Overview of surgical options for fixation and reconstruction of pathologic fractures of the upper extremity according to anatomic site

Anatomic site	Common practice	Controversies and considerations
Proximal humerus	Hemiarthroplasty versus antegrade humeral nail	ORIF versus endoprosthetic replacement Cemented versus non-cemented
Humeral diaphysis	Antegrade humeral nail versus locked plate/screws	Nail versus plate versus intercalary humeral device Cemented versus non-cemented
Distal humerus	Dual 90:90 plating versus retrograde IM stabilization	Nail versus plate Cement versus non-cemented Distal humeral replacement arthroplasty for advanced destruction
Scapula	Nonoperative versus partial/total scapulectomy	Unusual location

IM: intramedullary; ORIF: open reduction internal fixation.

Graphic 90450 Version 2.0