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Amifostine: Drug information

Amifostine: Drug information
(For additional information see "Amifostine: Patient drug information" and see "Amifostine: Pediatric drug information")

For abbreviations, symbols, and age group definitions used in Lexicomp (show table)
Brand Names: US
  • Ethyol
Pharmacologic Category
  • Antidote;
  • Chemoprotective Agent
Dosing: Adult

Note: Medications for the treatment of hypersensitivity reactions should be available during amifostine administration. Amifostine doses >300 mg/m2 are associated with a moderate emetic potential. Depending on the amifostine dose, antiemetics may be recommended to prevent nausea and vomiting. Antiemetics (including dexamethasone [20 mg IV] and a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist) are recommended with amifostine doses used for cisplatin-induced renal toxicity. Verify that patients are not hypotensive or dehydrated prior to amifostine administration. For patients receiving higher amifostine doses, interrupt antihypertensive therapy for 24 hours before amifostine treatment; patients who cannot safely stop their antihypertensives for 24 hours should not receive amifostine.

Radiation proctitis in rectal cancer, prevention

Radiation proctitis in rectal cancer, prevention (off-label use): IV: 340 mg/m2 once daily prior to radiation therapy (Ref).

Renal toxicity

Renal toxicity (cisplatin-induced): IV: 910 mg/m2 once daily over 15 minutes 30 minutes prior to chemotherapy.

Xerostomia due to radiation therapy for head and neck cancer

Xerostomia due to radiation therapy for head and neck cancer: IV: 200 mg/m2 over 3 minutes once daily 15 to 30 minutes prior to standard fraction radiation therapy.

Dosage adjustment for concomitant therapy: Significant drug interactions exist, requiring dose/frequency adjustment or avoidance. Consult drug interactions database for more information.

Dosing: Kidney Impairment: Adult

There are no dosage adjustments provided in the manufacturer's labeling.

Dosing: Hepatic Impairment: Adult

There are no dosage adjustments provided in the manufacturer's labeling.

Dosing: Adjustment for Toxicity: Adult

Dermatologic toxicity:

Cutaneous reactions or mucosal lesions appearing outside of the injection site or radiation port: Discontinue amifostine.

Bullous, edematous or erythematous lesions on the palms or soles: Discontinue amifostine.

Hypocalcemia: May require calcium supplementation.

Hypotension: If hypotension occurs, place patient in the Trendelenburg position and administer NS via a separate IV line. Interrupt amifostine infusion if systolic BP decreases significantly from baseline, as defined below:

Decrease of 20 mm Hg if baseline systolic BP <100

Decrease of 25 mm Hg if baseline systolic BP 100 to 119

Decrease of 30 mm Hg if baseline systolic BP 120 to 139

Decrease of 40 mm Hg if baseline systolic BP 140 to 179

Decrease of 50 mm Hg if baseline systolic BP ≥180

If blood pressure returns to normal within 5 minutes and the patient is asymptomatic, the infusion may be restarted so that the full amifostine dose may be administered. When the dose is 910 mg/m2, if the full amifostine dose cannot be administered, reduce the amifostine dose for subsequent cycles to 740 mg/m2.

Infusion reaction, severe: Discontinue amifostine immediately and permanently.

Severe allergic reaction: Discontinue amifostine immediately and permanently.

Dosing: Older Adult

Refer to adult dosing.

Dosing: Pediatric

(For additional information see "Amifostine: Pediatric drug information")

Refer to individual protocols. Amifostine doses >300 mg/m2 are associated with a moderate emetic potential; depending on the amifostine dose, antiemetics may be recommended to prevent nausea/vomiting (Ref).

Cytoprotective agent against cisplatin or high-dose alkylating agents

Cytoprotective agent against cisplatin or high-dose alkylating agents: Limited data available: Efficacy results variable:

Gastrointestinal and hematologic toxicity reduction: Infants, Children, and Adolescents: IV: 740 mg/m2/dose once daily prior to cytotoxic chemotherapy. In a study of patients (n=11, age range: 2.5 months to 17 years) receiving the same combination chemotherapy at the same doses (including cisplatin or high-dose alkylating agent) with or without amifostine, patients who received amifostine had significantly reduced incidences of mucositis and gastrointestinal toxicities and a significantly reduced requirement for erythrocyte transfusions. However, there was no difference in the number of platelet transfusions required (Ref). In another study in osteosarcoma patients treated with cisplatin or carboplatin as part of combination chemotherapy, there was a reduction in neutrophil and leukocyte toxicity in patients who received amifostine (n=17) compared to those who did not (n=19); however, amifostine did not protect against platelet effects (Ref). Other studies have not shown protection against myelosuppression (Ref).

Nephrotoxicity reduction: Children and Adolescents: IV: 740 mg/m2/dose given immediately prior to cisplatin. In a small study of intracavitary cisplatin therapy for solid tumors, three patients (ages: 2 to 6 years) received amifostine. Of these patients, only one experienced persistent renal dysfunction (Ref).

Reduction of platinum-induced hearing loss: Children and Adolescents 3 to 20 years: IV: 600 mg/m2/dose given immediately prior to and 3 hours into cisplatin administration has been shown to reduce cisplatin-induced hearing loss in patients with average-risk medulloblastoma. Amifostine did not protect against hearing loss in patients with high-risk medulloblastoma (Ref). Other studies using a single dose of 740 mg/m2 or 825 mg/m2 immediately prior to cisplatin did not prevent ototoxicity (Ref).

Xerostomia, moderate to severe from radiation of the head and neck, reduction

Xerostomia, moderate to severe from radiation of the head and neck, reduction: Limited data available: Children ≥7 years and Adolescents: SubQ: 200 mg once daily given 30 minutes prior to standard fraction radiation therapy. Dosing based on a small pilot study in pediatric patients who received subcutaneous amifostine (n=5, age range: 7 to 15 years) for a total of 129 injections. No grade 3 or 4 mucosal or skin reactions occurred (Ref).

Dosage adjustment for concomitant therapy: Significant drug interactions exist, requiring dose/frequency adjustment or avoidance. Consult drug interactions database for more information.

Dosing adjustment for toxicity: The presented dosing adjustments are based on experience in adult patients; specific recommendations for pediatric patients are limited. Refer to specific protocol for management in pediatric patients if available.

Adult:

Dermatologic toxicity:

Cutaneous reactions or mucosal lesions appearing outside of the injection site or radiation port: Discontinue.

Bullous, edematous, or erythematous lesions on the palms or soles: Discontinue.

Severe acute allergic reaction: Discontinue permanently.

Dosing: Kidney Impairment: Pediatric

There are no dosage adjustments provided in the manufacturer's labeling.

Dosing: Hepatic Impairment: Pediatric

There are no dosage adjustments provided in the manufacturer's labeling.

Adverse Reactions

The following adverse drug reactions and incidences are derived from product labeling unless otherwise specified.

>10%:

Cardiovascular: Hypotension (ovarian cancer: 61% to 62%; head and neck cancer: 15%; generally transient)

Gastrointestinal: Nausea and vomiting (ovarian cancer: 96%; head and neck cancer: 53%), severe nausea and vomiting (ovarian cancer: 19%; head and neck cancer: 8%)

1% to 10%: Endocrine & metabolic: Hypocalcemia (head and neck cancer: 1%; clinically significant)

Frequency not defined:

Cardiovascular: Bradycardia, chest pain, extrasystoles, flushing, ischemic heart disease, tachycardia

Central nervous system: Chills, dizziness, drowsiness, malaise, sensation of cold

Dermatologic: Erythema multiforme, skin rash

Gastrointestinal: Diarrhea, hiccups

Hypersensitivity: Anaphylaxis

Local: Injection site reaction (includes bruising at injection site, erythema at injection site, inflammation at injection site, injection site pruritus, pain at injection site, rash at injection site, swelling at injection site, urticaria at injection site)

Ophthalmic: Blurred vision, diplopia

Respiratory: Apnea, dyspnea, hypoxia, sneezing

Miscellaneous: Fever

<1%, postmarketing, and/or case reports: Anaphylactoid reaction, atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, cardiac arrhythmia, DRESS syndrome, hypersensitivity reaction (includes chest discomfort, laryngeal edema, pruritus, rigors, urticaria), myocardial infarction, renal failure, seizure, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, supraventricular tachycardia, syncope, toxic epidermal necrolysis, transient hypertension

Contraindications

Known hypersensitivity to amifostine, aminothiol compounds, or any component of the formulation.

Warnings/Precautions

Concerns related to adverse effects:

• Cutaneous reactions: Serious cutaneous reactions (some fatal), including erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, toxicoderma, exfoliative dermatitis, and drug reaction with biopsy-proven eosinophilia and system symptoms (DRESS) have been reported with amifostine. Cutaneous reactions may be delayed, developing up to weeks after treatment initiation. Cutaneous reactions have been reported more frequently when used as a radioprotectant.

• Hypersensitivity: Hypersensitivity reactions (including anaphylaxis) have been reported, including chest discomfort, cutaneous eruptions, chills, dyspnea, hypoxia, laryngeal edema, pruritus, pyrexia, and urticaria.

• Hypocalcemia: Cases of clinically relevant hypocalcemia have been reported.

• Hypotension: Severe hypotension with complications have been reported, including (but not limited to) apnea, atrial fibrillation/flutter, bradycardia, dyspnea, myocardial ischemia/infarction, seizures, syncope, renal failure, tachycardia, and respiratory/cardiac arrest. The mean time of onset of hypotension was 14 minutes after amifostine infusion initiation and the mean hypotension duration was 6 minutes; in most cases BP returned to normal within 15 minutes. Patients who are hypotensive or dehydrated should not receive amifostine. Infusions >15 minutes are associated with a higher incidence of adverse effects. Interrupt antihypertensive therapy for 24 hours before amifostine treatment (monitor BP closely); patients who cannot safely stop their antihypertensives 24 hours before should not receive amifostine.

Other warnings/precautions:

• Chemotherapy/radiation therapy interference: Amifostine may interfere with the antitumor activity of chemotherapy or radiation therapy regimens. Unless within the context of a clinical trial, do not use amifostine in patients receiving definitive radiation therapy or in patients receiving chemotherapy for malignancies other than ovarian cancer in which chemotherapy can produce a significant survival benefit or cure. Data regarding interference with antitumor efficacy when amifostine is administered prior to cisplatin therapy in settings other than advanced ovarian cancer are limited. Data are also insufficient to exclude a tumor-protective effect in the definitive radiation therapy setting; amifostine was studied with standard fractionated radiotherapy and when ≥75% of both parotid glands were exposed to radiation. The safety and efficacy of amifostine on the incidence of xerostomia in the setting of combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and in the setting of accelerated or hyperfractionated therapy, have not been established.

Dosage Forms: US

Excipient information presented when available (limited, particularly for generics); consult specific product labeling. [DSC] = Discontinued product

Solution Reconstituted, Intravenous:

Ethyol: 500 mg (1 ea [DSC])

Solution Reconstituted, Intravenous [preservative free]:

Ethyol: 500 mg (1 ea)

Generic Equivalent Available: US

No

Pricing: US

Solution (reconstituted) (Ethyol Intravenous)

500 mg (per each): $1,285.69

Disclaimer: A representative AWP (Average Wholesale Price) price or price range is provided as reference price only. A range is provided when more than one manufacturer's AWP price is available and uses the low and high price reported by the manufacturers to determine the range. The pricing data should be used for benchmarking purposes only, and as such should not be used alone to set or adjudicate any prices for reimbursement or purchasing functions or considered to be an exact price for a single product and/or manufacturer. Medi-Span expressly disclaims all warranties of any kind or nature, whether express or implied, and assumes no liability with respect to accuracy of price or price range data published in its solutions. In no event shall Medi-Span be liable for special, indirect, incidental, or consequential damages arising from use of price or price range data. Pricing data is updated monthly.

Administration: Adult

IV:

200 mg/m2 dose: Administer over 3 minutes starting 15 to 30 minutes prior to radiation therapy.

910 mg/m2 dose: Administer over 15 minutes starting 30 minutes prior to cisplatin. Do not exceed 15 minutes; longer infusions are associated with a higher incidence of side effects.

Patients who are hypotensive or dehydrated should not receive amifostine. Patients should be adequately hydrated and kept in supine position during infusion. Assess BP every 5 minutes during amifostine infusion and as clinically indicated following administration (for infusion duration <5 minutes, monitor BP before infusion, immediately after, and as clinically indicated thereafter). If hypotension occurs, place patient in the Trendelenburg position and administer NS via a separate IV line.

Amifostine doses >300 mg/m2 are associated with a moderate emetic potential. Depending on the amifostine dose, antiemetics may be recommended to prevent nausea and vomiting. Antiemetics (including dexamethasone [20 mg IV] and a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist) are recommended with amifostine doses used for cisplatin-induced renal toxicity.

Administration: Pediatric

Amifostine doses >300 mg/m2 are associated with a moderate emetic potential; depending on the amifostine dose, antiemetics may be recommended to prevent nausea/vomiting (Ref).

Parenteral:

IV: Administer amifostine doses ≥600 mg/m2 as an IV intermittent infusion over 15 minutes since the 15-minute infusion is better tolerated than a more prolonged infusion. Administer 200 mg/m2 dose as a 3-minute infusion. Patients should be kept in supine position during infusion and amifostine should be interrupted if the blood pressure decreases significantly from baseline or if the patient develops symptoms related to decreased cerebral or cardiovascular perfusion. Patients experiencing decreased blood pressure should receive a rapid infusion of NS and be kept supine or placed in the Trendelenburg position. Amifostine can be restarted if the blood pressure returns to the baseline level.

SubQ: Administer dose 30 minutes prior to irradiation in abdominal wall; alternate sides; massage site locally following injection to reduce discomfort (Ref).

Use: Labeled Indications

Renal toxicity (cisplatin-induced): Reduce the cumulative renal toxicity associated with repeated administration of cisplatin in patients with advanced ovarian cancer.

Xerostomia due to radiation therapy for head and neck cancer: Reduce the incidence of moderate-to-severe xerostomia in patients undergoing postoperative radiation treatment for head and neck cancer, where the radiation port includes a substantial portion of the parotid glands.

Limitations of use: Do not administer amifostine in other settings where chemotherapy can produce a significant survival benefit or cure, or in patients receiving definitive radiotherapy, unless within the context of a clinical study.

Use: Off-Label: Adult

Radiation proctitis in patients with rectal cancer (prevention)

Medication Safety Issues
Sound-alike/look-alike issues:

Amifostine may be confused with amifampridine

Ethyol may be confused with ethanol

Metabolism/Transport Effects

None known.

Drug Interactions

Note: Interacting drugs may not be individually listed below if they are part of a group interaction (eg, individual drugs within “CYP3A4 Inducers [Strong]” are NOT listed). For a complete list of drug interactions by individual drug name and detailed management recommendations, use the Lexicomp drug interactions program by clicking on the “Launch drug interactions program” link above.

Alfuzosin: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Amisulpride (Oral): May enhance the hypotensive effect of Hypotension-Associated Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Antipsychotic Agents (Second Generation [Atypical]): Blood Pressure Lowering Agents may enhance the hypotensive effect of Antipsychotic Agents (Second Generation [Atypical]). Risk C: Monitor therapy

Arginine: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Barbiturates: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Benperidol: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Blood Pressure Lowering Agents: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Amifostine. Management: When used at chemotherapy doses, hold blood pressure lowering medications for 24 hours before amifostine administration. If blood pressure lowering therapy cannot be held, do not administer amifostine. Use caution with radiotherapy doses of amifostine. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Brimonidine (Topical): May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Bromperidol: May diminish the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Blood Pressure Lowering Agents may enhance the hypotensive effect of Bromperidol. Risk X: Avoid combination

Diazoxide: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy

DULoxetine: Blood Pressure Lowering Agents may enhance the hypotensive effect of DULoxetine. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Herbal Products with Blood Pressure Lowering Effects: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Lormetazepam: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Molsidomine: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Naftopidil: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Nicergoline: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Nicorandil: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Obinutuzumab: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Management: Consider temporarily withholding blood pressure lowering medications beginning 12 hours prior to obinutuzumab infusion and continuing until 1 hour after the end of the infusion. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Pentoxifylline: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Pholcodine: Blood Pressure Lowering Agents may enhance the hypotensive effect of Pholcodine. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Prostacyclin Analogues: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Quinagolide: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Silodosin: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Reproductive Considerations

Evaluate pregnancy status prior to use in patients who could become pregnant.

Pregnancy Considerations

Based on data from animal reproduction studies, in utero exposure to amifostine may cause fetal harm.

Breastfeeding Considerations

It is not known if amifostine is present in breast milk.

Due to the potential for serious adverse reactions in the breastfed infant, the manufacturer recommends discontinuing breastfeeding during amifostine treatment.

Monitoring Parameters

BP (at baseline, every 5 minutes during the infusion, and thereafter if clinically indicated; for infusion duration <5 minutes, monitor BP before infusion, immediately after, and as clinically indicated thereafter). Monitor serum calcium levels in patients at risk for hypocalcemia (eg, patients receiving multiple amifostine doses or those with nephrotic syndrome). Evaluate pregnancy status prior to use in patients who could become pregnant. Evaluate for cutaneous reactions prior to each dose, during therapy, and after treatment discontinuation. Monitor for signs/symptoms of hypersensitivity. Monitor hydration status (patients who are hypotensive or dehydrated should not receive amifostine). Monitor fluid balance closely when administering amifostine in combination with highly emetic chemotherapy.

Mechanism of Action

Amifostine is a prodrug that is dephosphorylated by alkaline phosphatase in tissues to a pharmacologically-active free thiol metabolite. The free thiol is available to bind to, and detoxify, reactive metabolites of cisplatin; and can also act as a scavenger of free radicals that may be generated (by cisplatin or radiation therapy) in tissues.

Pharmacokinetics (Adult Data Unless Noted)

Metabolism: Hepatic dephosphorylation to two metabolites (active-free thiol and disulfide)

Half-life elimination: Children: 9.3 minutes (Fouladi 2001); Adults: ~8 minutes

Excretion: Urine (minimal; as amifostine and metabolites)

Brand Names: International
International Brand Names by Country
For country code abbreviations (show table)

  • (AE) United Arab Emirates: Ethyol;
  • (AR) Argentina: Ethyol;
  • (AT) Austria: Ethyol;
  • (AU) Australia: Ethyol;
  • (BE) Belgium: Ethyol;
  • (BG) Bulgaria: Ethyol;
  • (BR) Brazil: Ethyol;
  • (CN) China: A mi fu ting | An fu ding | Cytofos | Tian di da;
  • (CO) Colombia: Cytofos sun | Ethyol;
  • (CZ) Czech Republic: Ethyol;
  • (DE) Germany: Ethyol;
  • (DO) Dominican Republic: Ethyol;
  • (EC) Ecuador: Ethyol;
  • (FI) Finland: Ethyol;
  • (FR) France: Ethyol;
  • (GB) United Kingdom: Ethyol;
  • (GR) Greece: Ethyol;
  • (HK) Hong Kong: Ethyol;
  • (ID) Indonesia: Ethyol;
  • (IN) India: Amiphos | Cytofos | Ethyol;
  • (IT) Italy: Ethyol;
  • (KR) Korea, Republic of: Ethyol;
  • (MX) Mexico: Amzuplar | Ethyol | Falvin;
  • (MY) Malaysia: Ethyol;
  • (NZ) New Zealand: Ethyol;
  • (PE) Peru: Ethyol;
  • (PH) Philippines: Ethyol;
  • (PL) Poland: Ethyol;
  • (PR) Puerto Rico: Ethyol | Ethyol rt;
  • (PT) Portugal: Ethyol;
  • (RO) Romania: Ethyol;
  • (RU) Russian Federation: Ethyol | Etiol;
  • (SE) Sweden: Ethyol;
  • (SG) Singapore: Ethyol;
  • (SK) Slovakia: Ethyol;
  • (TH) Thailand: Ethyol;
  • (TR) Turkey: Ethyol;
  • (TW) Taiwan: Ethyol;
  • (UY) Uruguay: Ethyol;
  • (VE) Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of: Ethyol;
  • (ZA) South Africa: Ethyol
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