Frequency of specific symptoms during mania

Symptom	Weighted mean (percent)
Mood*
Irritability	71
Euphoria	63
Expansiveness	60
Lability ("mood swings")	49
Depression	46
Cognitive^¶
Flight of ideas, racing thoughts	76
Distractibility, poor concentration	75
Grandiosity, over confident	73
Confusion, disorientation, impaired memory	29
Activity and behavior^Δ
Hyperactivity	90
Increased speech output	89
Rapid, pressured speech	88
Decreased need for sleep, insomnia	83
Increased libido	51
Violent, assaultive behavior	47
Religiosity	39
Extravagant spending sprees	32
Nudity, sexual exposure	29
Pronounced regression	28
Catatonia	24

* Based upon a pooled analysis of 16 studies (1121 manic patients).
¶ Based upon a pooled analysis of 13 studies (968 manic patients).
Δ Based upon a pooled analysis of 16 studies (1857 manic patients).

Data from:

Goodwin F, Jamison K. Manic-Depressive Illness: Bipolar disorders and recurrent depression, 2nd ed, Oxford University Press, New York 2007.
Grunze H, Vieta E, Goodwin GM, et al. The World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for the biological treatment of bipolar disorders: update 2009 on the treatment of acute mania. World J Biol Psychiatry 2009; 10:255.

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Frequency of specific symptoms during mania