinemia Associated Agents. Combinations of these agents may increase the likelihood of significant methemoglobinemia. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Olopatadine (Nasal): May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Risk X: Avoid combination
Ombitasvir, Paritaprevir, and Ritonavir: May increase the serum concentration of HYDROcodone. Management: Reduce the hydrocodone dose by 50% during concurrent use of ombitasvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir; monitor closely for both analgesic effectiveness and for signs of toxicity or withdrawal. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Ombitasvir, Paritaprevir, Ritonavir, and Dasabuvir: May increase the serum concentration of HYDROcodone. Management: Reduce the hydrocodone dose by 50% during concurrent use of ombitasvir, paritaprevir, ritonavir, and dasabuvir; monitor closely for both analgesic effectiveness and for signs of toxicity or withdrawal. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Opioid Agonists: CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Opioid Agonists. Management: Avoid concomitant use of opioid agonists and benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants when possible. These agents should only be combined if alternative treatment options are inadequate. If combined, limit the dosages and duration of each drug. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Opioids (Mixed Agonist / Antagonist): May diminish the analgesic effect of Opioid Agonists. Management: Seek alternatives to mixed agonist/antagonist opioids in patients receiving pure opioid agonists, and monitor for symptoms of therapeutic failure/high dose requirements (or withdrawal in opioid-dependent patients) if patients receive these combinations. Risk X: Avoid combination
Orphenadrine: CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Orphenadrine. Risk X: Avoid combination
Oxomemazine: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Risk X: Avoid combination
Oxybate Salt Products: CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Oxybate Salt Products. Management: Consider alternatives to this combination when possible. If combined, dose reduction or discontinuation of one or more CNS depressants (including the oxybate salt product) should be considered. Interrupt oxybate salt treatment during short-term opioid use Risk D: Consider therapy modification
OxyCODONE: CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of OxyCODONE. Management: Avoid concomitant use of oxycodone and benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants when possible. These agents should only be combined if alternative treatment options are inadequate. If combined, limit the dosages and duration of each drug. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Paraldehyde: CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Paraldehyde. Risk X: Avoid combination
Pegvisomant: Opioid Agonists may diminish the therapeutic effect of Pegvisomant. Risk C: Monitor therapy
PHENobarbital: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of HYDROcodone. PHENobarbital may decrease the serum concentration of HYDROcodone. Management: Avoid use of hydrocodone and phenobarbital when possible. Monitor for respiratory depression/sedation. Because phenobarbital is also a strong CYP3A4 inducer, monitor for decreased hydrocodone efficacy and withdrawal if combined. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Phenylephrine (Systemic): Acetaminophen may increase the serum concentration of Phenylephrine (Systemic). Risk C: Monitor therapy
Piribedil: CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Piribedil. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Pramipexole: CNS Depressants may enhance the sedative effect of Pramipexole. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Prilocaine: Methemoglobinemia Associated Agents may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Prilocaine. Combinations of these agents may increase the likelihood of significant methemoglobinemia. Management: Monitor patients for signs of methemoglobinemia (e.g., hypoxia, cyanosis) when prilocaine is used in combination with other agents associated with development of methemoglobinemia. Avoid lidocaine/prilocaine in infants receiving such agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Primidone: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of HYDROcodone. Primidone may decrease the serum concentration of HYDROcodone. Management: Avoid use of hydrocodone and primidone when possible. Monitor for respiratory depression/sedation. Because primidone is also a strong CYP3A4 inducer, monitor for decreased hydrocodone efficacy and withdrawal if combined. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Probenecid: May increase the serum concentration of Acetaminophen. Probenecid may also limit the formation of at least one major non-toxic metabolite, possibly increasing the potential for formation of the toxic NAPQI metabolite. Management: Consider limiting acetaminophen use in combination with probenecid. Probenecid may reduce clearance of acetaminophen to one of its non-toxic metabolities, increasing the risk for acetaminophen toxicity, even a lower doses. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Procarbazine: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Ramosetron: Opioid Agonists may enhance the constipating effect of Ramosetron. Risk C: Monitor therapy
RifAMPin: May enhance the hepatotoxic effect of Acetaminophen. RifAMPin may decrease the serum concentration of Acetaminophen. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Ropeginterferon Alfa-2b: CNS Depressants may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Ropeginterferon Alfa-2b. Specifically, the risk of neuropsychiatric adverse effects may be increased. Management: Avoid coadministration of ropeginterferon alfa-2b and other CNS depressants. If this combination cannot be avoided, monitor patients for neuropsychiatric adverse effects (eg, depression, suicidal ideation, aggression, mania). Risk D: Consider therapy modification
ROPINIRole: CNS Depressants may enhance the sedative effect of ROPINIRole. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Rotigotine: CNS Depressants may enhance the sedative effect of Rotigotine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Rufinamide: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of CNS Depressants. Specifically, sleepiness and dizziness may be enhanced. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Samidorphan: May diminish the therapeutic effect of Opioid Agonists. Risk X: Avoid combination
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (Strong CYP2D6 Inhibitors): Opioid Agonists (metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6) may enhance the serotonergic effect of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (Strong CYP2D6 Inhibitors). This could result in serotonin syndrome. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (Strong CYP2D6 Inhibitors) may diminish the therapeutic effect of Opioid Agonists (metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6). Management: Monitor for decreased therapeutic response (eg, analgesia) and opioid withdrawal when coadministered with SSRIs that strongly inhibit CYP2D6. Additionally, monitor for serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity if these drugs are combined. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Serotonergic Agents (High Risk): Opioid Agonists (metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6) may enhance the serotonergic effect of Serotonergic Agents (High Risk). This could result in serotonin syndrome. Management: Monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity (eg, hyperreflexia, clonus, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, tremor, autonomic instability, mental status changes) when these agents are combined. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Sincalide: Drugs that Affect Gallbladder Function may diminish the therapeutic effect of Sincalide. Management: Consider discontinuing drugs that may affect gallbladder motility prior to the use of sincalide to stimulate gallbladder contraction. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Sodium Nitrite: Methemoglobinemia Associated Agents may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Sodium Nitrite. Combinations of these agents may increase the likelihood of significant methemoglobinemia. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Somatostatin Analogs: Opioid Agonists may diminish the analgesic effect of Somatostatin Analogs. Opioid Agonists may enhance the analgesic effect of Somatostatin Analogs. Risk C: Monitor therapy
SORAfenib: Acetaminophen may enhance the hepatotoxic effect of SORAfenib. SORAfenib may increase the serum concentration of Acetaminophen. Management: Avoid coadministration of acetaminophen and sorafenib if possible. If coadministration is unavoidable, monitor for signs/symptoms of hepatotoxicity, particularly in patients with greater acetaminophen exposure. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Succinylcholine: May enhance the bradycardic effect of Opioid Agonists. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Suvorexant: CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Suvorexant. Management: Dose reduction of suvorexant and/or any other CNS depressant may be necessary. Use of suvorexant with alcohol is not recommended, and the use of suvorexant with any other drug to treat insomnia is not recommended. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Thalidomide: CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Thalidomide. Risk X: Avoid combination
Vaccines: Acetaminophen may diminish the therapeutic effect of Vaccines. Management: Consider avoiding routine prophylactic use of acetaminophen before or during vaccine administration when possible. Acetaminophen is still recommended to treat fevers and/or pain that occurs after vaccination. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Valerian: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Vitamin K Antagonists (eg, warfarin): Acetaminophen may enhance the anticoagulant effect of Vitamin K Antagonists. This appears most likely with daily acetaminophen doses exceeding 1.3 or 2 g/day for multiple consecutive days. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Zolpidem: CNS Depressants may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Zolpidem. Management: Reduce the Intermezzo brand sublingual zolpidem adult dose to 1.75 mg for men who are also receiving other CNS depressants. No such dose change is recommended for women. Avoid use with other CNS depressants at bedtime; avoid use with alcohol. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Zuranolone: May enhance the CNS depressant effect of CNS Depressants. Management: Consider alternatives to the use of zuranolone with other CNS depressants or alcohol. If combined, consider a zuranolone dose reduction and monitor patients closely for increased CNS depressant effects. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Long-term opioid use may cause secondary hypogonadism, which may lead to sexual dysfunction or infertility in men and women (Brennan 2013).
[US Boxed Warning]: If opioid use is required for an extended period of time in a pregnant woman, advise the patient of the risk of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome (NOWS), which may be life-threatening if not recognized and treated. Ensure that management by neonatology experts will be available at delivery.
Refer to individual monographs for additional information.
Acetaminophen and hydrocodone are present in breast milk. According to the manufacturer, the decision to continue or discontinue breastfeeding during therapy should take into account the risk of infant exposure, the benefits of breastfeeding to the infant, and benefits of treatment to the mother. See individual agents.
Pain relief, respiratory and mental status, blood pressure; bowel function; signs/symptoms of misuse, abuse, and substance use disorder; signs or symptoms of hypogonadism or hypoadrenalism (Brennan 2013)
Alternate recommendations: Subacute or chronic pain (long-term therapy outside of end-of-life or palliative care, active cancer treatment, sickle cell disease, or medication-based opioid use disorder treatment): Evaluate benefits/risks of opioid therapy within 1 to 4 weeks of treatment initiation and with dose increases. In patients with subacute pain initially treated for acute pain, reassess pain and function after 30 days to address potentially reversible causes of pain and prevent unintentional long-term opioid therapy. In patients on long-term therapy, re-evaluate benefits/risks every 3 months during therapy or more frequently in patients at increased risk of overdose or opioid use disorder. Toxicology testing is recommended prior to initiation and at least yearly (includes controlled prescription medications, illicit drugs of abuse, and benzodiazepines). State prescription drug monitoring program (PDMP) data should be reviewed by clinicians prior to initiation and periodically during therapy (frequency ranging from every prescription to every 3 months) (CDC [Dowell 2022]).
Hydrocodone: Binds to opiate receptors in the CNS, altering the perception of and response to pain; suppresses cough in medullary center; produces generalized CNS depression.
Acetaminophen: Although not fully elucidated, the analgesic effects are believed to be due to activation of descending serotonergic inhibitory pathways in the CNS. Interactions with other nociceptive systems may be involved as well (Smith 2009). Antipyresis is produced from inhibition of the hypothalamic heat-regulating center.
Also see individual agents.
Acetaminophen: See Acetaminophen monograph.
Hydrocodone:
Metabolism: Hepatic; O-demethylation via primarily CYP2D6 to hydromorphone (major, active metabolite with ~10- to 33-fold higher or as much as a >100-fold higher binding affinity for the mu-opioid receptor than hydrocodone); N-demethylation via CYP3A4 to norhydrocodone (major metabolite); and ~40% of metabolism/clearance occurs via other non-CYP pathways, including 6-ketosteroid reduction to 6-alpha-hydrocol and 6-beta-hydrocol, and other elimination pathways (eg, fecal, biliary, intestinal, renal) (Hutchinson 2004, Volpe 2011, Zhou 2009)
Half-life elimination: ~4 hours
Time to peak, serum: ~1 hour
Excretion: Urine (26% of single dose in 72 hours, with ~12% as unchanged drug, 5% as norhydrocodone, 4% as conjugated hydrocodone, 3% as 6-hydrocodol, and 0.21% as conjugated 6-hydromorphol (Zhou 2009)
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