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Umeclidinium and vilanterol: Drug information

Umeclidinium and vilanterol: Drug information
(For additional information see "Umeclidinium and vilanterol: Patient drug information")

For abbreviations, symbols, and age group definitions used in Lexicomp (show table)
Brand Names: US
  • Anoro Ellipta
Brand Names: Canada
  • Anoro Ellipta
Pharmacologic Category
  • Anticholinergic Agent;
  • Anticholinergic Agent, Long-Acting;
  • Beta2 Agonist;
  • Beta2-Adrenergic Agonist, Long-Acting
Dosing: Adult
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, maintenance

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, maintenance:

Note: Use combination long-acting bronchodilator (long-acting beta agonist and long-acting muscarinic antagonist) in patients with more symptoms (eg, Group B). In addition, a short-acting bronchodilator is used for intermittent symptom relief (Ref).

Dry powder inhaler (umeclidinium 62.5 mcg/vilanterol 25 mcg per actuation): Oral inhalation: One inhalation once daily.

Dosage adjustment for concomitant therapy: Significant drug interactions exist, requiring dose/frequency adjustment or avoidance. Consult drug interactions database for more information.

Dosing: Kidney Impairment: Adult

No dosage adjustment necessary.

Dosing: Hepatic Impairment: Adult

Mild to moderate impairment: No dosage adjustment necessary.

Severe impairment: There are no dosage adjustments provided in the manufacturer's labeling (has not been studied).

Dosing: Older Adult

Refer to adult dosing.

Adverse Reactions

The following adverse drug reactions and incidences are derived from product labeling unless otherwise specified. Reported adverse reactions are for adults. Also see Umeclidinium monograph.

1% to 10%:

Cardiovascular: Chest pain (1%)

Endocrine & metabolic: Diabetes mellitus (≥1%)

Gastrointestinal: Abdominal pain (≥1%), constipation (1%), diarrhea (2%), nausea (≥1%), toothache (≥1%)

Genitourinary: Urinary tract infection (≥1%)

Nervous system: Headache (≥1%), vertigo (≥1%)

Neuromuscular & skeletal: Arthralgia (≥1%), back pain (≥1%), limb pain (2%), muscle spasm (1%), neck pain (1%)

Respiratory: Cough (≥1%), lower respiratory tract infection (1%), pharyngitis (2%), pleuritic chest pain (≥1%), sinusitis (≥1%), viral respiratory tract infection (≥1%)

<1%:

Cardiovascular: Acute myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, chest discomfort, supraventricular extrasystole, ventricular premature contractions

Dermatologic: Pruritus, skin rash

Gastrointestinal: Dyspepsia, gastroesophageal reflux disease, vomiting, xerostomia

Nervous system: Asthenia

Neuromuscular & skeletal: Musculoskeletal chest pain

Ophthalmic: Conjunctivitis

Respiratory: Productive cough

Postmarketing:

Cardiovascular: Palpitations

Gastrointestinal: Dysgeusia

Genitourinary: Dysuria, urinary retention

Hypersensitivity: Anaphylaxis, angioedema, hypersensitivity reaction

Nervous system: Anxiety, tremor, voice disorder

Ophthalmic: Blurred vision, eye pain, glaucoma, increased intraocular pressure

Respiratory: Paradoxical bronchospasm

Contraindications

Hypersensitivity to umeclidinium, vilanterol, or any component of the formulation; severe hypersensitivity to milk proteins; monotherapy (without use of a concomitant inhaled corticosteroid) in the treatment of asthma.

Warnings/Precautions

Concerns related to adverse effects:

• Asthma-related deaths: Monotherapy with a long-acting beta-2-agonist (LABA) is contraindicated in the treatment of asthma. Umeclidinium/vilanterol is not indicated for the treatment of asthma. Available data do not suggest an increased risk of death with use of LABA in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD).

• Bronchospasm: Paradoxical bronchospasm that may be life-threatening may occur with use of inhaled bronchodilating agents; this should be distinguished from inadequate response. If paradoxical bronchospasm occurs, discontinue use and institute alternative therapy.

• Hypersensitivity: Hypersensitivity reactions, including anaphylaxis, angioedema, rash, and urticaria may occur; discontinue immediately if signs/symptoms of a hypersensitivity reaction occur.

• Serious effects/fatalities: Do not exceed recommended dose or frequency or use with other medications containing LABAs; serious adverse events, including fatalities, have been associated with excessive use of inhaled sympathomimetics.

Disease-related concerns:

• Cardiovascular disease: Use with caution in patients with cardiovascular disease (eg, coronary insufficiency, arrhythmias, hypertension); beta-agonists may cause elevation in blood pressure and heart rate. Beta-2 agonists may also produce changes in the ECG (eg, T wave flattening, QTc prolongation, ST segment depression).

• Diabetes: Use with caution in patients with diabetes mellitus; beta-2 agonists may increase serum glucose and aggravate preexisting diabetes mellitus and ketoacidosis.

• Glaucoma: Use with caution in patients with narrow-angle glaucoma; may increase intraocular pressure.

• Hyperthyroidism: Use with caution in patients with hyperthyroidism; beta-2 agonists may stimulate thyroid activity.

• Hypokalemia: Use with caution in patients with hypokalemia; beta-2 agonists may decrease serum potassium (transient).

• Seizures: Use with caution in patients with seizure disorders; beta-2 agonists may result in CNS stimulation/excitation.

• Urinary retention: Use with caution in patients with urinary retention. Monitor for signs and symptoms of urinary retention, especially in patients with prostatic hyperplasia or bladder-neck obstruction.

Special populations:

• Pediatric: LABAs, when used as monotherapy, may increase the risk of asthma-related hospitalization in pediatric and adolescent patients. When LABAs are used in a fixed-dose combination with inhaled corticosteroids, data from large clinical trials in adolescents do not show a significant increase in the risk of serious asthma-related events (hospitalizations, intubations, death) compared to inhaled corticosteroids alone.

Dosage form specific issues:

• Lactose: Powder for oral inhalation may contain lactose; use is contraindicated in patients with severe milk protein allergy.

Other warnings/precautions:

• Appropriate use: Not indicated for the initial (rescue) treatment of acute episodes of bronchospasm or with acutely deteriorating or potentially life-threatening COPD; after initiation of therapy, patients should use short-acting bronchodilators only on an as needed basis for acute symptoms.

Dosage Forms Considerations

Anoro Ellipta contains 30 inhalations (60 blisters) or 7 inhalations (14 blisters) in the institutional pack

Dosage Forms: US

Excipient information presented when available (limited, particularly for generics); consult specific product labeling

Aerosol Powder Breath Activated, Inhalation:

Anoro Ellipta: Umeclidinium 62.5 mcg and vilanterol 25 mcg per inhalation (7 dose, 30 dose) [contains milk protein]

Generic Equivalent Available: US

No

Pricing: US

Aerosol powder (Anoro Ellipta Inhalation)

62.5-25 mcg/ACT (per each): $9.78

Disclaimer: A representative AWP (Average Wholesale Price) price or price range is provided as reference price only. A range is provided when more than one manufacturer's AWP price is available and uses the low and high price reported by the manufacturers to determine the range. The pricing data should be used for benchmarking purposes only, and as such should not be used alone to set or adjudicate any prices for reimbursement or purchasing functions or considered to be an exact price for a single product and/or manufacturer. Medi-Span expressly disclaims all warranties of any kind or nature, whether express or implied, and assumes no liability with respect to accuracy of price or price range data published in its solutions. In no event shall Medi-Span be liable for special, indirect, incidental, or consequential damages arising from use of price or price range data. Pricing data is updated monthly.

Administration: Adult

Oral inhalation: Dry powder inhaler: For oral inhalation only; administer at the same time each day; there is no need to shake the inhaler. Remove inhaler from sealed pouch immediately prior to first use. Each time the cover of the inhaler is opened, a ‘click’ should be heard and the counter will count down by 1 number; dose is ready to be inhaled. If the counter does not count down as the “click” is heard, the inhaler will not deliver the medicine. Only open inhaler cover when ready for administration; opening and closing the device without inhaling will result in a lost dose; do not close inhaler cover until dose has been inhaled. Refer to product labeling for additional administration instructions.

Use: Labeled Indications

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, maintenance: Maintenance treatment of airflow obstruction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema.

Medication Safety Issues
Sound alike/look alike issues:

Anoro Ellipta may be confused with Arnuity Ellipta, Breo Ellipta, Incruse Ellipta, and Trelegy Ellipta; Ellipta is the inhaler delivery system trademark not a medication.

Metabolism/Transport Effects

Refer to individual components.

Drug Interactions

Note: Interacting drugs may not be individually listed below if they are part of a group interaction (eg, individual drugs within “CYP3A4 Inducers [Strong]” are NOT listed). For a complete list of drug interactions by individual drug name and detailed management recommendations, use the Lexicomp drug interactions program by clicking on the “Launch drug interactions program” link above.

Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors: May diminish the therapeutic effect of Anticholinergic Agents. Anticholinergic Agents may diminish the therapeutic effect of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Aclidinium: May enhance the anticholinergic effect of Anticholinergic Agents. Risk X: Avoid combination

Amantadine: May enhance the anticholinergic effect of Anticholinergic Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Anticholinergic Agents: Umeclidinium may enhance the anticholinergic effect of Anticholinergic Agents. Risk X: Avoid combination

Atomoxetine: May enhance the tachycardic effect of Beta2-Agonists. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Atomoxetine: May enhance the hypertensive effect of Sympathomimetics. Atomoxetine may enhance the tachycardic effect of Sympathomimetics. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Atosiban: Beta2-Agonists may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Atosiban. Specifically, there may be an increased risk for pulmonary edema and/or dyspnea. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Beta2-Agonists (Long-Acting): May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of other Beta2-Agonists (Long-Acting). Risk X: Avoid combination

Beta-Blockers (Beta1 Selective): May diminish the bronchodilatory effect of Beta2-Agonists. Of particular concern with nonselective beta-blockers or higher doses of the beta1 selective beta-blockers. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Beta-Blockers (Nonselective): May diminish the bronchodilatory effect of Beta2-Agonists. Risk X: Avoid combination

Botulinum Toxin-Containing Products: May enhance the anticholinergic effect of Anticholinergic Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Cannabinoid-Containing Products: May enhance the tachycardic effect of Sympathomimetics. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Cannabinoid-Containing Products: Anticholinergic Agents may enhance the tachycardic effect of Cannabinoid-Containing Products. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Chloral Betaine: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Anticholinergic Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Cimetropium: Anticholinergic Agents may enhance the anticholinergic effect of Cimetropium. Risk X: Avoid combination

Clofazimine: May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inhibitors). Risk C: Monitor therapy

Cocaine (Topical): May enhance the hypertensive effect of Sympathomimetics. Management: Consider alternatives to use of this combination when possible. Monitor closely for substantially increased blood pressure or heart rate and for any evidence of myocardial ischemia with concurrent use. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Strong): May increase the serum concentration of Vilanterol. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Doxofylline: Sympathomimetics may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Doxofylline. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Eluxadoline: Anticholinergic Agents may enhance the constipating effect of Eluxadoline. Risk X: Avoid combination

Fexinidazole: May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inhibitors). Risk X: Avoid combination

Fusidic Acid (Systemic): May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inhibitors). Risk X: Avoid combination

Gastrointestinal Agents (Prokinetic): Anticholinergic Agents may diminish the therapeutic effect of Gastrointestinal Agents (Prokinetic). Risk C: Monitor therapy

Glucagon: Anticholinergic Agents may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Glucagon. Specifically, the risk of gastrointestinal adverse effects may be increased. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Glycopyrrolate (Oral Inhalation): Anticholinergic Agents may enhance the anticholinergic effect of Glycopyrrolate (Oral Inhalation). Risk X: Avoid combination

Glycopyrronium (Topical): May enhance the anticholinergic effect of Anticholinergic Agents. Risk X: Avoid combination

Guanethidine: May enhance the arrhythmogenic effect of Sympathomimetics. Guanethidine may enhance the hypertensive effect of Sympathomimetics. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Ipratropium (Oral Inhalation): May enhance the anticholinergic effect of Anticholinergic Agents. Risk X: Avoid combination

Itopride: Anticholinergic Agents may diminish the therapeutic effect of Itopride. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Kratom: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Sympathomimetics. Risk X: Avoid combination

Levosulpiride: Anticholinergic Agents may diminish the therapeutic effect of Levosulpiride. Risk X: Avoid combination

Levothyroxine: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Sympathomimetics. Specifically, the risk of coronary insufficiency may be increased in patients with coronary artery disease. Levothyroxine may enhance the therapeutic effect of Sympathomimetics. Sympathomimetics may enhance the therapeutic effect of Levothyroxine. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Linezolid: May enhance the hypertensive effect of Sympathomimetics. Management: Consider initial dose reductions of sympathomimetic agents, and closely monitor for enhanced blood pressure elevations, in patients receiving linezolid. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Loop Diuretics: Beta2-Agonists may enhance the hypokalemic effect of Loop Diuretics. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Loxapine: Agents to Treat Airway Disease may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Loxapine. More specifically, the use of Agents to Treat Airway Disease is likely a marker of patients who are likely at a greater risk for experiencing significant bronchospasm from use of inhaled loxapine. Management: This is specific to the Adasuve brand of loxapine, which is an inhaled formulation. This does not apply to non-inhaled formulations of loxapine. Risk X: Avoid combination

Methacholine: Beta2-Agonists (Long-Acting) may diminish the therapeutic effect of Methacholine. Management: Hold long-acting beta2 agonists for 36 hours before methacholine use. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Methacholine: Long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMAs) may diminish the therapeutic effect of Methacholine. Management: Hold long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMAs) for at least 7 days before methacholine use. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Mianserin: May enhance the anticholinergic effect of Anticholinergic Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Mirabegron: Anticholinergic Agents may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Mirabegron. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Beta2-Agonists. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Nitroglycerin: Anticholinergic Agents may decrease the absorption of Nitroglycerin. Specifically, anticholinergic agents may decrease the dissolution of sublingual nitroglycerin tablets, possibly impairing or slowing nitroglycerin absorption. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Opioid Agonists: Anticholinergic Agents may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Opioid Agonists. Specifically, the risk for constipation and urinary retention may be increased with this combination. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Oxatomide: May enhance the anticholinergic effect of Anticholinergic Agents. Risk X: Avoid combination

Ozanimod: May enhance the hypertensive effect of Sympathomimetics. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Potassium Chloride: Anticholinergic Agents may enhance the ulcerogenic effect of Potassium Chloride. Management: Patients on drugs with substantial anticholinergic effects should avoid using any solid oral dosage form of potassium chloride. Risk X: Avoid combination

Potassium Citrate: Anticholinergic Agents may enhance the ulcerogenic effect of Potassium Citrate. Management: Patients on drugs with substantial anticholinergic effects should avoid using any solid oral dosage form of potassium citrate. Risk X: Avoid combination

Pramlintide: May enhance the anticholinergic effect of Anticholinergic Agents. These effects are specific to the GI tract. Risk X: Avoid combination

QT-prolonging Agents (Highest Risk): QT-prolonging Agents (Indeterminate Risk - Caution) may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of QT-prolonging Agents (Highest Risk). Management: Monitor for QTc interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias when these agents are combined. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation may be at even higher risk. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Ramosetron: Anticholinergic Agents may enhance the constipating effect of Ramosetron. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Revefenacin: Anticholinergic Agents may enhance the anticholinergic effect of Revefenacin. Risk X: Avoid combination

Rivastigmine: Anticholinergic Agents may diminish the therapeutic effect of Rivastigmine. Rivastigmine may diminish the therapeutic effect of Anticholinergic Agents. Management: Use of rivastigmine with an anticholinergic agent is not recommended unless clinically necessary. If the combination is necessary, monitor for reduced anticholinergic effects. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Secretin: Anticholinergic Agents may diminish the therapeutic effect of Secretin. Management: Avoid concomitant use of anticholinergic agents and secretin. Discontinue anticholinergic agents at least 5 half-lives prior to administration of secretin. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Solriamfetol: Sympathomimetics may enhance the hypertensive effect of Solriamfetol. Sympathomimetics may enhance the tachycardic effect of Solriamfetol. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Sympathomimetics: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of other Sympathomimetics. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Tedizolid: May enhance the hypertensive effect of Sympathomimetics. Tedizolid may enhance the tachycardic effect of Sympathomimetics. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Theophylline Derivatives: Beta2-Agonists may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Theophylline Derivatives. Specifically, sympathomimetic effects may be increased. Theophylline Derivatives may enhance the hypokalemic effect of Beta2-Agonists. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Thiazide and Thiazide-Like Diuretics: Beta2-Agonists may enhance the hypokalemic effect of Thiazide and Thiazide-Like Diuretics. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Thiazide and Thiazide-Like Diuretics: Anticholinergic Agents may increase the serum concentration of Thiazide and Thiazide-Like Diuretics. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Tiotropium: Anticholinergic Agents may enhance the anticholinergic effect of Tiotropium. Risk X: Avoid combination

Topiramate: Anticholinergic Agents may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Topiramate. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Pregnancy Considerations

Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with this combination. Beta-agonists have the potential to affect uterine contractility if administered during labor. See individual monographs.

Breastfeeding Considerations

It is not known if sufficient quantities of umeclidinium or vilanterol are absorbed following inhalation to produce detectable amounts in breast milk. According to the manufacturer, the decision to continue or discontinue breastfeeding during therapy should take into account the risk of infant exposure, the benefits of breastfeeding to the infant, and benefits of treatment to the mother. See individual monographs.

Monitoring Parameters

FEV1, peak flow, and/or other pulmonary function tests; serum potassium, serum glucose; blood pressure, heart rate; CNS stimulation; signs/symptoms of glaucoma; hypersensitivity reactions; urinary retention

Mechanism of Action

Umeclidinium: A long-acting anticholinergic, competitively and reversibly inhibits the action of acetylcholine at type 3 muscarinic (M3) receptors in bronchial smooth muscle causing bronchodilation.

Vilanterol: A long-acting beta2-agonist, relaxes bronchial smooth muscle by selective action on beta2-receptors with little effect on heart rate.

Pharmacokinetics (Adult Data Unless Noted)

Absorption: Umeclidinium and vilanterol: Systemic, primarily via lungs

Distribution: IV: Umeclidinium: 86 L; Vilanterol: 165 L

Protein binding: Umeclidinium: 89%; Vilanterol: 94%

Metabolism: Hepatic via CYP2D6 (umeclidinium) and CYP3A4 (vilanterol)

Half-life elimination: 11 hours

Excretion: Urine (<1% umeclidinium; 70% vilanterol); feces (92% umeclidinium; 30% vilanterol)

Pharmacokinetics: Additional Considerations (Adult Data Unless Noted)

Altered kidney function: Vilanterol systemic exposure (AUC(0-24)) was 56% higher in subjects with severe renal impairment (CrCl <30 mL/minute) compared with healthy subjects.

Brand Names: International
International Brand Names by Country
For country code abbreviations (show table)

  • (AE) United Arab Emirates: Anoro ellipta;
  • (AR) Argentina: Anoro ellipta;
  • (AT) Austria: Anoro;
  • (AU) Australia: Anoro ellipta;
  • (BE) Belgium: Anoro ellipta;
  • (BG) Bulgaria: Anoro ellipta;
  • (BR) Brazil: Anoro ellipta;
  • (CH) Switzerland: Anoro ellipta;
  • (CO) Colombia: Anoro ellipta;
  • (CZ) Czech Republic: Anoro;
  • (DE) Germany: Anoro | Laventair ellipta;
  • (DO) Dominican Republic: Anoro ellipta;
  • (EC) Ecuador: Anoro ellipta;
  • (EE) Estonia: Anoro;
  • (EG) Egypt: Anoro;
  • (ES) Spain: Anoro | Laventair ellipta;
  • (FI) Finland: Anoro ellipta;
  • (FR) France: Anoro | Anoro ellipta | Laventair;
  • (GB) United Kingdom: Anoro ellipta | Laventair;
  • (GR) Greece: Anoro | Laventair ellipta;
  • (HK) Hong Kong: Anoro ellipta;
  • (HR) Croatia: Anoro;
  • (HU) Hungary: Anoro;
  • (IE) Ireland: Anoro ellipta;
  • (IT) Italy: Anoro | Laventair;
  • (KE) Kenya: Anoro ellipta;
  • (KR) Korea, Republic of: Anoro ellipta;
  • (KW) Kuwait: Anoro ellipta;
  • (LB) Lebanon: Anoro ellipta;
  • (LT) Lithuania: Anoro;
  • (LU) Luxembourg: Anoro ellipta;
  • (LV) Latvia: Anoro;
  • (MX) Mexico: Anoro;
  • (MY) Malaysia: Anoro ellipta;
  • (NL) Netherlands: Anoro;
  • (NO) Norway: Anoro ellipta;
  • (NZ) New Zealand: Anoro ellipta;
  • (PH) Philippines: Anoro ellipta;
  • (PK) Pakistan: Anoro ellipta;
  • (PL) Poland: Anoro;
  • (PT) Portugal: Anoro | Laventair;
  • (QA) Qatar: Anoro Ellipta;
  • (RU) Russian Federation: Anoro ellipta;
  • (SA) Saudi Arabia: Anoro ellipta;
  • (SE) Sweden: Anoro | Anoro ellipta;
  • (SG) Singapore: Anoro ellipta;
  • (SI) Slovenia: Anoro;
  • (SK) Slovakia: Anoro;
  • (TH) Thailand: Anoro ellipta;
  • (TR) Turkey: Anoro ellipta;
  • (TW) Taiwan: Anoro ellipta;
  • (UA) Ukraine: Anoro ellipta;
  • (UY) Uruguay: Anoro ellipta
  1. Anoro Ellipta (umeclidinium/vilanterol) [prescribing information]. Durham, NC: GlaxoSmithKline; October 2022.
  2. Anoro Ellipta (umeclidinium/vilanterol) [prescribing information]. Durham, NC: GlaxoSmithKline; June 2023.
  3. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global strategy for prevention, diagnosis, and management of COPD: 2023 report. https://goldcopd.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/GOLD-2023-ver-1.2-7Jan2023_WMV.pdf. Accessed January 31, 2023.
  4. Nelson HS, Weiss ST, Bleecker ER, Yancey SW, Dorinsky PM; SMART Study Group. The Salmeterol Multicenter Asthma Research Trial: a comparison of usual pharmacotherapy for asthma or usual pharmacotherapy plus salmeterol. Chest. 2006;129(1):15-26. [PubMed 16424409]
  5. US Department of Health and Human Services; National Institutes of Health; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. National Asthma Education and Prevention Program Expert Panel Report 3: Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma. Full Report 2007. http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/files/docs/guidelines/asthgdln.pdf. Published August 28, 2007.
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