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Summary of pregnancy outcomes associated with short and long interpregnancy intervals[1-13]

Summary of pregnancy outcomes associated with short and long interpregnancy intervals[1-13]
Pregnancy outcome Short interpregnancy interval
(range aOR/RR)		 Long interpregnancy interval
(range aOR/RR)
Low birth weight 1.39 to 1.86  
Small for gestational age 1.18 to 1.33  
Preterm birth ≥1.20  
Preeclampsia   1.1
Uterine rupture at TOLAC 2.7 to 3.14  
Miscarriage 0.78 to 0.86  
Stillbirth 0.9 to 1.09  
Severe maternal morbidity, with transfusion 

0.76 to 0.96

1.76 to 1.88 
Severe maternal morbidity, without transfusion 0.58 to 0.81  1.95 to 2.23 
A short interpregnancy interval is variously defined but generally can be considered ≤6 to 18 months because ≤6 months is associated with elevated maternal risk and ≤18 months is associated with elevated perinatal risk. A long interpregnancy interval can be considered >60 to 75 months, but intervals >35 months are also associated with some elevated risk.
aOR: adjusted odds ratio; RR: relative risk; TOLAC: trial of labor after cesarean delivery.
References:
  1. Conde-Agudelo A, Belizán JM. Maternal morbidity and mortality associated with interpregnancy interval: cross sectional study. BMJ 2000; 321:1255.
  2. Shipp TD, Zelop CM, Repke JT, et al. Interdelivery interval and risk of symptomatic uterine rupture. Obstet Gynecol 2001; 97:175.
  3. Conde-Agudelo A, Belizán JM, Breman R, et al. Effect of the interpregnancy interval after an abortion on maternal and perinatal health in Latin America. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2005; 89 Suppl 1:S34.
  4. Conde-Agudelo A, Rosas-Bermúdez A, Kafury-Goeta AC. Birth spacing and risk of adverse perinatal outcomes: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2006; 295:1809.
  5. Zhu BP, Grigorescu V, Le T, et al. Labor dystocia and its association with interpregnancy interval. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006; 195:121.
  6. Conde-Agudelo A, Rosas-Bermúdez A, Kafury-Goeta AC. Effects of birth spacing on maternal health: a systematic review. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007; 196:297.
  7. Stamilio DM, DeFranco E, Paré E, et al. Short interpregnancy interval: risk of uterine rupture and complications of vaginal birth after cesarean delivery. Obstet Gynecol 2007; 110:1075.
  8. van Eijsden M, Smits LJ, van der Wal MF, Bonsel GJ. Association between short interpregnancy intervals and term birth weight: the role of folate depletion. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 88:147.
  9. Ahrens KA, Nelson H, Stidd RL, et al. Short interpregnancy intervals and adverse perinatal outcomes in high-resource settings: An updated systematic review. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2019; 33:O25.
  10. Regan AK, Gissler M, Magnus MC, et al. Association between interpregnancy interval and adverse birth outcomes in women with a previous stillbirth: an international cohort study. Lancet 2019; 393:1527.
  11. Ye L, Cao W, Yao J, et al. Systematic review of the effects of birth spacing after cesarean delivery on maternal and perinatal outcomes. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2019; 147:19.
  12. Gabbay-Benziv R, Ashwal E, Hadar E, et al. Interpregnancy interval and the risk for recurrence of placental mediated pregnancy complications. J Perinat Med 2020; 48:322.
  13. Liu C, Snowden JM, Lyell DJ, et al. Interpregnancy Interval and Subsequent Severe Maternal Morbidity: A 16-Year Population-Based Study From California. Am J Epidemiol 2021; 190:1034.
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