| Toxic/metabolic | | Drugs | | Antibiotics | | Antiseizure medications | | Cytotoxic chemotherapy | | Digitalis | | Iron | | NSAIDs, aspirin | | Opioids, tramadol | | SSRIs and bupropion | | Theophylline | | Many other drugs | | Organ failure | | Liver, renal | | Metabolic | | Hypercalcemia | | Hyponatremia | | Ketoacidosis | | Poisoning, substance abuse | | | Disorders of viscera | | Obstruction | | Biliary/pancreatic duct | | Gastric outlet | | Small bowel | | Hepatomegaly | | Severe constipation | | Gastroparesis | | Inflammation/irritation | | Chemotherapy (direct gastrointestinal effects) | | Cholecystitis | | Gastritis | | Gastroenteritis | | Hepatitis | | NSAID | | Pancreatitis | | Radiation | | Tumors of the gastrointestinal tract and thorax | | Ascites | | | CNS causes | | Increased intracranial pressure | | Abscess | | Cranial irradiation | | Hemorrhage | | Malignancy | | Meningeal infiltration | | Vestibular | | Drug effects | | Labyrinthitis | | Anxiety | | Anticipatory nausea and vomiting | | Pain | |
