Low-dose CT scanning for lung cancer screening: Follow-up diagnostic procedures in the NLST

	Lung cancer confirmed (649)				Lung cancer not confirmed (17,053)
	Procedure	Major complication*	Intermediate complication^¶	Death^Δ	Procedure	Major complication*	Intermediate complication^¶	Death^Δ
Thoracotomy, thoracoscopy, or mediastinoscopy	509	71	81	5	164	9	13	2
Bronchoscopy	76	2	5	4	227	2	9	4
Needle biopsy	33	0	7	1	66	0	6	0
No procedure	31	2	2	0	16,596	1	16	5

CT: computed tomography; NLST: National Lung Screening Trial.
* Major complications include treatment-related acute respiratory failure, major cardiovascular event, death, thromboembolic complication, and anaphylaxis.
¶ Intermediate complications include blood loss requiring transfusion, infection requiring antibiotics, respiratory distress, and pain requiring pain specialty consultation.
Δ Death included if it occurred within 60 days of a positive screening result. It is not known if the procedure itself was the cause of death.

Data from: National Lung Cancer Screening Trial Research Team, Aberle DR, Adams AM, et al. Reduced lung-cancer mortality with low-dose computed tomographic screening. N Engl J Med 2011; 365:395.

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Low-dose CT scanning for lung cancer screening: Follow-up diagnostic procedures in the NLST