Version July 2025
Clozapine treatment has caused severe neutropenia, defined as an absolute neutrophil count (ANC) less than 500/mm3. Severe neutropenia can lead to serious infection and death. Prior to initiating treatment, a baseline ANC must be at least 1,500/mm3 for the general population and must be at least 1,000/mm3 for patients with documented Duffy-null associated neutrophil count (formerly called benign ethnic neutropenia). During treatment, patients must have regular ANC monitoring. Advise patients to immediately report symptoms consistent with severe neutropenia or infection (eg, fever, weakness, lethargy, sore throat).
Because of the risk of severe neutropenia, clozapine is available only through a restricted program under a Risk Evaluation Mitigation Strategy (REMS) called the Clozapine REMS Program. Note: As of February 24, 2025, the FDA does not expect prescribers, pharmacies, and patients to participate in the Clozapine REMS Program or to report ANC results before pharmacies dispense clozapine. The FDA still recommends that prescribers monitor patients’ ANC according to the monitoring frequencies described in the prescribing information. The FDA will work with the clozapine manufacturers to update the prescribing information and eliminate the Clozapine REMS. Refer to the following for additional information https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/information-clozapine.
Orthostatic hypotension, bradycardia, syncope, and cardiac arrest have occurred with treatment. The risk is highest during the initial titration period, particularly with rapid dose escalation. These reactions can occur with the first dose, with dosages as low as 12.5 mg/day, or when restarting patients who have had even a brief interruption in treatment. Initiate treatment at 12.5 mg once or twice daily, titrate slowly, and use divided dosages to minimize risk. Use cautiously in patients with cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease or conditions predisposing to hypotension (eg, dehydration, use of antihypertensive medications).
Seizures have occurred with treatment. The risk is dose-related. Initiate treatment at 12.5 mg, titrate gradually, and use divided dosing. Use caution when administering to patients with a history of seizures or other predisposing risk factors for seizure (CNS pathology, medications that lower the seizure threshold, alcohol abuse). Caution patients about engaging in any activity where sudden loss of consciousness could cause serious risk to themselves or others.
Fatal myocarditis and cardiomyopathy have occurred with treatment. Discontinue clozapine and obtain a cardiac evaluation upon suspicion of these reactions. Generally, patients with clozapine-related myocarditis or cardiomyopathy should not be rechallenged with clozapine. Consider the possibility of myocarditis, pericarditis, or cardiomyopathy if chest pain, tachycardia, palpitations, dyspnea, fever, flu-like symptoms, hypotension, or electrocardiogram (ECG) changes occur.
Elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis treated with antipsychotic drugs are at an increased risk of death. Clozapine is not approved for use in patients with dementia-related psychosis.
Dosage guidance:
Safety:
Due to risk of severe neutropenia, obtain an ANC prior to initiation. Baseline ANC must be ≥1,500/mm3 for the general population and ≥1,000/mm3 for patients with documented Duffy-null associated neutrophil count (formerly called benign ethnic neutropenia). Continue regular monitoring of ANC based on prescribing information.
Antipsychotics are not indicated for use in patients with catatonia and may worsen psychosis and increase risk for neuroleptic malignant syndrome in this setting (Ref).
Clinical considerations : Consult a psychiatry specialist for all management decisions; select antipsychotic carefully based on patient preference, clinical characteristics, history, comorbidities, and medication adverse effects profile (Ref). May administer with prophylactic stool softener or laxative to decrease risk of constipation (Ref).
Agitation/Aggression and psychosis associated with dementia, severe or refractory (alternative agent) (off-label use):
Note: For short-term use while addressing underlying causes of severe symptoms. Patients with dementia with Lewy bodies are at increased risk for severe adverse reactions; caution is required even with low doses (Ref).
Oral: Initial: 6.5 to 12.5 mg at bedtime; increase by 12.5 mg every 3 to 5 days as needed based on response and tolerability (given as divided doses in the morning and at bedtime); mean doses of 60 mg/day have been studied (Ref). In patients without a clinically significant response after 4 weeks, taper and withdraw therapy. In patients with an adequate response, attempt to taper and withdraw therapy within 4 months, unless symptoms recurred with a previous taper attempt. Assess symptoms at least monthly during taper and for at least 4 months after withdrawal of therapy (Ref).
Bipolar disorder, treatment resistant (off-label use):
Acute mania (monotherapy or adjunctive therapy): Oral: Initial: 25 mg daily; increase daily dose based on response and tolerability in 25 mg increments at intervals ≥1 day to a maximum dose of 550 mg/day in 1 to 3 divided doses. Usual daily dose ~100 to 300 mg/day in 1 to 3 divided doses (Ref).
Maintenance treatment (monotherapy or adjunctive therapy): Continue dose and combination regimen that was used to achieve control of the acute episode (Ref).
Psychosis in Parkinson disease (off-label use): Oral: Initial: 6.25 mg/day, in 1 or 2 divided doses; increase daily dose based on response and tolerability in 6.25 or 12.5 mg increments at intervals of 3 to 7 days to a maximum dose of 50 mg/day (Ref).
Schizophrenia, treatment resistant and Suicidality in schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder:
Note: Due to its adverse effect profile, use is generally reserved for resistance to ≥2 other antipsychotics or schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder with persistent suicidality (Ref); may also use in patients with a history of parkinsonism or tardive dyskinesia during treatment with other antipsychotics (Ref).
Initial: Oral: 12.5 mg once or twice daily, followed by titration.
Titration: Oral: Increase daily dose in increments of 25 to 50 mg at intervals ≥1 day to a target dose of 300 mg/day in 1 to 2 divided doses by the end of 2 weeks; monitor for anticholinergic effects, orthostatic hypotension, sedation and seizure risk during titration. Some experts increase by 25 to 50 mg twice weekly, reaching 300 mg/day by weeks 3 to 6, depending upon urgency and tolerability (Ref). Once at target dose, may further adjust in increments not exceeding 50 mg and no more frequently than twice weekly based on response, tolerability, and serum concentrations. Usual effective dose: 300 to 600 mg/day; maximum total daily dose: 900 mg/day. Once stabilized on an effective dose, all or most of the dose can be given once daily at bedtime (Ref).
Note: In patients with cardiac disease or at risk for orthostatic hypotension, more gradual titration and a lower target dose may be necessary (Ref).
Dose adjustment in smokers: Dose requirements may be higher in patients who smoke. If a patient stops smoking during therapy, consider empirically reducing the daily dose to 60% to 70% of the current dose (Ref).
Reinitiation of therapy:
If 1 day of clozapine is missed: Resume clozapine treatment at 40% to 50% of the previous total daily dose; if dose is well tolerated, may increase more rapidly than with initial titration.
If 2 days of clozapine are missed: Resume clozapine treatment at ~25% of the previous total daily dose; if dose is well tolerated, may increase more rapidly than with initial titration.
If dosing is interrupted for more than 2 days, reinitiate therapy at 12.5 mg once or twice daily; if dose is well tolerated, may increase more rapidly than with initial titration.
Discontinuation of therapy: In the treatment of chronic psychiatric disease, switching therapy rather than discontinuation is generally advised if side effects are intolerable or treatment is not effective. If patient insists on stopping treatment, in general, gradual dose reduction (ie, over several weeks to months) is advised to detect a re-emergence of symptoms and to avoid withdrawal reactions (eg, agitation, alternating feelings of warmth and chill, anxiety, diaphoresis, dyskinesias, GI symptoms, insomnia, irritability, myalgia, paresthesia, psychosis, restlessness, rhinorrhea, tremor, vertigo) unless discontinuation is due to significant adverse effects; the manufacturer recommends reducing the clozapine dose gradually over a period of 1 to 2 weeks if termination of therapy is not related to neutropenia. Monitor closely to allow for detection of prodromal symptoms of disease recurrence (Ref).
Switching antipsychotics: An optimal universal strategy for switching antipsychotic drugs has not been established. Strategies include: cross-titration (gradually discontinuing the first antipsychotic while gradually increasing the new antipsychotic) and abrupt change (abruptly discontinuing the first antipsychotic and either increasing the new antipsychotic gradually or starting it at a treatment dose). In patients with schizophrenia at high risk of relapse, the current medication may be maintained at full dose as the new medication is increased (ie, overlap); once the new medication is at therapeutic dose, the first medication is gradually decreased and discontinued over 1 to 2 weeks (Ref).
Dosage adjustment for concomitant therapy: Significant drug interactions exist, requiring dose/frequency adjustment or avoidance. Consult drug interactions database for more information.
The renal dosing recommendations are based upon the best available evidence and clinical expertise. Senior Renal Editorial Team: Bruce Mueller, PharmD, FCCP, FASN, FNKF; Jason A. Roberts, PhD, BPharm (Hons), B App Sc, FSHP, FISAC; Michael Heung, MD, MS.
Altered kidney function:
Note: There is no pharmacokinetic data available in kidney impairment. The following recommendations are based on the low urinary excretion of unchanged clozapine in healthy volunteers, and a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model, which reported AUCs increased by 50% to 70% in patients with eGFR <60 mL/minute/1.73 m2 (Ref).
eGFR ≥60 mL/minute/1.73 m2: Oral: No dosage adjustment necessary (Ref).
eGFR <60 mL/minute/1.73 m2: Oral: Start with doses on the lower end of the usual indication-specific recommended range. Utilize a slower titration than that recommended in patients with normal kidney function and monitor closely for tolerability and response (Ref).
Augmented renal clearance (measured urinary CrCl ≥130 mL/minute/1.73 m2): Augmented renal clearance (ARC) is a condition that occurs in certain critically ill patients without organ dysfunction and with normal serum creatinine concentrations. Younger patients (<55 years of age) admitted post trauma or major surgery are at highest risk for ARC, as well as those with sepsis, burns, or hematologic malignancies. An 8- to 24-hour measured urinary CrCl is necessary to identify these patients (Ref).
Oral: No data: No dosage adjustment necessary (Ref).
Hemodialysis, intermittent (thrice weekly): Unlikely to be significantly dialyzable (highly protein bound, large Vd): Oral: Dose as for patients with eGFR <60 mL/minute/1.73 m2 (Ref).
Peritoneal dialysis: Unlikely to be significantly dialyzable (highly protein bound, large Vd): Oral: Dose as for patients with eGFR <60 mL/minute/1.73 m2 (Ref).
CRRT: Unlikely to be significantly dialyzable (highly protein bound, large Vd): Oral: Dose as for patients with eGFR <60 mL/minute/1.73 m2 (Ref).
PIRRT (eg, sustained, low-efficiency diafiltration): Unlikely to be significantly dialyzable (highly protein bound, large Vd): Oral: Dose as for patients with eGFR <60 mL/minute/1.73 m2 (Ref).
There are no dosage adjustments provided in the manufacturer's labeling; however, labeling suggests that dose reductions may be necessary with significant impairment.
Note: Clinical considerations: Avoid for behavioral problems associated with dementia or delirium unless alternative nonpharmacologic therapies have failed and patient may harm self or others. If used, consider deprescribing attempts to assess continued need and/or lowest effective dose. Of note, use in certain indications may be appropriate (eg, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder) (Ref). Consult a psychiatry specialist for all management decisions (Ref).
Indication-specific dosing:
Schizophrenia , treatment resistant and Suicidality in schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder:
Oral: Refer to adult dosing for full details. Experience in older adults is limited. Initial: 12.5 mg once daily for 3 days, then increase to 25 mg once daily for 3 days as tolerated. May increase daily dose, based on response and tolerability, in increments of 12.5 to 25 mg every 3 days, up to 700 mg/day in 1 to 2 divided doses (mean dose: 300 mg/day) (Ref).
All other indications: Refer to adult dosing; dosages in the lower range of recommended adult dosing are generally sufficient. Titrate dosage slowly and monitor carefully.
(For additional information see "Clozapine: Pediatric drug information")
Dosage guidance:
Safety: Due to risk of severe neutropenia, obtain a baseline ANC. In order to initiate treatment, minimum baseline ANC values must be met; for the general population, the ANC must be ≥1,500/mm3 and for patients with documented Duffy-null associated neutrophil count (benign ethnic neutropenia), the ANC must be ≥1,000/mm3. Laboratory hematology results may be presented in different units; 1 mcL = 1 mm3. Continue regular monitoring of ANC based on prescribing information.
Clinical considerations: Due to risks for GI hypomotility, consider concomitant use of preventative treatments (eg, high fiber diet, exercise, fluids, laxatives) for constipation (Ref). Titration to the lowest effective dose should be used to minimize potential adverse effects (see "Adverse Reactions [Significant]: Considerations") including seizures (clozapine may decrease seizure threshold) (Ref).
Schizophrenia; treatment resistant: Limited data available:
Note: Childhood onset schizophrenia (COS) (ie, diagnosed before 13 years of age) is very rare and often misdiagnosed, thus limiting sample sizes for study (eg, approximately 30% to 50% of patients with affective or other atypical psychotic symptoms are misdiagnosed as COS, and over 90% of the initial referrals to the NIMH study of COS received alternate diagnoses (Ref)). Meta-analysis and systematic review showed clozapine is safe, effective, and superior to other antipsychotics in treatment of childhood and adolescent onset schizophrenia (Ref). Dose should be individualized based on tolerability, concomitant antipsychotic therapy, and clinical response.
Initial dose:
Children ≥6 years: Oral: 6.25 or 12.5 mg once daily.
Adolescents: Oral: 12.5 mg once or twice daily.
Titration and maintenance dosing: Increase daily dose by ≤25 mg increments (lower initial doses should use smaller increments [1 to 2 times the starting dose]), as tolerated, every 3 to 5 days, to a target dose of 200 to 400 mg/day in divided doses. Dose may be divided, with a higher dose at bedtime; if excessive daytime sedation, entire dose may be at bedtime (Ref). Mean effective dose range in most pediatric studies: 220 to 431 mg/day (Ref).
Reinitiation of therapy: Based on experience in adult patients, if dosing is interrupted for ≥48 hours, therapy must be reinitiated at initial doses to minimize the risk of hypotension, bradycardia, and syncope; if dose is well tolerated, may be increased more rapidly than with initial titration, unless cardiopulmonary arrest occurred during initial titration, then retitrate with extreme caution.
Dosage adjustment for concomitant therapy: Significant drug interactions exist, requiring dose/frequency adjustment or avoidance. Consult drug interactions database for more information.
Discontinuation of therapy: Children and Adolescents: In adults, the manufacturer recommends reducing the dose gradually over a period of 1 to 2 weeks if termination of therapy is not related to neutropenia. The American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP), American Psychiatric Association (APA), Canadian Psychiatric Association (CPA), National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), and World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines recommend gradually tapering antipsychotics to avoid withdrawal symptoms and minimize the risk of relapse (Ref); risk for withdrawal symptoms may be highest with highly anticholinergic or dopaminergic antipsychotics (Ref). When stopping antipsychotic therapy in patients with schizophrenia, the CPA guidelines recommend a gradual taper over 6 to 24 months and the APA guidelines recommend reducing the dose by 10% each month (Ref). Continuing antiparkinsonism agents for a brief period after discontinuation may prevent withdrawal symptoms (Ref). When switching antipsychotics, three strategies have been suggested: Cross-titration (gradually discontinuing the first antipsychotic while gradually increasing the new antipsychotic), overlap and taper (maintaining the dose of the first antipsychotic while gradually increasing the new antipsychotic, then tapering the first antipsychotic), and abrupt change (abruptly discontinuing the first antipsychotic and either increasing the new antipsychotic gradually or starting it at a treatment dose). Evidence supporting ideal switch strategies and taper rates is limited and results are conflicting (Ref).
All patients: There are no dosage adjustments provided in the manufacturer's labeling; however, labeling suggests that dose reductions may be necessary with significant impairment but does not provide specific dosing recommendations.
All patients: There are no dosage adjustments provided in the manufacturer's labeling; however, labeling suggests that dose reductions may be necessary with significant impairment.
Anticholinergic activity of clozapine at usual therapeutic doses is considered to be high, relative to other second-generation antipsychotics and may lead to nonadherence (Ref). Peripheral anticholinergic effects include blurred vision, xerostomia, urinary retention, tachycardia, and constipation (potentially resulting in severe and potentially fatal complications such as intestinal obstruction and ileus). Central anticholinergic effects may result in cognitive dysfunction, including confusion, new-onset delirium, and an increased risk of falling, particularly in older adults. However, there are conflicting data on the cognitive effects of clozapine with some studies showing a beneficial effect (Ref).
Mechanism: Dose-related; believed to be mediated primarily through antagonism at muscarinic receptors (Ref). In addition, some anticholinergic effects are also potentiated by other pathways, such as clozapine's antiadrenergic effects contributing to urinary retention potential and clozapine’s antagonism of serotonin receptors in GI smooth muscle contributing to constipation potential (Ref). Cognitive effects may also be further mediated by clozapine-induced D2 blockade and by differences in plasma concentration ratios of clozapine and its major metabolite, N-desmethylclozapine (NDMC), with some evidence suggesting that NDMC may be associated with cognitive improvement (Ref).
Risk factors:
Variable and dependent upon:
• Total cumulative anticholinergic burden (Ref)
• Baseline cognitive function (Ref)
• Comorbidities (Ref)
• Older adults (Ref)
• Interindividual variability of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters (Ref)
Clozapine is strongly associated with dyslipidemia, which is a component of the metabolic syndrome observed with this pharmacologic class. Dyslipidemia observed with clozapine primarily manifests as hypercholesterolemia and/or hypertriglyceridemia (Ref). A 10-year naturalistic study of clozapine-treated adult patients suggested an increased risk of mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD) secondary to disorders such as obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia; however, patients with schizophrenia have a higher risk of CVD than the general population due to lifestyle habits (eg, smoking, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet), regardless of medication use (Ref).
Mechanism: The mechanism is not entirely understood and is likely multifactorial (Ref).
Onset: Varied; metabolic alterations from antipsychotics can develop in as short as 3 months after initiation (Ref).
Risk factors:
• Family history of hyperlipidemia (Ref)
• Schizophrenia (regardless of medication use) is associated with a higher rate of morbidity/mortality compared to the general population primarily due to CVD (Ref)
• Higher doses (potential risk factor). Note: Conflicting data exist on a correlation between clozapine levels and triglycerides or cholesterol; however, higher clozapine levels have been associated with an increased risk for metabolic syndrome in general (clozapine levels 1.5 times higher in patients with metabolic syndrome compared to those without) (Ref)
• Specific antipsychotic: Risk of dyslipidemia and overall metabolic disturbances appears to be high with clozapine (Ref)
Clozapine may cause extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS), also known as drug-induced movement disorders, but EPS is typically rare or uncommon in adults treated with therapeutic doses of clozapine compared to first-generation (conventional) antipsychotics, and in some studies, has been equal to or less than the control group. Incidence may be higher in children and adolescents, particularly with akathisia (Ref); however, some limited evidence is conflicting (Ref). Antipsychotics can cause four main extrapyramidal reactions: Acute dystonia, drug-induced parkinsonism, akathisia, and tardive dyskinesia. Of these, clozapine is very rarely associated with acute dystonia or dyskinesia (acute or tardive) and some clinicians use a switch to clozapine to mitigate tardive dyskinesia induced by other antipsychotics (Ref). EPS presenting as dysphagia, esophageal dysmotility, or pulmonary aspiration have also been reported with antipsychotics which may not be recognized as EPS. Clozapine has been the sole antipsychotic in several of these case reports, although it is unknown the role and to what degree clozapine-induced EPS, -sialorrhea, and/or -anticholinergic properties may have contributed (Ref).
Mechanism: EPS: Dose-related; due to antagonism of dopaminergic D2 receptors in nigrostriatal pathways; however, compared to other antipsychotics, clozapine has a much lower affinity for D2 receptors and displays rapid dissociation from D2 receptors (‘fast off’ phenomenon), which may contribute to the lower propensity of clozapine for EPS development (Ref).
Onset:
Antipsychotics in general:
Acute dystonia: Rapid; in the majority of cases, dystonia usually occurs within the first 5 days after initiating antipsychotic therapy (even with the first dose, particularly in patients receiving parenteral antipsychotics) or a dosage increase (Ref).
Drug-induced parkinsonism: Varied; onset may be delayed from days to weeks, with 50% to 75% of cases occurring within 1 month and 90% within 3 months of antipsychotic initiation, a dosage increase, or a change in the medication regimen (such as adding another antipsychotic agent or discontinuing an anticholinergic medication) (Ref).
Akathisia: Varied; may begin within several days after antipsychotic initiation but usually increases with treatment duration, occurring within 1 month in up to 50% of cases, and within 3 months in 90% of cases (Ref).
Tardive dyskinesia: Delayed; symptoms usually appear after 1 to 2 years of continuous exposure to a dopamine 2 receptor antagonist and almost never before 3 months, with an insidious onset, evolving into a full syndrome over days and weeks, followed by symptom stabilization, and then a chronic waxing and waning of symptoms (Ref).
Esophageal dysfunction (associated with extrapyramidal symptoms): Varied; ranges from weeks to months following initiation (Ref).
Risk factors:
EPS (in general):
• Prior history of EPS (Ref)
• Higher doses (Ref)
• Younger age (in general, children and adolescents are usually at higher risk for EPS compared to adults) (Ref); however, some limited evidence for clozapine is conflicting (Ref)
• Specific antipsychotic: Clozapine has a very low propensity to cause EPS in adults (Ref)
Acute dystonia:
• Males (Ref)
• Young age (Ref)
Drug-induced parkinsonism:
• Females (Ref)
• Older patients (Ref)
Akathisia:
• Higher antipsychotic dosages (Ref)
• Polypharmacy (Ref)
• Mood disorders (Ref)
• Females (Ref)
• Older patients (Ref)
Tardive dyskinesia: Note: It is unlikely that clozapine causes tardive dyskinesia (Ref)
• Age >55 years (Ref)
• Cognitive impairment (Ref)
• Concomitant treatment with anticholinergic medications (Ref)
• Diabetes (Ref)
• Diagnosis of schizophrenia or affective disorders (Ref)
• Females (Ref)
• Greater total antipsychotic exposure (especially first-generation antipsychotics) (Ref)
• History of extrapyramidal symptoms (Ref)
• Substance misuse or dependence (Ref)
• Race (White or African descent). Note: Although early literature supported race as a potential risk factor for tardive dyskinesia (Ref), newer studies have challenged this assertion (Ref)
Esophageal dysfunction:
• Older adults (Ref)
Drug-induced fever is common with clozapine following initiation. It is usually benign, transient, and self-limiting (lasting an average of 2.5 days and resolving by day 16 even if therapy is continued). However, fever warrants further investigation to rule out other nonbenign potential causes (eg, neuroleptic malignant syndrome [NMS], severe neutropenia, infection, myocarditis, clozapine-induced hypothermia) (Ref).
Mechanism: Unknown; various underlying mechanisms have been proposed (eg, infection, mild form of NMS, allergic reaction), but recent evidence suggests that clozapine-induced fever is due to a generalized inflammatory response to the immunomodulating effects of clozapine on the cytokine system, particularly due to increased levels of interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein (Ref).
Onset: Intermediate; usually occurs in the first 3 to 4 weeks of treatment (Ref).
Risk factors:
• Titration-related (potential risk factor with dose increases >50 mg/week) (Ref). Note: Fever does not seem to be dose-related (Ref)
Clozapine-induced decreased gastrointestinal motility is common and may result in delayed gastric emptying, GI dysmotility (small bowel or colon), and constipation (the cardinal feature), but it may also progress to severe and potentially life-threatening events, including fecal impaction, non-Hirschsprung megacolon, paralytic ileus, intestinal obstruction, gastrointestinal infarction (including ischemia), gastrointestinal necrosis, and gastrointestinal perforation. Mortality related to serious GI hypomotility events is high and may be as high as 12-fold that of agranulocytosis. Preventative measures are recommended for constipation (Ref).
Mechanism: Not been fully elucidated but has been mainly attributed to clozapine’s anticholinergic and antiserotonergic effects. Clozapine antagonizes cholinergic M1 and M3 receptors which can interfere with autonomic regulation of the intestine, inhibitor smooth muscle contraction, and slow intestinal transit. Antagonism of serotonin 5-HT2, 5-HT3, 5-HT6, and 5-HT7 receptors also play a role in GI motor and sensory functions (Ref). Antiadrenergic effects may also play a role (Ref).
Risk factors:
• Older adults (Ref)
• Concomitant use of anticholinergics and other medications that decrease GI peristalsis (Ref)
• Higher daily doses (Ref)
Increased serum hepatic transaminases are common with use, including elevations 2 to 3 times greater than normal. Increased liver enzymes are usually transient and asymptomatic, with the majority not requiring discontinuation or a dose reduction unless elevations are persistent and/or accompanied by symptoms. However, there have been rare case reports of severe hepatotoxicity including hepatitis, acute hepatotoxicity, and fulminant hepatic failure (including fatal cases) (Ref)
Mechanism: Unknown; although, clozapine is extensively metabolized by the liver, partially via the cytochrome P450 pathway, including CYP1A2 (Ref).
Onset: Varied; increased transaminases usually occur within first several weeks following initiation and most resolve after 6 to 12 weeks; in the case reports describing serious hepatic events, onset is typically within a few days to several weeks (ie, 4 to 6 weeks) following initiation (Ref)
Clozapine is strongly associated with hyperglycemia, which is a component of the metabolic syndrome observed with this pharmacologic class. Glycemic abnormalities range from mild insulin resistance to new-onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of diabetes mellitus, hyperosmolar coma, and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), including fatal cases (Ref). A 10-year naturalistic study of clozapine-treated adult patients suggested an increased risk of mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD) secondary to disorders such as obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia; however, patients with schizophrenia have a higher risk of CVD than the general population due to lifestyle habits (eg, smoking, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet), regardless of medication use (Ref).
Mechanism: The mechanism is not entirely understood and is likely multifactorial (Ref).
Onset: Varied; new-onset diabetes has been observed within the first 3 months to a median onset of 3.9 years of antipsychotics (Ref). In a review of clozapine-associated diabetes reports, most cases of hyperglycemia appeared within 6 months of initiation (Ref). Clozapine-related DKA typically occurs early in the treatment course (Ref).
Risk factors:
• African American race (Ref)
• Males (Ref)
• Age <35 years (Ref)
• Patients with preexisting obesity, poor exercise habits, or other risk factors for diabetes, including family history of diabetes (Ref)
• Exposures to other agents that also increase the risk of hyperglycemia (Ref)
• Treatment duration (Ref)
• Specific antipsychotic: Risk of metabolic disturbances appears to be high with clozapine (Ref).
Older adults with dementia-related psychosis treated with antipsychotics are at an increased risk of death compared to placebo. Although the causes of death were varied, most of the deaths appeared to be either cardiovascular (eg, heart failure, sudden death) or infectious (eg, pneumonia) in nature (Ref). For clozapine, several large epidemiological cohort studies in mostly schizophrenia patients have found an association between clozapine and lower all-cause mortality; however, these studies were not exclusive to older adults and the median or mean age at the start of the study ranging from 36 to 49 years of age (Ref). In a retrospective analysis of older adults >60 years of age (mean age: 70 years) with treatment-resistant schizophrenia treated with clozapine, mortality was found to be similar with clozapine compared to other first- and second-generation antipsychotics (Ref). In addition, an increased incidence of cerebrovascular effects (eg, cerebrovascular accident, transient ischemic attacks), including fatalities, have been reported in some second-generation antipsychotic placebo-controlled trials, such as risperidone and olanzapine, in older adults with dementia-related psychosis (Ref). Of note, clozapine is not approved for the treatment of dementia-related psychosis.
Mechanism: Unknown; possible mechanisms include arrhythmia, cardiac arrest, and extrapyramidal effects that may increase the risk of falls, aspiration, and pneumonia (Ref).
Risk factors:
• Higher antipsychotic dosage (Ref)
• Dementia-related psychosis (eg, Lewy body dementia, Parkinson disease dementia)
• Older adults
Clozapine-induced myocarditis and pericarditis are rare/infrequent but potentially fatal adverse events, typically occurring early in the course of therapy (ie, first 1 to 2 months) with ensuing clozapine-induced cardiomyopathy typically presenting later during therapy. Clinical signs and symptoms are highly variable and range from asymptomatic to nonspecific signs such as fever, chest pain, hypotension, flu-like symptoms, eosinophilia, elevated C-reactive protein, increased troponin, ECG changes, signs of heart failure, palpitations, dyspnea, and/or sinus tachycardia. Clozapine-induced myocarditis is associated with high mortality if not recognized early; prompt therapy discontinuation is required to prevent disease progression (Ref). Cases of sudden cardiac death subsequently identified on autopsy as myocarditis with eosinophilic infiltrates have also been reported in patients newly initiated on clozapine (Ref).
Mechanism: Unclear; however, several hypotheses have been proposed for clozapine-induced cardiotoxicity, including a type 1 acute hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Ig-E, a pro-inflammatory cytokine pathway involving TNF-alpha, and a hypercatecholaminergic state contributing to increased production of free radicals and subsequent oxidative stress (Ref). A role of viral infections has also been suggested (Ref).
Onset: Varied; myocarditis usually occurs within the first 8 weeks of therapy and cardiomyopathy usually presents months or years after therapy (Ref).
Risk factors:
• Rapid titration and higher doses early in clozapine titration (potential risk factor) (Ref)
• Concomitant sodium valproate (potential risk factor) (Ref)
• Patients living in Australia or New Zealand (potential risk factor). Note: Although event rates are higher in Australia and New Zealand, it is unknown if this is due to observation bias or unidentified genetic and/or environmental factors (Ref)
All antipsychotics have been associated with neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS), although the incidence is less with second-generation (atypical) antipsychotics compared to first-generation (typical) antipsychotics. There are case reports of NMS with clozapine, including monotherapy. Furthermore, clozapine-associated NMS may present with atypical features, such as absent or less intense rigidity, fever, and/or fewer extrapyramidal symptoms in general (Ref).
Mechanism: Non–dose-related; idiosyncratic. Believed to be due to a reduction in CNS dopaminergic tone, along with the dysregulation of autonomic nervous system activity (Ref).
Onset: Varied; in general, most patients develop NMS within 2 weeks of initiating an antipsychotic, and in some patients, prodromal symptoms emerge within hours of initiation; once the syndrome starts, the full syndrome usually develops in 3 to 5 days (Ref). However, there are many cases of NMS occurring months or even years after stable antipsychotic therapy, including clozapine treatment (Ref).
Risk factors:
Antipsychotics in general:
• Males are twice as likely to develop NMS compared to females (Ref)
• Dehydration (Ref)
• High-dose antipsychotic treatment (Ref)
• Concomitant lithium or a benzodiazepine (potential risk factors) (Ref)
• Catatonia (Ref)
• Disorganized speech or behavior (Ref)
• Polypharmacy (Ref)
• Pharmacokinetic interactions (Ref)
• IM administration of an antipsychotic (Ref)
• Rapid dosage escalation (Ref)
• Psychomotor agitation (Ref)
Clozapine commonly causes significant orthostatic hypotension and accompanying reflex tachycardia, bradycardia, and dizziness in adults, particularly with rapid titration. Older adults are especially vulnerable to orthostatic hypotension, and coupled with clozapine’s sedative properties, these effects increase the risk for subsequent falling. Once the dose is stabilized, giving the full dose or the majority of the full daily dose at bedtime may help reduce risk of orthostatic hypotension. If therapy is interrupted even for a brief interval (≥2 days), therapy should be retitrated to reduce the risk of orthostatic hypotension. Of note, tachycardia, not limited to reflex tachycardia, is also common with clozapine therapy (Ref).
Mechanism: Dose-related; orthostatic hypotension is attributed to alpha-1 adrenergic receptor antagonism (Ref).
Onset: Rapid; per the manufacturer's labeling, risk of orthostatic hypotension is highest during the initial dose titration but can also occur following reinitiation of therapy after periods of interrupted therapy and/or subsequent dose increases.
Risk factors:
• Known cardiovascular diseases (history of myocardial infarction or ischemic heart disease, heart failure, or conduction abnormalities) or cerebrovascular disease
• Known predisposing conditions (eg, hypovolemia/dehydration)
• Concomitant medications that also cause or exacerbate orthostatic hypotension (eg, tricyclic antidepressants, antihypertensive medications)
• Older adults (due to reduced autonomic function) (Ref)
• Rapid dose titration (slow titration is recommended) (Ref)
• Higher doses (ie, temporarily lowering the dose may help manage orthostatic hypotension) (Ref)
Clozapine has been associated with dose-dependent prolonged QT interval on ECG. In general, clozapine’s effect on QTc prolongation is typically benign in patients without additional risk factors (Ref). The risk for torsades de pointes (TdP) is considered to be possible, but evidence supporting causality is lacking (Ref). In a review of reports of QTc prolongation and/or TdP associated with clozapine at therapeutic doses, the vast majority of QTc prolongation cases (and both the TdP cases) were confounded by concomitant risk factors (eg, comedications known to prolong the QTc interval, comorbidities). Similarly, many reports of sudden death associated with clozapine therapy occurred in a setting of potentially confounding factors (Ref). Of note, clozapine is also associated with other cardiac effects, such as myocarditis and cardiomyopathy, which may also play a role in risk for QTc prolongation and/or sudden death (Ref).
Mechanism: Dose-dependent; clozapine prolongs cardiac repolarization by blocking the rapid component of the delayed rectifier potassium current (Ikr); however, clozapine also interacts with multiple receptors including dopamine, adrenergic, serotonin, muscarinic, and histamine, which may balance or mitigate its effect on the HERG K+ channel. Clozapine also affects heart rate which may influence QTc determination (Ref).
Risk factors:
Drug-induced QTc prolongation/TdP (in general):
• Females (Ref)
• Age >65 years (Ref)
• Structural heart disease (eg, history of myocardial infarction or heart failure with a reduced ejection fraction) (Ref)
• History of drug-induced TdP (Ref)
• Genetic defects of cardiac ion channels (Ref)
• Congenital long QT syndrome (Ref)
• Baseline QTc interval prolongation (eg, >500 msec) or lengthening of the QTc by ≥60 msec (Ref)
• Electrolyte disturbances (eg, hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia) (Ref)
• Bradycardia (Ref)
• Hepatic impairment (Ref)
• Kidney impairment (Ref)
• Co-administration of multiple medications (≥2) that prolong the QT interval or increase drug interactions that increase serum drug concentrations of QTc prolonging medications (Ref)
• Substance use (Ref)
Sedated state (drowsiness) is common with use and may cause nonadherence, impair physical and mental abilities, and may result in subsequent falling, particularly in older adults (Ref). Most patients tolerate sedation within 6 weeks of therapy initiation; however, it may persist in many patients, particularly older adults (Ref).
Mechanism: Sedation is primarily attributed to H1 antagonism; clozapine is considered to have high affinity for H1 receptors (Ref).
Risk factors:
• Older adults (sedation may be persistent rather than transient in this population) (Ref)
• Higher doses (potential risk factor but not conclusive since a dose-reduction does not always mitigate effect) (Ref)
• Specific antipsychotic: Clozapine is considered highly sedating (Ref)
Clozapine is strongly associated with dose-dependent seizure. Clozapine also commonly causes EEG pattern changes. Tonic-clonic seizure is the most commonly described seizure with clozapine use followed by myoclonic seizure and atonic seizure. Myoclonus has also been reported in several case reports (Ref).
Mechanism: Dose-dependent (although exact dose-relationship is unclear); precise mechanism is unclear, although a role of inhibiting D4 (dopamine) mesolimbic and cortical receptors has been suggested. Other possible mechanisms have been suggested, such as interactions with NMDA, GABA, and glutamate receptors (Ref).
Risk factors:
• Specific antipsychotic: Among the second-generation antipsychotics, clozapine appears to have the highest risk of seizure induction (Ref)
• Higher doses (doses >600 mg/day have been historically associated with increased risk of seizure, although seizures have been reported with doses as low as 200 to 300 mg/day) (Ref)
Antipsychotics in general:
• History of seizure activity (Ref)
• Concurrent use of drugs that lower seizure threshold (Ref)
• Rapid dose titration or sudden increase in dose (Ref)
• Slow drug metabolism (Ref)
• Metabolic factors (Ref)
• Drug-drug interactions (Ref)
• Organic brain disorders (Ref)
Clozapine may cause severe neutropenia (ANC <500/mm3) and potentially life-threatening agranulocytosis (ANC <100/mm3) in adult and pediatric patients (Ref). Due to the risk, baseline and regular ANC monitoring is recommended. Patients with Duffy-null neutropenia are not at increased risk for developing clozapine-induced severe neutropenia and frequently have ANC values in the typical neutropenia range (Ref).
Mechanism: Non–dose-related; idiosyncratic. Mechanism has not been fully elucidated, although an immune-mediated mechanism has been proposed. Clozapine has a high potential to undergo oxidative degradation and form nitrenium ion. The nitrenium ion may cause direct toxicity or stimulate an immune response following covalent binding to human leukocytes and forming an antigen (Ref).
Onset: Varied; clozapine-induced agranulocytosis typically occurs in the first 18 weeks of therapy, with a few cases developing after 6 months of use. Risk is further decreased after 1 year of treatment (Ref).
Risk factors:
• History of drug-induced neutropenia or preexisting low WBC or ANC
• Age between 40 and 59 years (Ref). Note: It has also been suggested that children and adolescents are at increased risk for neutropenia (Ref)
• Males (Ref)
• White ethnicity (Ref). Note: It has also been suggested that Asian ethnicities may be at a higher risk for agranulocytosis, and African American and Middle Eastern ethnicities may have a higher risk for Duffy-null neutropenia (Ref)
• Genetic variants of several genes (eg, HLA-B alleles with a threonine at position 158 in the protein sequence [HLA-B*38,39,67]), although further studies are needed (Ref)
Clozapine-induced sialorrhea, also known as hypersalivation or drooling, is common, may be severe, and may cause nonadherence. It can occur during the daytime but is typically much worse during sleep and may result in choking sensations during the night, nighttime awakening, hoarseness or dysphonia of the voice, and a chronic cough. Clozapine-induced sialorrhea may contribute to and increase the risk of potentially life-threatening aspiration pneumonia (Ref).
Mechanism: Dose-related (potentially); mechanism is unclear although it is believed to be due to muscarinic M4 receptor agonism, alpha-2 adrenergic receptor antagonism, as well as alterations in the swallowing reflex and a decrease in laryngeal peristalsis. M1 agonism by the N-desmethylclozapine metabolite has also been postulated (Ref).
Risk factors:
• Rapid titration (titrate slowly to reduce risk)
• Higher doses (potential risk factor). Note: Conflicting evidence exists on whether this is dose-related or not; however, a dose reduction may be considered to mitigate symptoms (Ref)
• Extremes of age (may be more sensitive to complications from sialorrhea) (Ref)
Antipsychotics, including clozapine, may cause disruption of body temperature regulation, which may cause a potentially life-threatening heatstroke during predisposing conditions such as a heat wave or strenuous exercise (Ref). There are also a numerous case reports of potentially life-threatening hypothermia associated with clozapine use (Ref).
Mechanism: Non–dose-related; idiosyncratic. Exact mechanism is unknown; however, body temperature is regulated by the hypothalamus with involvement of the dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine neurotransmitters. D2 antagonism may cause an increase in body temperature, while 5-HT2a (serotonin) receptor antagonism may cause a decrease in body temperature. Of note, clozapine has a stronger affinity for serotonin 5-HT2a receptors compared to D2 receptors where it displays a much lower affinity. Clozapine and its metabolite, N-desmethylclozapine, bind to many different receptors so it is also likely that other mechanisms are involved. In addition, antagonism of peripheral alpha-2 adrenergic receptors has also been suggested as a factor in the hypothermic effect by inhibiting peripheral responses to cooling (vasoconstriction and shivering) (Ref).
Onset: Hypothermia: Varied; antipsychotic-induced hypothermia cases indicate a typical onset in the period shortly after initiation of therapy or a dosage increase (first 7 to 10 days) (Ref). In clozapine hypothermia case reports, the majority occurred within the first month, but some cases have developed years after initiation (Ref).
Risk factors:
Heat stroke:
• Psychiatric illness (regardless of medication) (Ref)
• Strenuous exercise, heat exposure, and dehydration (Ref)
• Concomitant medication possessing anticholinergic effects (Ref)
Hypothermia:
• In general, predisposing risk factors include: Older age, cerebrovascular accident, preexisting brain damage, hypothyroidism, malnutrition, shock, sepsis, adrenal insufficiency, diabetes, disability, burns, exfoliative dermatitis, benzodiazepine use, alcohol intoxication, kidney or liver failure (Ref)
• Schizophrenia (regardless of antipsychotic use) (Ref)
Multiple cases reports and case series of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) (some fatal) have been associated with clozapine therapy (Ref). There is also a case report of an upper-extremity deep vein thrombosis (UEDVT) in a patient with a prothrombin mutation (Ref) and a case report of a cerebral venous thrombosis, a potentially life-threatening event, in a patient receiving clozapine (Ref).
Mechanism: Likely multifactorial; clozapine-associated sedation, obesity, and a sedentary lifestyle may increase the risk for DVT via venous stasis. Of note, independent of drug therapy, obesity is associated with inflammation and hypercoagulability and psychiatric disorders are associated with a sedentary lifestyle. In addition, clozapine's affinity for serotonin 5-HT2A receptors may affect platelet aggregation. It has also been suggested that clozapine may also have an effect on activated partial thromboplastin time, antiphospholipid antibodies, and C-reactive protein, although more research is needed (Ref).
Onset: Varied; in a systematic review of PE case reports, the authors found the highest incidence within the first 6 months of treatment (Ref); however, in another systemic review PE cases, the authors describe an anywhere from a few days to several years after initiation of therapy (Ref).
Risk factors:
DVT/PE, in general:
• Obesity (Ref)
• Genetic factors (eg, factor V Leiden mutation) (Ref)
• Gynecologic/pelvic surgery (Ref)
• Indwelling venous catheter (Ref)
• Pregnancy (Ref)
• Malignancy (Ref)
• Drugs such as oral contraceptives (Ref)
• Recent immobility (Ref)
• Recent surgery (Ref)
• Major trauma (Ref)
Clozapine is strongly associated with significant weight gain (increase of ≥7% from baseline) in children, adolescents, and adults, which is a component of the metabolic syndrome observed with this pharmacologic class (Ref). A 10-year naturalistic study of clozapine-treated adult patients suggested an increased risk of mortality from cardiovascular disease secondary to disorders such as obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia; however, patients with schizophrenia have a higher risk of cardiovascular disease than the general population due to lifestyle habits (eg, smoking, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet), regardless of medication use (Ref).
Mechanism: Multiple proposed mechanisms, including actions at serotonin, dopamine, histamine, and muscarinic receptors, with differing effects on weight gain by the different antipsychotic agents explained by differing affinity at these receptors (Ref).
Onset: Varied; antipsychotic-induced weight gain usually occurs rapidly in the period following initiation, then gradually decreases and flattens over several months with patients continuing to gain weight in the long term; the time before weight begins to plateau varies by antipsychotic, with a time of 42 to 46 months for clozapine before weight beings to plateau (Ref).
Risk factors:
• Genetic polymorphisms (some evidence suggests that clozapine-induced weight gain is associated with polymorphisms in genes encoding leptin, leptin receptor, and the serotonin receptor HTR2C) (Ref)
• Family history of obesity (Ref)
• Parental BMI (Ref)
• Children and adolescents (antipsychotics in general; data are lacking to suggest there is a disproportionately higher weight gain with clozapine in this population compared to adults) (Ref)
• Factors associated with rapid weight gain in the initial period: Younger age, lower BMI, more robust response to antipsychotic, and increase in appetite; rapid weight gain of >5% in the first month has been observed as the best predictor for significant long-term weight gain (Ref)
• Duration of therapy (although weight gain plateaus, patients continue to gain weight over time) (Ref)
• Schizophrenia (regardless of medication) is associated with a higher prevalence of obesity compared to the general population due to components of the illness, such as negative symptoms, sedentary lifestyles, and unhealthy diets (Ref)
• Specific antipsychotic: Clozapine is considered to have a high propensity for causing weight gain (Ref)
The following adverse drug reactions and incidences are derived from product labeling unless otherwise specified.
>10%:
Cardiovascular: Hypertension (4% to 12%), hypotension (9% to 13%), tachycardia (17% to 25%) (table 1)
|
Drug (Clozapine) |
Comparator (Chlorpromazine) |
Indication |
Number of Patients (Clozapine) |
Number of Patients (Chlorpromazine) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
17% |
11% |
Treatment-resistant schizophrenia |
126 |
142 |
|
25% |
N/A |
N/A |
842 |
N/A |
Endocrine & metabolic: Hypercholesterolemia (8% to 38%) (table 2), hyperglycemia (27% to 42%) (table 3), hypertriglyceridemia, weight gain (4% to 31%)
|
Drug (Clozapine) |
Comparator (Chlorpromazine) |
Indication |
Number of Patients (Clozapine) |
Number of Patients (Chlorpromazine) |
Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
38% |
41% |
Schizophrenia |
79 |
34 |
Change (at least once) from baseline: Borderline (200 to 239 mg/dL) to high (≥240 mg/dL) |
|
8% |
2% |
Schizophrenia |
222 |
132 |
Change (at least once) from baseline: Normal (<200 mg/dL) to high (≥240 mg/dL) |
|
Drug (Clozapine) |
Comparator (Chlorpromazine) |
Indication |
Number of Patients (Clozapine) |
Number of Patients (Chlorpromazine) |
Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
42% |
28% |
Schizophrenia |
57 |
43 |
Change (at least once) from baseline in fasting blood glucose: Borderline (100 to 125 mg/dL) to high (≥126 mg/dL) |
|
27% |
10% |
Schizophrenia |
198 |
135 |
Change (at least once) from baseline in fasting blood glucose: Normal (<100 mg/dL) to high (≥126 mg/dL) |
Gastrointestinal: Constipation (14% to 25%) (table 4), dyspepsia (14%), nausea (≤17%), sialorrhea (13% to 48%) (table 5), vomiting (≤17%)
|
Drug (Clozapine) |
Comparator (Chlorpromazine) |
Comparator (Olanzapine) |
Indication |
Number of Patients (Clozapine) |
Number of Patients (Comparator) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
25% |
N/A |
10% |
Suicidal behavior in schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder |
479 |
477 |
|
16% |
12% |
N/A |
Treatment-resistant schizophrenia |
126 |
142 |
|
14% |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
842 |
N/A |
|
Drug (Clozapine) |
Comparator (Chlorpromazine) |
Comparator (Olanzapine) |
Indication |
Number of Patients (Clozapine) |
Number of Patients (Comparator) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
48% |
N/A |
6% |
Suicidal behavior in schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder |
479 |
477 |
|
13% |
1% |
N/A |
Treatment-resistant schizophrenia |
126 |
142 |
|
31% |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
842 |
N/A |
Nervous system: Dizziness (14% to 27%) (table 6), drowsiness (≤46%) (table 7), insomnia (2% to 20%), sedated state (≤39%) (table 8), vertigo (≤19%)
|
Drug (Clozapine) |
Comparator (Chlorpromazine) |
Comparator (Olanzapine) |
Indication |
Number of Patients (Clozapine) |
Number of Patients (Comparator) |
Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
27% |
N/A |
12% |
Suicidal behavior in schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder |
479 |
477 |
N/A |
|
14% |
16% |
N/A |
Treatment-resistant schizophrenia |
126 |
142 |
N/A |
|
19% |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
842 |
N/A |
Defined as "dizziness/vertigo" |
|
Drug (Clozapine) |
Comparator (Olanzapine) |
Indication |
Number of Patients (Clozapine) |
Number of Patients (Olanzapine) |
Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
46% |
25% |
Suicidal behavior in schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder |
479 |
477 |
N/A |
|
39% |
N/A |
N/A |
842 |
N/A |
Defined as "drowsiness/sedation" |
|
Drug (Clozapine) |
Comparator (Chlorpromazine) |
Indication |
Number of Patients (Clozapine) |
Number of Patients (Chlorpromazine) |
Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
21% |
13% |
Treatment-resistant schizophrenia |
126 |
142 |
N/A |
|
39% |
N/A |
N/A |
842 |
N/A |
Defined as "drowsiness/sedation" |
Miscellaneous: Fever (5% to 13%) (table 9)
|
Drug (Clozapine) |
Comparator (Chlorpromazine) |
Indication |
Number of Patients (Clozapine) |
Number of Patients (Chlorpromazine) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
13% |
4% |
Treatment-resistant schizophrenia |
126 |
142 |
|
5% |
N/A |
N/A |
842 |
N/A |
1% to 10%:
Cardiovascular: Syncope (6%)
Dermatologic: Diaphoresis (6%), skin rash (2%)
Gastrointestinal: Abdominal distress (≤4%), diarrhea (2%), heartburn (≤4%), xerostomia (5% to 6%) (table 10)
|
Drug (Clozapine) |
Comparator (Chlorpromazine) |
Indication |
Number of Patients (Clozapine) |
Number of Patients (Chlorpromazine) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
5% |
20% |
Treatment-resistant schizophrenia |
126 |
142 |
|
6% |
N/A |
N/A |
842 |
N/A |
Genitourinary: Urine abnormality (2%)
Hematologic & oncologic: Eosinophilia (1%), leukopenia (≤3%), neutropenia (≤3%)
Nervous system: Agitation (4%), akathisia (3%), akinesia (≤4%), confusion (3%), fatigue (2%), headache (7% to 10%), nightmares (≤4%), restlessness (4%), seizure (3%), sleep disturbance (≤4%), tremor (6%)
Neuromuscular & skeletal: Hypokinesia (≤4%), muscle rigidity (3%)
Ophthalmic: Visual disturbance (5%)
Frequency not defined:
Cardiovascular: Bradycardia, orthostatic hypotension
Nervous system: Tardive dyskinesia
Postmarketing:
Cardiovascular: Acute myocardial infarction (Ref), atrial fibrillation (Ref), cardiomyopathy (Ref), deep vein thrombosis (including upper extremity deep vein thrombosis) (Ref), mitral valve insufficiency, myocarditis (Ref), palpitations (Ref), pericarditis (Ref), prolonged QT interval on ECG (Ref), pulmonary embolism (Ref), sinus tachycardia (Ref), supraventricular tachycardia (Ref), torsades de pointes, ventricular ectopy (Ref), ventricular fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia
Dermatologic: Dermatologic reaction (symmetrical drug-related intertriginous and flexural exanthema [SDRIFE]) (Ref), dyschromia, erythema multiforme, skin photosensitivity, Stevens-Johnson syndrome (Ref), urticaria (cholinergic) (Ref)
Endocrine & metabolic: Diabetes mellitus (Ref), diabetes mellitus with hyperosmolar coma, diabetic ketoacidosis (Ref), exacerbation of diabetes mellitus (Ref), heatstroke (Ref), hyperuricemia, hyponatremia, increased libido (Ref), pheochromocytoma (pseudo) (Ref), weight loss
Gastrointestinal: Acute pancreatitis (Ref), appendicitis (Ref), cholestasis, colitis (including Clostridioides difficile colitis, necrotizing enterocolitis, neutropenic enterocolitis) (Ref), decreased GI motility (literature suggests an incidence of 31%) (Ref), dysphagia, esophagitis (Ref), fecal impaction (Ref), fecal incontinence, gastrointestinal reflux disease (Ref), gastrointestinal infarction, gastrointestinal necrosis (Ref), gastrointestinal perforation (Ref), gastrointestinal ulcer, intestinal obstruction, mesenteric ischemia (Ref), non-Hirschsprung megacolon, paralytic ileus, peritonitis (Ref), sialadenitis (parotitis) (Ref)
Genitourinary: Nocturnal enuresis (Ref), priapism (Ref), retrograde ejaculation, urinary incontinence (Ref)
Hematologic & oncologic: Agranulocytosis (literature suggests an incidence up to 1% to 2%) (Ref), anemia (Ref), granulocytopenia, hyperleukocytosis (Ref), increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate, increased hematocrit, increased hemoglobin, leukemia (Ref)), lymphocytopenia (Ref), malignant lymphoma (Ref), thrombocytopenia (Ref), thrombocytosis (Ref)
Hepatic: Acute hepatotoxicity (Ref), hepatic cirrhosis, hepatic failure (Ref), hepatic fibrosis, hepatic necrosis (Ref), hepatitis (including cholestatic hepatitis, fulminant hepatitis) (Ref), hepatotoxicity (Ref), increased liver enzymes (Ref), jaundice (Ref), liver steatosis
Hypersensitivity: Angioedema (Ref), drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (Ref), hypersensitivity angiitis (Ref), hypersensitivity reaction (Ref)
Infection: Infection (Ref), sepsis (Ref)
Nervous system: Abnormal electroencephalogram (Ref), cataplexy, cerebral thrombosis (venous) (Ref), cognitive dysfunction (Ref), delirium (Ref), disruption of body temperature regulation (Ref), drug withdrawal (including catatonia) (Ref), EEG pattern changes (literature suggests an incidence of 63%) (Ref), hypothermia (Ref), myasthenia, myoclonus (Ref), neuroleptic malignant syndrome (Ref), obsessive compulsive disorder (symptoms) (Ref), paresthesia, restless leg syndrome, status epilepticus, stuttering (Ref)
Neuromuscular & skeletal: Dystonia (acute) (Ref), increased creatine phosphokinase in blood specimen, rhabdomyolysis (Ref), systemic lupus erythematosus
Ophthalmic: Angle-closure glaucoma, periorbital edema (Ref)
Renal: Acute interstitial nephritis (Ref), kidney failure (Ref)
Respiratory: Lower respiratory tract infection, pleural effusion (Ref), pneumonia (Ref), pneumonitis (Ref), pulmonary aspiration (Ref), sleep apnea (including obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (Ref))
Miscellaneous: Polyserositis (Ref)
Serious hypersensitivity to clozapine or any component of the formulation (eg, photosensitivity, vasculitis, erythema multiforme, or Stevens-Johnson syndrome [SJS])
Canadian labeling: Additional contraindications (not in US labeling): Myeloproliferative disorders; history of toxic or idiosyncratic agranulocytosis or severe granulocytopenia (unless due to previous chemotherapy); concomitant use with other agents that suppress bone marrow function; active hepatic disease associated with nausea, anorexia, or jaundice; progressive hepatic disease or hepatic failure; paralytic ileus; uncontrolled epilepsy; severe CNS depression or comatose states; severe renal impairment; severe cardiac disease (eg, myocarditis); patients unable to undergo blood testing
Significant drug interactions exist, requiring dose/frequency adjustment or avoidance. Consult drug interactions database for more information.
Concerns related to adverse effects:
• Suicidal ideation: The possibility of a suicide attempt is inherent in psychotic illness or bipolar disorder; use with caution in high-risk patients during initiation of therapy. Prescriptions should be written for the smallest quantity consistent with good patient care.
Disease-related concerns:
• Acute infectious/inflammatory processes: Elevation of serum clozapine levels have been reported in the setting of acute infection or inflammatory process. Reactions ranging from mild sedation to symptoms requiring an ICU level of care have been reported. Significant increases of serum levels do not always correlate with clinical signs and symptoms of clozapine toxicity. Signs and symptoms such as hypotension, sialorrhea, and sedation that cannot be explained by other medications or conditions may necessitate a temporary dose reduction or discontinuation, depending on the severity (Clark 2017; Leung 2014).
• Bariatric surgery: Presurgical assessment of the indication for use, symptoms, and goals of therapy should be documented to enable postsurgical assessment. Clozapine is strongly associated with significant weight gain (Alonso-Pedrero 2019; Citrome 2011; Dayabandara 2017; De Hert 2011b). If this medication is being used after bariatric surgery, monitor weight closely postoperatively and consider changing agent to alternative agent if weight loss goals are not being met.
• GI motility: Use with caution in patients with decreased GI motility as anticholinergic effects may exacerbate underlying condition.
• Hepatic impairment: Use with caution in patients with hepatic disease or impairment; monitor hepatic function regularly. Dosage reduction may be necessary in patients with significant hepatic impairment.
• Ophthalmic conditions: Use with caution in patients with certain ophthalmic conditions (eg, visual problems) as anticholinergic effects may exacerbate underlying condition.
• Renal impairment: Use with caution in patients with renal impairment. Dosage reduction may be necessary in patients with significant renal impairment.
• Urinary retention (eg, benign prostatic hyperplasia): Use with caution in patients with urinary retention as anticholinergic effects may exacerbate underlying condition.
Special populations:
• CYP2D6 poor metabolizers: Clozapine concentrations may be increased in CYP2D6 poor metabolizers. Dose reduction may be necessary.
• Older adult: The older adult patients are more susceptible to adverse effects. Older adult patients may be at increased risk of seizures due to an increased prevalence of predisposing factors (Gareri 2008).
• Smokers: Clozapine levels may be lower in patients who smoke. Smokers may require twice the daily dose as nonsmokers in order to obtain an equivalent clozapine concentration (Tsuda 2014). Smoking cessation may cause toxicity in a patient stabilized on clozapine. Monitor change in smoking patterns. Consider baseline serum clozapine levels and/or empiric dosage adjustments (30% to 40% reduction) in patients expected to have a prolonged hospital stay with forced smoking cessation. Case reports suggest symptoms from increasing clozapine concentrations may develop 2 to 4 weeks after smoking cessation (Lowe 2010).
Dosage form specific issues:
• Brand/generic: Use caution when converting from brand to generic formulation; poor tolerability, including relapse, has been reported usually soon after product switch (1 to 3 months); monitor closely during this time (Bobo 2010).
• Phenylalanine: Oral disintegrating tablets may contain phenylalanine.
Other warnings/precautions:
• Discontinuation of therapy: In general, when discontinuing antipsychotic therapy, gradually taper antipsychotics to avoid physical withdrawal symptoms and rebound symptoms (APA [Keepers 2020]; WFSBP [Hasan 2012]); the manufacturer recommends reducing the clozapine dose gradually over a period of 1 to 2 weeks if termination of therapy is not related to neutropenia. Withdrawal symptoms may include agitation, alternating feelings of warmth and cold, anxiety, diaphoresis, dyskinesia, GI symptoms, insomnia, irritability, myalgia, paresthesia, psychosis, restlessness, rhinorrhea, tremor, and vertigo (Lambert 2007; Moncrieff 2020). The risk of withdrawal symptoms is highest following abrupt discontinuation of highly anticholinergic or dopaminergic antipsychotics (Cerovecki 2013). Patients with chronic symptoms, repeated relapses, and clear diagnostic features of schizophrenia are at risk for poor outcomes if medications are discontinued (APA [Keepers 2020]).
Similar to adult experience, the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP) guidelines recommend gradually tapering antipsychotics to avoid discontinuation symptoms and minimize the risk of relapse (AACAP [McClellan 2007]).
Excipient information presented when available (limited, particularly for generics); consult specific product labeling. [DSC] = Discontinued product
Suspension, Oral:
Versacloz: 50 mg/mL (100 mL) [contains methylparaben sodium, propylparaben sodium]
Tablet, Oral:
Clozaril: 25 mg [contains corn starch]
Clozaril: 50 mg [DSC] [scored; contains corn starch]
Clozaril: 100 mg, 200 mg [DSC] [contains corn starch]
Generic: 25 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg, 200 mg
Tablet Disintegrating, Oral:
Generic: 12.5 mg, 25 mg, 100 mg, 150 mg, 200 mg
May be product dependent
Suspension (Versacloz Oral)
50 mg/mL (per mL): $10.13
Tablet, orally-disintegrating (cloZAPine Oral)
12.5 mg (per each): $2.23
25 mg (per each): $3.00
100 mg (per each): $8.18
150 mg (per each): $20.72
200 mg (per each): $27.62
Tablets (cloZAPine Oral)
25 mg (per each): $0.43 - $1.32
50 mg (per each): $1.32 - $1.65
100 mg (per each): $1.12 - $3.43
200 mg (per each): $2.46 - $6.32
Tablets (Clozaril Oral)
25 mg (per each): $7.60
100 mg (per each): $19.69
Disclaimer: A representative AWP (Average Wholesale Price) price or price range is provided as reference price only. A range is provided when more than one manufacturer's AWP price is available and uses the low and high price reported by the manufacturers to determine the range. The pricing data should be used for benchmarking purposes only, and as such should not be used alone to set or adjudicate any prices for reimbursement or purchasing functions or considered to be an exact price for a single product and/or manufacturer. Medi-Span expressly disclaims all warranties of any kind or nature, whether express or implied, and assumes no liability with respect to accuracy of price or price range data published in its solutions. In no event shall Medi-Span be liable for special, indirect, incidental, or consequential damages arising from use of price or price range data. Pricing data is updated monthly.
Excipient information presented when available (limited, particularly for generics); consult specific product labeling.
Tablet, Oral:
Clozaril: 25 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg, 200 mg
Generic: 25 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg, 200 mg
Canada: Currently, there are multiple manufacturers that distribute clozapine and each manufacturer has its own registry and distribution system. Patients must be registered in a database that includes their location, prescribing physician, testing laboratory, and dispensing pharmacist before using clozapine. Patients may not be switched from one brand of clozapine to another without completion of a new registry-specific patient registration form by signed by the prescribing physician. Information specific to each monitoring program is available from the individual manufacturers.
Oral: Administer without regard to food. Total daily dose may be divided into uneven doses with larger dose administered at bedtime.
Orally disintegrating tablet: Remove from foil blister by peeling apart (do not push tablet through the foil). Remove immediately prior to use. Place tablet in mouth and chew or allow to dissolve; swallow with saliva. If dosing requires splitting tablet, throw unused portion away.
Suspension: Shake bottle prior to use. Using syringe adaptor and oral syringe provided withdrawal dose from bottle. Administer immediately after preparation using the oral syringe provided.
Oral: May be administered without regard to food. Total daily dose may be divided into uneven doses with larger dose administered at bedtime.
Orally disintegrating tablet: Immediately prior to use, gently remove the tablet from the bottle or blister package by peeling the foil from the blister (do not push tablet through the foil). Upon removing, place tablet in mouth; it may be allowed to dissolve, chewed, or swallowed with saliva (no water is needed). If dosing requires splitting tablet, throw unused portion away.
Oral suspension: Oral syringes, a bottle neck adaptor should be provided. Appropriate syringe size dependent upon dose: Use the 1-mL syringe for doses ≤50 mg and the 9-mL syringe for doses >50 mg.
Shake the bottle for 10 seconds, then remove the cap. For the first use of the bottle, after removing the cap, push the adaptor into the top of the bottle. Once dose is withdrawn from the bottle, it should be administered immediately and not stored for later use. After use, re-cap the bottle and rinse the syringe with water.
Schizophrenia, treatment resistant and Suicidality in schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder:
Schizophrenia, treatment resistant: Treatment of severely ill patients with schizophrenia who fail to respond adequately to antipsychotic treatment.
Suicidal behavior in schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder: To reduce the risk of suicidal behavior in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder who are judged to be at chronic risk for reexperiencing suicidal behavior, based on history and recent clinical state.
Agitation/aggression and psychosis associated with dementia, severe or refractory; Bipolar disorder (treatment resistant); Psychosis in Parkinson disease
CloZAPine may be confused with clonazePAM, cloNIDine, KlonoPIN
Clozaril may be confused with Clinoril, Colazal
Beers Criteria: Antipsychotics are identified in the Beers Criteria as potentially inappropriate medications to be avoided in patients 65 years and older due to an increased risk of stroke and a greater rate of cognitive decline and mortality in patients with dementia. Evidence also suggests there may be an increased risk of mortality with use independent of dementia. Avoid antipsychotics for behavioral problems associated with dementia or delirium unless alternative nonpharmacologic therapies have failed and patient may harm self or others. In addition, antipsychotics should be used with caution in older adults due to their potential to cause or exacerbate syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) or hyponatremia; monitor sodium closely with initiation or dosage adjustments in older adults. Use of antipsychotics may be appropriate for labeled indications including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, Parkinson disease psychosis, adjunctive therapy in major depressive disorder, or for short-term use as an antiemetic (Beers Criteria [AGS 2023]).
Substrate of CYP1A2 (Major), CYP2C19 (Minor), CYP2C9 (Minor), CYP2D6 (Minor), CYP3A4 (Major); Note: Assignment of Major/Minor substrate status based on clinically relevant drug interaction potential;
Note: Interacting drugs may not be individually listed below if they are part of a group interaction (eg, individual drugs within “CYP3A4 Inducers [Strong]” are NOT listed). For a complete list of drug interactions by individual drug name and detailed management recommendations, use the drug interactions program by clicking on the “Launch drug interactions program” link above.
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors: May decrease therapeutic effects of Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects. Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may decrease therapeutic effects of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors. Risk C: Monitor
Aclidinium: May increase anticholinergic effects of Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects. Risk X: Avoid
Acrivastine: May increase anticholinergic effects of Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects. Risk C: Monitor
Acrivastine: May increase CNS depressant effects of CNS Depressants. Risk C: Monitor
Adagrasib: May increase QTc-prolonging effects of CloZAPine. Adagrasib may increase serum concentration of CloZAPine. Management: Consider alternatives to this combination. If combined, monitor for increased clozapine toxicities, including QTc interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation may be at even higher risk. Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification
Adalimumab: May decrease serum concentration of CYP Substrates (Narrow Therapeutic Index/Sensitive with Inducers). Risk C: Monitor
Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects: May increase constipating effects of CloZAPine. Management: Consider alternatives to this combination whenever possible. If combined, monitor closely for signs and symptoms of gastrointestinal hypomotility and consider prophylactic laxative treatment. Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification
Agents With Seizure Threshold Lowering Potential: May increase adverse/toxic effects of CloZAPine. Specifically, the risk of seizures may be increased. Risk C: Monitor
Alcohol (Ethyl): CNS Depressants may increase CNS depressant effects of Alcohol (Ethyl). Risk C: Monitor
Aldesleukin: May increase serum concentration of CYP Substrates (Narrow Therapeutic Index/Sensitive with Inhibitors). Risk C: Monitor
Alfuzosin: May increase hypotensive effects of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor
Alizapride: May increase CNS depressant effects of CNS Depressants. Risk C: Monitor
Alpha-/Beta-Agonists: CloZAPine may decrease therapeutic effects of Alpha-/Beta-Agonists. Risk C: Monitor
Amifampridine: Agents With Seizure Threshold Lowering Potential may increase neuroexcitatory and/or seizure-potentiating effects of Amifampridine. Risk C: Monitor
Amifostine: Blood Pressure Lowering Agents may increase hypotensive effects of Amifostine. Management: When used at chemotherapy doses, hold blood pressure lowering medications for 24 hours before amifostine administration. If blood pressure lowering therapy cannot be held, do not administer amifostine. Use caution with radiotherapy doses of amifostine. Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification
Amiodarone: May increase QTc-prolonging effects of CloZAPine. Amiodarone may increase serum concentration of CloZAPine. Management: Consider alternatives to this combination. Patients with other risk factors (eg, older age, female sex, bradycardia, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, heart disease, and higher drug concentrations) are likely at greater risk for these toxicities. Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification
Amisulpride (Oral): Agents With Seizure Threshold Lowering Potential may increase adverse/toxic effects of Amisulpride (Oral). Specifically, the risk of seizures may be increased. Risk C: Monitor
Amisulpride (Oral): May increase CNS depressant effects of CNS Depressants. Risk C: Monitor
Amisulpride (Oral): May increase hypotensive effects of Hypotension-Associated Agents. Risk C: Monitor
Amisulpride (Oral): May increase QTc-prolonging effects of QT-prolonging Agents (Moderate Risk). Risk C: Monitor
Anti-Parkinson Agents (Dopamine Agonist): Antipsychotic Agents (Second Generation [Atypical]) may decrease therapeutic effects of Anti-Parkinson Agents (Dopamine Agonist). Management: Consider avoiding atypical antipsychotic use in patients with Parkinson disease. If an atypical antipsychotic is necessary, consider using clozapine, quetiapine, or ziprasidone at lower initial doses, or a non-dopamine antagonist (eg, pimavanserin). Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification
Antidiabetic Agents: Hyperglycemia-Associated Agents may decrease therapeutic effects of Antidiabetic Agents. Risk C: Monitor
Antipsychotic Agents (Second Generation [Atypical]): Blood Pressure Lowering Agents may increase hypotensive effects of Antipsychotic Agents (Second Generation [Atypical]). Risk C: Monitor
Arginine: May increase hypotensive effects of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor
ARIPiprazole Lauroxil: Agents With Seizure Threshold Lowering Potential may increase adverse/toxic effects of ARIPiprazole Lauroxil. Specifically, the risk of seizures may be increased. Risk C: Monitor
ARIPiprazole: Agents With Seizure Threshold Lowering Potential may increase adverse/toxic effects of ARIPiprazole. Specifically, the risk of seizures may be increased. Risk C: Monitor
Articaine: May increase CNS depressant effects of CNS Depressants. Management: Consider reducing the dose of articaine if possible when used in patients who are also receiving CNS depressants. Monitor for excessive CNS depressant effects with any combined use. Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification
Asenapine: Agents With Seizure Threshold Lowering Potential may increase adverse/toxic effects of Asenapine. Specifically, the risk of seizures may be increased. Risk C: Monitor
Azelastine (Nasal): May increase CNS depressant effects of CNS Depressants. Risk X: Avoid
Azithromycin (Systemic): May increase QTc-prolonging effects of QT-prolonging Antipsychotics (Moderate Risk). Management: Monitor for QTc interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias when these agents are combined. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation may be at even higher risk. Risk C: Monitor
Barbiturates: May increase hypotensive effects of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor
Benperidol: Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may decrease therapeutic effects of Benperidol. Risk C: Monitor
Benperidol: Agents With Seizure Threshold Lowering Potential may increase adverse/toxic effects of Benperidol. Specifically, the risk of seizures may be increased. Risk C: Monitor
Benperidol: May increase CNS depressant effects of CNS Depressants. Risk C: Monitor
Benperidol: May increase hypotensive effects of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor
Benzgalantamine-Galantamine: May increase neurotoxic (central) effects of Antipsychotic Agents. Risk C: Monitor
Benzodiazepines: May increase adverse/toxic effects of CloZAPine. Management: Consider decreasing the dose of (or possibly discontinuing) benzodiazepines prior to initiating clozapine. Monitor for respiratory depression, hypotension, and other toxicities if these agents are combined. Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification
Bimekizumab: May decrease serum concentration of CYP Substrates (Narrow Therapeutic Index/Sensitive with Inducers). Risk C: Monitor
Blonanserin: CNS Depressants may increase CNS depressant effects of Blonanserin. Management: Use caution if coadministering blonanserin and CNS depressants; dose reduction of the other CNS depressant may be required. Strong CNS depressants should not be coadministered with blonanserin. Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification
Blood Pressure Lowering Agents: May increase hypotensive effects of Antipsychotic Agents (Second Generation [Atypical]). Risk C: Monitor
Blood Pressure Lowering Agents: May increase hypotensive effects of Hypotension-Associated Agents. Risk C: Monitor
Botulinum Toxin-Containing Products: May increase anticholinergic effects of Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects. Risk C: Monitor
Brexanolone: CNS Depressants may increase CNS depressant effects of Brexanolone. Risk C: Monitor
Brexpiprazole: CloZAPine may increase adverse/toxic effects of Brexpiprazole. Specifically, the risk of seizures may be increased. Brexpiprazole may decrease serum concentration of CloZAPine. Risk C: Monitor
Brimonidine (Topical): May increase CNS depressant effects of CNS Depressants. Risk C: Monitor
Brimonidine (Topical): May increase hypotensive effects of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor
Broccoli: May decrease serum concentration of CYP1A2 Substrates (High risk with Inducers). Risk C: Monitor
Bromopride: May increase adverse/toxic effects of Antipsychotic Agents. Risk X: Avoid
Bromperidol: May decrease hypotensive effects of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Blood Pressure Lowering Agents may increase hypotensive effects of Bromperidol. Risk X: Avoid
Bromperidol: May increase CNS depressant effects of CNS Depressants. Risk X: Avoid
Buprenorphine: CNS Depressants may increase CNS depressant effects of Buprenorphine. Management: Consider reduced doses of other CNS depressants, and avoiding such drugs in patients at high risk of buprenorphine overuse/self-injection. Initiate buprenorphine at lower doses in patients already receiving CNS depressants. Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification
BuPROPion: May increase neuroexcitatory and/or seizure-potentiating effects of Agents With Seizure Threshold Lowering Potential. Risk C: Monitor
BusPIRone: May increase CNS depressant effects of CNS Depressants. Risk C: Monitor
Cabergoline: May decrease therapeutic effects of Antipsychotic Agents. Risk X: Avoid
Cannabinoid-Containing Products: Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may increase tachycardic effects of Cannabinoid-Containing Products. Risk C: Monitor
Cannabinoid-Containing Products: CNS Depressants may increase CNS depressant effects of Cannabinoid-Containing Products. Risk C: Monitor
Cannabis: May decrease serum concentration of CYP1A2 Substrates (High risk with Inducers). Risk C: Monitor
CarBAMazepine: May increase myelosuppressive effects of CloZAPine. More specifically, the risk of bone marrow suppression with this combination may be increased due to the independent myelosuppressive effects of the drugs. CarBAMazepine may decrease serum concentration of CloZAPine. Management: Avoid use with strong CYP3A4 inducers when possible. If combined, monitor patients closely and consider clozapine dose increases. Consider increased monitoring for neutropenia Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification
Cariprazine: May increase adverse/toxic effects of CloZAPine. Specifically, the risk of seizures may be increased. Cariprazine may decrease serum concentration of CloZAPine. Cariprazine may decrease active metabolite exposure of CloZAPine. Risk C: Monitor
Ceritinib: May increase QTc-prolonging effects of QT-prolonging Antipsychotics (Moderate Risk). Management: Monitor for QTc interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias when these agents are combined. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation may be at even higher risk. Risk C: Monitor
Cetirizine (Systemic): May increase CNS depressant effects of CNS Depressants. Management: Consider avoiding this combination if possible. If required, monitor for excessive sedation or CNS depression, limit the dose and duration of combination therapy, and consider CNS depressant dose reductions. Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification
Chloral Hydrate/Chloral Betaine: CNS Depressants may increase CNS depressant effects of Chloral Hydrate/Chloral Betaine. Management: Consider alternatives to the use of chloral hydrate or chloral betaine and additional CNS depressants. If combined, consider a dose reduction of either agent and monitor closely for enhanced CNS depressive effects. Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification
Chlormethiazole: May increase CNS depressant effects of CNS Depressants. Management: Monitor closely for evidence of excessive CNS depression. The chlormethiazole labeling states that an appropriately reduced dose should be used if such a combination must be used. Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification
Chlorphenesin Carbamate: May increase adverse/toxic effects of CNS Depressants. Risk C: Monitor
Chlorprothixene: Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may increase anticholinergic effects of Chlorprothixene. Risk C: Monitor
Cimetidine: May increase serum concentration of CloZAPine. Risk C: Monitor
Cimetropium: Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may increase anticholinergic effects of Cimetropium. Risk X: Avoid
Ciprofloxacin (Systemic): May increase QTc-prolonging effects of CloZAPine. Ciprofloxacin (Systemic) may increase serum concentration of CloZAPine. Management: Reduce the clozapine dose to one-third of the original dose when adding ciprofloxacin and monitor closely for evidence of excessive QTc prolongation and clozapine toxicity. Resume the previous clozapine dose following ciprofloxacin discontinuation. Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification
Citalopram: CloZAPine may increase QTc-prolonging effects of Citalopram. CloZAPine may increase serotonergic effects of Citalopram. This could result in serotonin syndrome. Management: Monitor for QTc interval prolongation, ventricular arrhythmias, serotonin syndrome, and neuroleptic malignant syndrome when these agents are combined. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation may be at even higher risk. Risk C: Monitor
Clarithromycin: QT-prolonging Antipsychotics (Moderate Risk) may increase QTc-prolonging effects of Clarithromycin. Management: Monitor for QTc interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias when these agents are combined. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation may be at even higher risk. Risk C: Monitor
Clofazimine: May increase serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inhibitors). Risk C: Monitor
Clothiapine: Agents With Seizure Threshold Lowering Potential may increase adverse/toxic effects of Clothiapine. Specifically, the risk of seizures may be increased. Risk C: Monitor
CNS Depressants: May increase adverse/toxic effects of CNS Depressants. Risk C: Monitor
COVID-19 Vaccines: May increase adverse/toxic effects of CloZAPine. COVID-19 Vaccines may increase serum concentration of CloZAPine. Risk C: Monitor
CYP1A2 Inducers (Moderate): May decrease serum concentration of CloZAPine. Risk C: Monitor
CYP1A2 Inducers (Weak): May decrease serum concentration of CloZAPine. Risk C: Monitor
CYP1A2 Inhibitors (Moderate): May increase serum concentration of CloZAPine. Risk C: Monitor
CYP1A2 Inhibitors (Strong): May increase serum concentration of CloZAPine. Management: Reduce the dose of clozapine to one-third of the original dose when adding a strong CYP1A2 inhibitor and monitor patient response closely. Return to the original clozapine dose when the strong CYP1A2 inhibitor is discontinued. Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification
CYP1A2 Inhibitors (Weak): May increase serum concentration of CloZAPine. Risk C: Monitor
CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Moderate): May increase serum concentration of CloZAPine. Risk C: Monitor
CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Strong): May increase serum concentration of CloZAPine. Risk C: Monitor
CYP3A4 Inducers (Moderate): May decrease serum concentration of CloZAPine. Risk C: Monitor
CYP3A4 Inducers (Strong): May decrease serum concentration of CloZAPine. Management: Avoid use with strong CYP3A4 inducers when possible. If combined, monitor patients closely and consider clozapine dose increases. Clozapine dose reduction and further monitoring may be required when strong CYP3A4 inducers are discontinued. Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification
CYP3A4 Inducers (Weak): May decrease serum concentration of CloZAPine. Risk C: Monitor
CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Moderate): May increase serum concentration of CloZAPine. Risk C: Monitor
CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Strong): May increase serum concentration of CloZAPine. Risk C: Monitor
Dabrafenib: May increase QTc-prolonging effects of CloZAPine. Dabrafenib may decrease serum concentration of CloZAPine. Management: Monitor for QTc interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias, including torsades de pointes when these agents are combined. Additionally, monitor for decreased clozapine concentrations and efficacy. Risk C: Monitor
Dantrolene: May increase CNS depressant effects of CNS Depressants. Risk C: Monitor
Daridorexant: May increase CNS depressant effects of CNS Depressants. Management: Dose reduction of daridorexant and/or any other CNS depressant may be necessary. Use of daridorexant with alcohol is not recommended, and the use of daridorexant with any other drug to treat insomnia is not recommended. Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification
Deutetrabenazine: May increase adverse/toxic effects of Antipsychotic Agents. Specifically, the risk for akathisia, parkinsonism, or neuroleptic malignant syndrome may be increased. Risk C: Monitor
DexmedeTOMIDine: CNS Depressants may increase CNS depressant effects of DexmedeTOMIDine. Management: Monitor for increased CNS depression during coadministration of dexmedetomidine and CNS depressants, and consider dose reductions of either agent to avoid excessive CNS depression. Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification
Dexmethylphenidate-Methylphenidate: Antipsychotic Agents may increase adverse/toxic effects of Dexmethylphenidate-Methylphenidate. Dexmethylphenidate-Methylphenidate may increase adverse/toxic effects of Antipsychotic Agents. Specifically, the risk of extrapyramidal symptoms may be increased when these agents are combined. Risk C: Monitor
Diazoxide Choline: May increase serum concentration of CYP1A2 Substrates (High risk with Inhibitors). Risk X: Avoid
Diazoxide: May increase hypotensive effects of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor
Difelikefalin: May increase CNS depressant effects of CNS Depressants. Risk C: Monitor
Difenoxin: May increase CNS depressant effects of CNS Depressants. Risk C: Monitor
Dihydralazine: CNS Depressants may increase hypotensive effects of Dihydralazine. Risk C: Monitor
Dimethindene (Topical): May increase CNS depressant effects of CNS Depressants. Risk C: Monitor
Dinutuximab Beta: May increase serum concentration of CYP Substrates (Narrow Therapeutic Index/Sensitive with Inhibitors). Risk C: Monitor
Domperidone: QT-prolonging Agents (Moderate Risk) may increase QTc-prolonging effects of Domperidone. Risk X: Avoid
Donepezil: May increase neurotoxic (central) effects of Antipsychotic Agents. Risk C: Monitor
DroNABinol: Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may increase tachycardic effects of DroNABinol. Risk X: Avoid
DroPERidol: May increase CNS depressant effects of CNS Depressants. Management: Consider dose reductions of droperidol or of other CNS agents (eg, opioids, barbiturates) with concomitant use. Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification
DULoxetine: Blood Pressure Lowering Agents may increase hypotensive effects of DULoxetine. Risk C: Monitor
Elranatamab: May increase serum concentration of CYP Substrates (Narrow Therapeutic Index/Sensitive with Inhibitors). Risk C: Monitor
Eluxadoline: Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may increase constipating effects of Eluxadoline. Risk X: Avoid
Emedastine (Systemic): May increase CNS depressant effects of CNS Depressants. Management: Consider avoiding this combination if possible. If required, monitor for excessive sedation or CNS depression, limit the dose and duration of combination therapy, and consider CNS depressant dose reductions. Risk C: Monitor
Encorafenib: May increase QTc-prolonging effects of CloZAPine. Encorafenib may decrease serum concentration of CloZAPine. Management: Consider alternatives to this drug combination. If combined, monitor for QTc interval prolongation, ventricular arrhythmias, and decreased clozapine concentrations. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation may be at even higher risk. Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification
Entacapone: May increase CNS depressant effects of CNS Depressants. Risk C: Monitor
Epcoritamab: May increase serum concentration of CYP Substrates (Narrow Therapeutic Index/Sensitive with Inhibitors). Risk C: Monitor
Escitalopram: CloZAPine may increase serotonergic effects of Escitalopram. This could result in serotonin syndrome. CloZAPine may increase QTc-prolonging effects of Escitalopram. Management: Monitor for QTc interval prolongation, ventricular arrhythmias, serotonin syndrome, and neuroleptic malignant syndrome when these agents are combined. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation may be at even higher risk. Risk C: Monitor
Esketamine (Nasal): May increase CNS depressant effects of CNS Depressants. Risk C: Monitor
Fexinidazole: May increase QTc-prolonging effects of CloZAPine. Fexinidazole may decrease serum concentration of CloZAPine. Fexinidazole may increase serum concentration of CloZAPine. Management: Monitor for QTc interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias when these agents are combined. Monitor for both increased and decreased clozapine serum concentrations and effects. Risk C: Monitor
Filgotinib: CYP1A2 Substrates (Narrow Therapeutic Index/Sensitive with Inducers) may decrease serum concentration of Filgotinib. Risk C: Monitor
Filgotinib: May increase serum concentration of CYP1A2 Substrates (Narrow Therapeutic Index/Sensitive with Inhibitors). Risk C: Monitor
Flunarizine: CNS Depressants may increase CNS depressant effects of Flunarizine. Risk X: Avoid
Flunitrazepam: CNS Depressants may increase CNS depressant effects of Flunitrazepam. Management: Reduce the dose of CNS depressants when combined with flunitrazepam and monitor patients for evidence of CNS depression (eg, sedation, respiratory depression). Use non-CNS depressant alternatives when available. Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification
Fluorouracil Products: CloZAPine may increase QTc-prolonging effects of Fluorouracil Products. Fluorouracil Products may increase myelosuppressive effects of CloZAPine. Management: Monitor for QTc interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias, including torsades de pointes when these agents are combined. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation may be at even higher risk. Risk C: Monitor
Flupentixol: Agents With Seizure Threshold Lowering Potential may increase adverse/toxic effects of Flupentixol. Specifically, the risk of seizures may be increased. Risk C: Monitor
Foscarbidopa: May decrease serum concentration of CYP1A2 Substrates (Narrow Therapeutic Index/Sensitive with Inducers). Risk C: Monitor
Fusidic Acid (Systemic): May increase serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inhibitors). Management: Consider avoiding this combination if possible. If required, monitor patients closely for increased adverse effects of the CYP3A4 substrate. Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification
Gastrointestinal Agents (Prokinetic): Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may decrease therapeutic effects of Gastrointestinal Agents (Prokinetic). Risk C: Monitor
Gepotidacin: May decrease anticholinergic effects of Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects. Risk C: Monitor
Glofitamab: May increase serum concentration of CYP Substrates (Narrow Therapeutic Index/Sensitive with Inhibitors). Risk C: Monitor
Glucagon: Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may increase adverse/toxic effects of Glucagon. Specifically, the risk of gastrointestinal adverse effects may be increased. Risk C: Monitor
Glycopyrrolate (Oral Inhalation): Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may increase anticholinergic effects of Glycopyrrolate (Oral Inhalation). Risk X: Avoid
Glycopyrronium (Topical): May increase anticholinergic effects of Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects. Risk X: Avoid
Guanethidine: Antipsychotic Agents may decrease therapeutic effects of Guanethidine. Risk C: Monitor
Haloperidol: Agents With Seizure Threshold Lowering Potential may increase adverse/toxic effects of Haloperidol. Specifically, the risk of seizures may be increased. Risk C: Monitor
Haloperidol: QT-prolonging Antipsychotics (Moderate Risk) may increase QTc-prolonging effects of Haloperidol. Management: Monitor for QTc interval prolongation, ventricular arrhythmias, and serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity (SS/ST) or NMS when these agents are combined. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation or SS/ST may be at even higher risk. Risk C: Monitor
Herbal Products with Blood Pressure Lowering Effects: May increase hypotensive effects of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor
Huperzine A: May increase neurotoxic (central) effects of Antipsychotic Agents. Risk C: Monitor
HydrOXYzine: May increase CNS depressant effects of CNS Depressants. Management: Consider a decrease in the CNS depressant dose, as appropriate, when used together with hydroxyzine. Increase monitoring of signs/symptoms of CNS depression in any patient receiving hydroxyzine together with another CNS depressant. Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification
Hypotension-Associated Agents: Blood Pressure Lowering Agents may increase hypotensive effects of Hypotension-Associated Agents. Risk C: Monitor
Iloperidone: Agents With Seizure Threshold Lowering Potential may increase adverse/toxic effects of Iloperidone. Specifically, the risk of seizures may be increased. Risk C: Monitor
Iloperidone: May increase hypotensive effects of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) Inhibiting Therapies: May decrease serum concentration of CYP Substrates (Narrow Therapeutic Index/Sensitive with Inducers). Risk C: Monitor
Iohexol: Agents With Seizure Threshold Lowering Potential may increase adverse/toxic effects of Iohexol. Specifically, the risk for seizures may be increased. Management: Discontinue agents that may lower the seizure threshold 48 hours prior to intrathecal use of iohexol. Wait at least 24 hours after the procedure to resume such agents. In nonelective procedures, consider use of prophylactic antiseizure drugs. Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification
Iomeprol: Agents With Seizure Threshold Lowering Potential may increase adverse/toxic effects of Iomeprol. Specifically, the risk for seizures may be increased. Management: Discontinue agents that may lower the seizure threshold 48 hours prior to intrathecal use of iomeprol. Wait at least 24 hours after the procedure to resume such agents. In nonelective procedures, consider use of prophylactic antiseizure drugs. Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification
Iopamidol: Agents With Seizure Threshold Lowering Potential may increase adverse/toxic effects of Iopamidol. Specifically, the risk for seizures may be increased. Management: Discontinue agents that may lower the seizure threshold 48 hours prior to intrathecal use of iopamidol. Wait at least 24 hours after the procedure to resume such agents. In nonelective procedures, consider use of prophylactic antiseizure drugs. Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification
Ipratropium (Nasal): May increase anticholinergic effects of Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects. Risk C: Monitor
Ipratropium (Oral Inhalation): May increase anticholinergic effects of Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects. Risk X: Avoid
Itopride: Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may decrease therapeutic effects of Itopride. Risk C: Monitor
Ixabepilone: May increase CNS depressant effects of CNS Depressants. Risk C: Monitor
Kava Kava: May increase CNS depressant effects of CNS Depressants. Risk C: Monitor
Ketotifen (Systemic): May increase CNS depressant effects of CNS Depressants. Risk C: Monitor
Kratom: May increase CNS depressant effects of CNS Depressants. Risk X: Avoid
Lemborexant: May increase CNS depressant effects of CloZAPine. Lemborexant may increase serum concentration of CloZAPine. Management: Dosage adjustments of lemborexant and clozapine may be necessary when administered together because of potentially additive CNS depressant effects. Close monitoring for CNS depressant effects is necessary. Consider monitoring clozapine concentrations. Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification
Leniolisib: May increase serum concentration of CYP1A2 Substrates (Narrow Therapeutic Index/Sensitive with Inhibitors). Risk X: Avoid
Levocetirizine: May increase CNS depressant effects of CNS Depressants. Risk C: Monitor
Levoketoconazole: QT-prolonging Agents (Moderate Risk) may increase QTc-prolonging effects of Levoketoconazole. Risk X: Avoid
Levosulpiride: Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may decrease therapeutic effects of Levosulpiride. Risk X: Avoid
Lithium: May increase neurotoxic effects of Antipsychotic Agents. Lithium may decrease serum concentration of Antipsychotic Agents. Specifically noted with chlorpromazine. Risk C: Monitor
Lofexidine: May increase CNS depressant effects of CNS Depressants. Risk C: Monitor
Lonafarnib: May increase QTc-prolonging effects of QT-prolonging Antipsychotics (Moderate Risk). Management: Monitor for QTc interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias when these agents are combined. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation may be at even higher risk. Risk C: Monitor
Loxapine: CNS Depressants may increase CNS depressant effects of Loxapine. Management: Consider reducing the dose of CNS depressants administered concomitantly with loxapine due to an increased risk of respiratory depression, sedation, hypotension, and syncope. Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification
Lumateperone: Agents With Seizure Threshold Lowering Potential may increase adverse/toxic effects of Lumateperone. Specifically, the risk of seizures may be increased. Risk C: Monitor
Lurasidone: Agents With Seizure Threshold Lowering Potential may increase adverse/toxic effects of Lurasidone. Specifically, the risk of seizures may be increased. Risk C: Monitor
Magnesium Sulfate: May increase CNS depressant effects of CNS Depressants. Risk C: Monitor
Melperone: May increase anticholinergic effects of Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects. Risk C: Monitor
Metergoline: May decrease antihypertensive effects of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Blood Pressure Lowering Agents may increase orthostatic hypotensive effects of Metergoline. Risk C: Monitor
Metergoline: May increase CNS depressant effects of CNS Depressants. Risk C: Monitor
Methotrimeprazine: CNS Depressants may increase CNS depressant effects of Methotrimeprazine. Methotrimeprazine may increase CNS depressant effects of CNS Depressants. Management: Reduce the usual dose of CNS depressants by 50% if starting methotrimeprazine until the dose of methotrimeprazine is stable. Monitor patient closely for evidence of CNS depression. Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification
Methoxyflurane: May increase CNS depressant effects of CNS Depressants. Risk C: Monitor
Metoclopramide: May increase adverse/toxic effects of Antipsychotic Agents. Risk X: Avoid
MetyroSINE: CNS Depressants may increase sedative effects of MetyroSINE. Risk C: Monitor
MetyroSINE: May increase adverse/toxic effects of Antipsychotic Agents. Specifically, the risk for extrapyramidal symptoms and excessive sedation may be increased. Risk C: Monitor
Minocycline (Systemic): May increase CNS depressant effects of CNS Depressants. Risk C: Monitor
Mirabegron: Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may increase adverse/toxic effects of Mirabegron. Risk C: Monitor
Mirikizumab: May decrease serum concentration of CYP Substrates (Narrow Therapeutic Index/Sensitive with Inducers). Risk C: Monitor
Molindone: Agents With Seizure Threshold Lowering Potential may increase adverse/toxic effects of Molindone. Specifically, the risk of seizures may be increased. Risk C: Monitor
Molsidomine: May increase hypotensive effects of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor
Mosunetuzumab: May increase serum concentration of CYP Substrates (Narrow Therapeutic Index/Sensitive with Inhibitors). Risk C: Monitor
Moxonidine: May increase CNS depressant effects of CNS Depressants. Risk C: Monitor
Myelosuppressive Agents: May increase adverse/toxic effects of CloZAPine. Specifically, the risk for neutropenia may be increased. Risk C: Monitor
Nabilone: May increase CNS depressant effects of CNS Depressants. Risk X: Avoid
Naftopidil: May increase hypotensive effects of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor
Nalfurafine: May increase CNS depressant effects of CNS Depressants. Risk C: Monitor
Nemolizumab: May decrease serum concentration of CYP Substrates (Narrow Therapeutic Index/Sensitive with Inducers). Risk C: Monitor
Nicergoline: May increase hypotensive effects of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor
Nicorandil: May increase hypotensive effects of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor
Nitroglycerin: Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may decrease absorption of Nitroglycerin. Specifically, anticholinergic agents may decrease the dissolution of sublingual nitroglycerin tablets, possibly impairing or slowing nitroglycerin absorption. Risk C: Monitor
Nitroprusside: Blood Pressure Lowering Agents may increase hypotensive effects of Nitroprusside. Risk C: Monitor
Noscapine: CNS Depressants may increase adverse/toxic effects of Noscapine. Risk X: Avoid
Obinutuzumab: May increase hypotensive effects of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Management: Consider temporarily withholding blood pressure lowering medications beginning 12 hours prior to obinutuzumab infusion and continuing until 1 hour after the end of the infusion. Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification
Olopatadine (Nasal): May increase CNS depressant effects of CNS Depressants. Risk X: Avoid
Omeprazole: May decrease serum concentration of CloZAPine. Omeprazole may increase serum concentration of CloZAPine. Risk C: Monitor
Ondansetron: May increase QTc-prolonging effects of QT-prolonging Antipsychotics (Moderate Risk). Management: Monitor for QTc interval prolongation, ventricular arrhythmias, including torsades de pointes, when these agents are combined. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation may be at even higher risk. Risk C: Monitor
Opicapone: May increase CNS depressant effects of CNS Depressants. Risk C: Monitor
Opioid Agonists: CNS Depressants may increase CNS depressant effects of Opioid Agonists. Management: Avoid concomitant use of opioid agonists and benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants when possible. These agents should only be combined if alternative treatment options are inadequate. If combined, limit the dosages and duration of each drug. Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification
Orphenadrine: CNS Depressants may increase CNS depressant effects of Orphenadrine. Risk X: Avoid
Oxatomide: May increase anticholinergic effects of Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects. Risk X: Avoid
Oxomemazine: May increase CNS depressant effects of CNS Depressants. Risk X: Avoid
Oxybate Salt Products: CNS Depressants may increase CNS depressant effects of Oxybate Salt Products. Management: Consider alternatives to this combination when possible. If combined, dose reduction or discontinuation of one or more CNS depressants (including the oxybate salt product) should be considered. Interrupt oxybate salt treatment during short-term opioid use Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification
OxyCODONE: CNS Depressants may increase CNS depressant effects of OxyCODONE. Management: Avoid concomitant use of oxycodone and benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants when possible. These agents should only be combined if alternative treatment options are inadequate. If combined, limit the dosages and duration of each drug. Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification
Pacritinib: May increase serum concentration of CYP1A2 Substrates (Narrow Therapeutic Index/Sensitive with Inhibitors). Risk C: Monitor
Paliperidone: Agents With Seizure Threshold Lowering Potential may increase adverse/toxic effects of Paliperidone. Specifically, the risk of seizures may be increased. Risk C: Monitor
Paliperidone: May increase CNS depressant effects of CNS Depressants. Risk C: Monitor
Paraldehyde: CNS Depressants may increase CNS depressant effects of Paraldehyde. Risk X: Avoid
Pentamidine (Systemic): May increase QTc-prolonging effects of QT-prolonging Antipsychotics (Moderate Risk). Management: Monitor for QTc interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias when these agents are combined. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation may be at even higher risk. Risk C: Monitor
Pentoxifylline: May increase hypotensive effects of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor
Perampanel: May increase CNS depressant effects of CNS Depressants. Risk C: Monitor
Perazine: May increase anticholinergic effects of Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects. Risk C: Monitor
Periciazine: Agents With Seizure Threshold Lowering Potential may increase adverse/toxic effects of Periciazine. Specifically, the risk of seizures may be increased. Risk C: Monitor
Periciazine: May increase CNS depressant effects of CNS Depressants. Risk C: Monitor
Phenylephrine (Systemic): CloZAPine may decrease therapeutic effects of Phenylephrine (Systemic). Risk C: Monitor
Pholcodine: Blood Pressure Lowering Agents may increase hypotensive effects of Pholcodine. Risk C: Monitor
Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors: May increase hypotensive effects of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor
Pimozide: May increase QTc-prolonging effects of QT-prolonging Agents (Moderate Risk). Risk X: Avoid
Pipamperone: Agents With Seizure Threshold Lowering Potential may increase adverse/toxic effects of Pipamperone. Specifically, the risk of seizures may be increased. Risk X: Avoid
Piperaquine: QT-prolonging Agents (Moderate Risk) may increase QTc-prolonging effects of Piperaquine. Risk X: Avoid
Pizotifen: May increase CNS depressant effects of CNS Depressants. Risk C: Monitor
Polyethylene Glycol-Electrolyte Solution: Agents With Seizure Threshold Lowering Potential may increase adverse/toxic effects of Polyethylene Glycol-Electrolyte Solution. Specifically, the risk of seizure may be increased. Risk C: Monitor
Potassium Chloride: Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may increase ulcerogenic effects of Potassium Chloride. Management: Patients on drugs with substantial anticholinergic effects should avoid using any solid oral dosage form of potassium chloride. Risk X: Avoid
Potassium Citrate: Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may increase ulcerogenic effects of Potassium Citrate. Management: Patients on drugs with substantial anticholinergic effects should avoid using any solid oral dosage form of potassium citrate. Risk X: Avoid
Pramlintide: May increase anticholinergic effects of Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects. These effects are specific to the GI tract. Risk X: Avoid
Primaquine: May increase serum concentration of CYP1A2 Substrates (High risk with Inhibitors). Risk C: Monitor
Procarbazine: May increase CNS depressant effects of CNS Depressants. Risk C: Monitor
Propofol: QT-prolonging Antipsychotics (Moderate Risk) may increase QTc-prolonging effects of Propofol. Management: Monitor for QTc interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias when these agents are combined. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation may be at even higher risk. Risk C: Monitor
Prostacyclin Analogues: May increase hypotensive effects of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor
QT-prolonging Agents (Highest Risk): May increase QTc-prolonging effects of CloZAPine. Management: Consider alternatives to this combination. Patients with other risk factors (eg, older age, female sex, bradycardia, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, heart disease, and higher drug concentrations) are likely at greater risk for these toxicities. Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification
QT-prolonging Antidepressants (Moderate Risk): May increase constipating effects of CloZAPine. CloZAPine may increase QTc-prolonging effects of QT-prolonging Antidepressants (Moderate Risk). Management: Consider alternatives to this combination whenever possible. If combined, consider prophylactic laxatives and monitor closely for signs and symptoms of gastrointestinal hypomotility, QTc prolongation, and serotonin syndrome. Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification
QT-prolonging Antipsychotics (Moderate Risk): May increase QTc-prolonging effects of CloZAPine. Management: Monitor for QTc interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias when these agents are combined. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation may be at even higher risk. Risk C: Monitor
QT-prolonging Class IC Antiarrhythmics (Moderate Risk): May increase QTc-prolonging effects of QT-prolonging Antipsychotics (Moderate Risk). Management: Monitor for QTc interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias when these agents are combined. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation may be at even higher risk. Risk C: Monitor
QT-Prolonging Inhalational Anesthetics (Moderate Risk): May increase QTc-prolonging effects of QT-prolonging Antipsychotics (Moderate Risk). Management: Monitor for QTc interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias when these agents are combined. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation may be at even higher risk. Risk C: Monitor
QT-prolonging Kinase Inhibitors (Moderate Risk): CloZAPine may increase QTc-prolonging effects of QT-prolonging Kinase Inhibitors (Moderate Risk). Management: Monitor for QTc interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias when these agents are combined. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation may be at even higher risk. Risk C: Monitor
QT-prolonging Miscellaneous Agents (Moderate Risk): May increase QTc-prolonging effects of QT-prolonging Antipsychotics (Moderate Risk). Management: Monitor for QTc interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias when these agents are combined. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation may be at even higher risk. Risk C: Monitor
QT-prolonging Moderate CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Moderate Risk): May increase QTc-prolonging effects of QT-prolonging Antipsychotics (Moderate Risk). Management: Monitor for QTc interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias when these agents are combined. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation may be at even higher risk. Risk C: Monitor
QT-prolonging Quinolone Antibiotics (Moderate Risk): May increase QTc-prolonging effects of QT-prolonging Antipsychotics (Moderate Risk). Management: Monitor for QTc interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias when these agents are combined. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation may be at even higher risk. Risk C: Monitor
Quinagolide: Antipsychotic Agents may decrease therapeutic effects of Quinagolide. Risk C: Monitor
Quinagolide: May increase hypotensive effects of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor
QuiNIDine: CloZAPine may increase QTc-prolonging effects of QuiNIDine. CloZAPine may increase anticholinergic effects of QuiNIDine. QuiNIDine may increase serum concentration of CloZAPine. Management: Consider alternatives to this drug combination. If combined, monitor for QTc interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation may be at even higher risk. Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification
Ramosetron: Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may increase constipating effects of Ramosetron. Risk C: Monitor
Revefenacin: Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may increase anticholinergic effects of Revefenacin. Risk X: Avoid
Rilmenidine: May increase CNS depressant effects of CNS Depressants. Risk C: Monitor
RisperiDONE: Agents With Seizure Threshold Lowering Potential may increase adverse/toxic effects of RisperiDONE. Specifically, the risk of seizures may be increased. Risk C: Monitor
Ritlecitinib: May increase serum concentration of CYP1A2 Substrates (Narrow Therapeutic Index/Sensitive with Inhibitors). Risk C: Monitor
Rivastigmine: Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may decrease therapeutic effects of Rivastigmine. Rivastigmine may decrease therapeutic effects of Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects. Management: Use of rivastigmine with an anticholinergic agent is not recommended unless clinically necessary. If the combination is necessary, monitor for reduced anticholinergic effects. Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification
Ropeginterferon Alfa-2b: CNS Depressants may increase adverse/toxic effects of Ropeginterferon Alfa-2b. Specifically, the risk of neuropsychiatric adverse effects may be increased. Management: Avoid coadministration of ropeginterferon alfa-2b and other CNS depressants. If this combination cannot be avoided, monitor patients for neuropsychiatric adverse effects (eg, depression, suicidal ideation, aggression, mania). Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification
Saquinavir: May increase QTc-prolonging effects of CloZAPine. Risk X: Avoid
Secretin: Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may decrease therapeutic effects of Secretin. Management: Avoid concomitant use of anticholinergic agents and secretin. Discontinue anticholinergic agents at least 5 half-lives prior to administration of secretin. Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification
Serotonergic Agents (High Risk): May increase adverse/toxic effects of Antipsychotic Agents. Specifically, serotonergic agents may enhance dopamine blockade, possibly increasing the risk for neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Antipsychotic Agents may increase serotonergic effects of Serotonergic Agents (High Risk). This could result in serotonin syndrome. Risk C: Monitor
Sertindole: May increase QTc-prolonging effects of QT-prolonging Agents (Moderate Risk). Risk X: Avoid
Silodosin: May increase hypotensive effects of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor
Sodium Phosphates: Agents With Seizure Threshold Lowering Potential may increase adverse/toxic effects of Sodium Phosphates. Specifically, the risk of seizure or loss of consciousness may be increased in patients with significant sodium phosphate-induced fluid or electrolyte abnormalities. Risk C: Monitor
Sofpironium: Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may increase anticholinergic effects of Sofpironium. Risk X: Avoid
Sulpiride: Antipsychotic Agents may increase adverse/toxic effects of Sulpiride. Risk X: Avoid
Suvorexant: CNS Depressants may increase CNS depressant effects of Suvorexant. Management: Dose reduction of suvorexant and/or any other CNS depressant may be necessary. Use of suvorexant with alcohol is not recommended, and the use of suvorexant with any other drug to treat insomnia is not recommended. Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification
Talquetamab: May increase serum concentration of CYP Substrates (Narrow Therapeutic Index/Sensitive with Inhibitors). Risk C: Monitor
Tarlatamab: May increase serum concentration of CYP Substrates (Narrow Therapeutic Index/Sensitive with Inhibitors). Risk C: Monitor
Taurursodiol: May decrease serum concentration of CYP1A2 Substrates (Narrow Therapeutic Index/Sensitive with Inducers). Risk X: Avoid
Tetrabenazine: May increase adverse/toxic effects of Antipsychotic Agents. Specifically, the risk for NMS and extrapyramidal symptoms may be increased. Risk C: Monitor
Thalidomide: CNS Depressants may increase CNS depressant effects of Thalidomide. Risk X: Avoid
Thiazide and Thiazide-Like Diuretics: Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may increase serum concentration of Thiazide and Thiazide-Like Diuretics. Risk C: Monitor
Thioridazine: QT-prolonging Agents (Moderate Risk) may increase QTc-prolonging effects of Thioridazine. Risk X: Avoid
Tiapride: Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may decrease therapeutic effects of Tiapride. Risk C: Monitor
Tiotropium: Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may increase anticholinergic effects of Tiotropium. Risk X: Avoid
Tobacco (Smoked): May decrease serum concentration of CloZAPine. Risk C: Monitor
Topiramate: Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may increase adverse/toxic effects of Topiramate. Risk C: Monitor
Trimethobenzamide: Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects may increase anticholinergic effects of Trimethobenzamide. Risk C: Monitor
Umeclidinium: May increase anticholinergic effects of Agents with Clinically Relevant Anticholinergic Effects. Risk X: Avoid
Ustekinumab: May decrease serum concentration of CYP Substrates (Narrow Therapeutic Index/Sensitive with Inducers). Risk C: Monitor
Valerian: May increase CNS depressant effects of CNS Depressants. Risk C: Monitor
Valproic Acid and Derivatives: May increase adverse/toxic effects of CloZAPine. Specifically, the risk for myocarditis, neutropenia, or CNS toxicities may be increased. Valproic Acid and Derivatives may increase serum concentration of CloZAPine. Valproic Acid and Derivatives may decrease serum concentration of CloZAPine. Valproic Acid and Derivatives may decrease active metabolite exposure of CloZAPine. Risk C: Monitor
Vasopressin: Drugs Suspected of Causing Diabetes Insipidus may decrease therapeutic effects of Vasopressin. Specifically, the pressor and antidiuretic hormone effects of vasopressin may be decreased. Risk C: Monitor
Vedolizumab: May decrease serum concentration of CYP Substrates (Narrow Therapeutic Index/Sensitive with Inducers). Risk C: Monitor
Voriconazole: May increase QTc-prolonging effects of QT-prolonging Antipsychotics (Moderate Risk). Management: Monitor for QTc interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias when these agents are combined. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation may be at even higher risk. Risk C: Monitor
Zolpidem: CNS Depressants may increase CNS depressant effects of Zolpidem. Management: Reduce the Intermezzo brand sublingual zolpidem adult dose to 1.75 mg for men who are also receiving other CNS depressants. No such dose change is recommended for women. Avoid use with other CNS depressants at bedtime; avoid use with alcohol. Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification
Zuranolone: May increase CNS depressant effects of CNS Depressants. Management: Consider alternatives to the use of zuranolone with other CNS depressants or alcohol. If combined, consider a zuranolone dose reduction and monitor patients closely for increased CNS depressant effects. Risk D: Consider Therapy Modification
Evaluate pregnancy status and provide preconception counseling prior to initiating treatment in patients who could become pregnant (APA [Keepers 2020]; BAP [McAllister-Williams 2017]; CANMAT [Yatham 2018]).
Hormonal contraceptives may increase the serum concentration of clozapine during the active hormonal phase compared to the inactive non-hormonal phase. Dose adjustments of clozapine may be needed; monitor closely. Alternative contraception methods that do not undergo first-pass hepatic metabolism may be preferred (McCloskey 2021). Consult drug interactions database for detailed information specific to the use of clozapine and contraceptives.
Patients effectively treated may continue their current antipsychotic medication when planning a pregnancy unless contraindications exist (ACOG 2023; BAP [McAllister-Williams 2017]); the lowest effective dose and avoidance of polytherapy is recommended (BAP [Barnes 2020]; BAP [McAllister-Williams 2017]; CANMAT [Yatham 2018]). Management of mental health conditions in patients who could become pregnant should be based on a shared decision-making process that considers the possibility of pregnancy during treatment and the risks of discontinuing antipsychotic therapy (ACOG 2023; BAP [McAllister-Williams 2017]; CANMAT [Yatham 2018]).
Antipsychotic agents may be associated with sexual dysfunction. Some second generation (atypical) antipsychotics may cause hyperprolactinemia, resulting in menstrual disorders or impaired spermatogenesis. Consider changing to a medication that is prolactin-sparing in patients with clinical symptoms. Contraception should be provided if pregnancy is not desired, as unintended pregnancies may occur when changing to a prolactin-sparing medication (APA [Keepers 2020]; BAP [McAllister-Williams 2017]).
Clozapine and the desmethyl metabolite (norclozapine) cross the placenta and can be detected in the fetal blood and amniotic fluid (Barnas 1994; Imaz 2018).
Outcome data following exposure to second generation (atypical) antipsychotics (SGAs) as a class do not show a significant increased risk of major congenital malformations (BAP [Barnes 2020]); however, specific outcomes vary due to differences in study design (BAP [McAllister-Williams 2017]; Beex-Oosterhuis 2021; Damkier 2018; Ellfolk 2021; Huybrechts 2016; Huybrechts 2023; Liu 2023; Mehta 2017; Terrana 2015; Thanigaivel 2022; Viguera 2021; Wang 2021). Clozapine is one of the SGAs with more limited data for first-trimester exposure (BAP [McAllister-Williams 2017]). Additional studies are needed for individual agents and specific outcomes (BAP [Barnes 2020]). Data related to the long-term effects of in utero antipsychotic exposure on infant neurodevelopment and behavior are limited (BAP [McAllister-Williams 2017]; Straub 2022; Swetlik 2024).
Antipsychotic use during the third trimester of pregnancy increases the risk for extrapyramidal symptoms and/or withdrawal symptoms in newborns following delivery (Viguera 2023). Symptoms in the newborn may include agitation, feeding disorder, hypertonia, hypotonia, respiratory distress, somnolence, and tremor. Monitor infants and manage appropriately. These effects may require prolonged hospitalization or resolve within hours or days without specific treatment. Tapering the dose late in pregnancy to reduce the risk of symptoms is not recommended (APA [Keepers 2020]).
Atypical antipsychotics are associated with metabolic changes and the risk varies by specific agent. Available studies that evaluated the risk of developing gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) during antipsychotic therapy have conflicting results, possibly due to differences in study design (ACOG 2023; Uguz 2019). High-risk metabolic SGAs include clozapine, which is associated with higher risk for GDM and infants born large for GA than those that are non-exposed (Heinonen 2022). Pregnant patients with diabetes mellitus or GDM may continue antipsychotic treatment (ACOG 2023). Consider the metabolic risks of the specific antipsychotic if treatment is initiated for the first time during pregnancy (Heinonen 2022). Screening for GDM should continue as part of standard prenatal care; early screening is not needed due to psychiatric medication exposure (ACOG 2023; BAP [McAllister-Williams 2017]).
Untreated and undertreated mental health conditions are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes (ACOG 2023). Adverse obstetric and neonatal outcomes are associated with schizophrenia; however, comparisons between treated and untreated pregnancies are limited (BAP [McAllister-Williams 2017]). Untreated bipolar disorder is associated with fetal growth restriction, preterm birth, adverse neurodevelopment, and may increase the risk of postpartum psychosis, worsening mood, and postpartum hospitalization. Discontinuing effective medications during pregnancy increases the risk of symptom relapse (ACOG 2023). Patients effectively treated for schizophrenia or bipolar disorder pre-pregnancy may use the same medication during pregnancy unless contraindications exist (ACOG 2023; APA [Keepers 2020]). SGAs are better tolerated than first-generation (typical) antipsychotics (ACOG 2023).
Management of mental health conditions should be made as part of a shared decision-making process (ACOG 2023; BAP [McAllister-Williams 2017]). Treatment should not be withheld or discontinued based only on pregnancy status. When medications are used, the lowest effective dose of a single agent is recommended. Optimize dosing prior to changing a medication or adding additional agents whenever possible. Close monitoring for symptom improvement with a validated screening tool during pregnancy is recommended. Manage side effects as needed (ACOG 2023).
Data collection to monitor pregnancy and infant outcomes following exposure to psychiatric medications is ongoing. Encourage pregnant patients 45 years of age and younger with a history of psychiatric illness to enroll in the National Pregnancy Registry for Psychiatric Mediations (1-866-961-2388 or https://womensmentalhealth.org/research/pregnancyregistry/).
Clozapine is present in breast milk.
Data related to the presence of clozapine in breast milk are limited:
- Clozapine breast milk concentrations were higher than the maternal plasma in 1 case report. Breast milk was sampled in a patient following use of clozapine 50 mg/day during pregnancy. On the first day postpartum, maternal plasma and breast milk concentrations were 14.7 ng/mL and 63.5 ng/mL, respectively. Three days after delivery the dose was increased to 100 mg/day. Concentrations of clozapine in the maternal plasma were 41.4 ng/mL and 114.6 ng/mL in breast milk 1 week after delivery. The infant was not breastfed (Barnas 1994).
Infant outcome data following exposure to clozapine via breast milk are also limited (Imaz 2018; Mendhekar 2007; Uguz 2020; Uygur 2019). A review article provides information on 4 infants exposed to clozapine via breast milk. Two had no adverse events, excessive sleepiness was reported in 1, and agranulocytosis which resolved when breastfeeding was discontinued occurred in 1 infant. No additional details were provided (Dev 1995). Drowsiness, irritability, motor abnormalities, poor feeding, sedation, and slowed development have been reported in infants exposed to antipsychotics via breast milk. Monitor breastfed infants, especially those who are premature or of low birth weight, or when other sedative drugs are also prescribed (BAP [Barnes]; BAP [McAllister-Williams 2017]).
According to the manufacturer, the decision to breastfeed during therapy should consider the risk of infant exposure, the benefits of breastfeeding to the infant, and the benefits of treatment to the mother; monitor breastfed infants for excess sedation and neutropenia. Due to the potential for adverse effects to an infant exposed via breast milk (eg, blood dyscrasias, neonatal seizures), use of clozapine is not recommended in patients who are breastfeeding (BAP [Barnes 2020]; BAP [McAllister-Williams 2017]).
Some products may contain phenylalanine.
The only mandatory monitoring is the routine ANC, however, monitoring of several other clinical outcomes is recommended. Clozapine-treated patients should be monitored as frequently as possible in the first few weeks during titration.
|
Frequency of Antipsychotic Monitoring for Clozapine a,b | ||
|---|---|---|
|
Monitoring parameter |
Frequency of monitoring |
Comments |
|
a For all monitoring parameters, it is appropriate to check at baseline and when clinically relevant (based on symptoms or suspected adverse reactions) in addition to the timeline. | ||
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b ADA 2004, APA [Keepers 2020], De Hert 2011a, De Hert 2011b, Gugger 2011, Knoph 2018; Nielsen 2012, Palmer 2008, manufacturer's labeling. | ||
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c Signs and symptoms of myocarditis include asymptomatic tachycardia, chest pain, eosinophilia, fatigue, fever, palpitations, peripheral edema, and shortness of breath. | ||
|
d Risk factors for extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) include prior history of EPS, high doses of antipsychotics, young age (children and adolescents at higher risk than adults), and dopaminergic affinity of individual antipsychotic. | ||
|
e Risk factors for tardive dyskinesia include age >55 years; females; White or African ethnicity; presence of a mood disorder, intellectual disability, or central nervous system injury; and past or current EPS. | ||
|
Adherence |
Every visit |
|
|
Blood chemistries (electrolytes, renal function, liver function, thyroid stimulating hormone) |
Annually |
|
|
Bowel function |
Every visit |
|
|
CBC (ANC) |
Refer to “ANC monitoring” section following this table (~weekly for 6 months, biweekly for 6 months, then monthly after 1 year). |
|
|
ECG |
Check at baseline to monitor for myocarditis only if there are cardiac risk factors; repeat if significant change in dose or addition of other QTc-prolonging drugs in patients with risk factors or elevated baseline QTc. |
|
|
Echocardiogram |
Check at baseline only if there are cardiac risk factors; repeat if signs or symptoms of myocarditis develop.c |
To monitor for myocarditis |
|
Extrapyramidal symptoms |
Every visit; 4 weeks after initiation and dose change; annually. Use a formalized rating scale at least annually or every 6 months if high risk.d |
|
|
Fall risk |
Every visit |
|
|
Fasting plasma glucose/HbA1c |
4 months after initiation; annually |
Check more frequently than annually if abnormal. Follow diabetes guidelines. |
|
Lipid panel |
4 months after initiation; annually |
Check more frequently than annually if abnormal. Follow lipid guidelines. |
|
Mental status and alertness |
Every visit |
|
|
Metabolic syndrome history |
Annually |
Evaluate for personal and family history of obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, or cardiovascular disease. |
|
Myocarditis monitoring (C-reactive protein, eosinophils, troponin) |
Repeat weekly during first 6 weeks of treatment OR if signs or symptoms of myocarditis develop.c |
|
|
Prolactin |
Ask about symptoms at every visit until dose is stable. Check prolactin level if symptoms are reported. |
Hyperprolactinemia symptoms: Changes in menstruation, libido, gynecomastia, development of galactorrhea, and erectile and ejaculatory function. |
|
Serum clozapine concentration |
As clinically appropriate. |
Check concentrations when trying to establish maintenance dose or to confirm adherence. |
|
Smoking patterns |
Regularly; assess with hospitalization. |
Cessation may cause toxicity in a patient stabilized on clozapine. In patients expected to have a prolonged hospital stay with forced smoking cessation, consider baseline serum clozapine levels and/or empiric dosage adjustments. |
|
Tardive dyskinesia |
Every visit; annually. Use a formalized rating scale at least annually or every 6 months if high risk.e |
|
|
Vital signs (BP, orthostatics, temperature, pulse, signs of infection) |
Every visit (at least weekly during first 3 to 4 weeks of treatment); 4 weeks after dose change. May stop monitoring temperature after first 8 weeks of treatment. |
|
|
Weight/height/BMI |
8 and 12 weeks after initiation and dose change; quarterly. |
Consider monitoring waist circumference at baseline and annually, especially in patients with or at risk for metabolic syndrome. Consider changing antipsychotic if BMI increases by ≥1 unit. Some experts recommend checking weight and height at every visit. |
ANC monitoring:
US labeling:
Note: See below for considerations during COVID-19 quarantine, in patients with Duffy-null associated neutrophil counts (previously called benign ethnic neutropenia), hospice situations, use of concurrent medications that cause neutropenia, and Canadian labeling. Laboratory hematology results may be presented in different units; 1 mcL = 1 mm3.
General population: Prior to initiating treatment, obtain a baseline ANC; the ANC must be ≥1,500/mm3 for the general population in order to initiate treatment. During the first 6 months of treatment, monitor the ANC weekly. If the ANC remains ≥1,500/mm3, the monitoring frequency can be reduced to every 2 weeks for the next 6 months. If the ANC remains ≥1,500/mm3 for the second 6 months of continuous therapy, the ANC monitoring frequency can be reduced to once every 4 weeks.
Treatment interruption: If ANC is ≥1,500/mm3 and treatment is interrupted for <30 days, continue monitoring as before; if ≥30 days, monitor as if a new patient.
Treatment discontinuation: For abrupt clozapine discontinuation for a reason unrelated to neutropenia in the general population, continuation of ANC monitoring is recommended until the ANC is ≥1,500/mm3. Additional ANC monitoring is required for any patient reporting onset of fever, defined as a temperature of ≥38.5°C (≥101.3°F), during the 2 weeks after discontinuation.
Monitor patients for psychosis and cholinergic rebound (eg, headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, profuse diaphoresis).
Hematologic toxicity monitoring: Confirm all initial reports of ANC <1,500/mm3 with a repeat ANC within 24 hours.
Fever: Interrupt clozapine as a precautionary measure in any patient who develops a fever, defined as a temperature of ≥38.5°C (≥101.3°F), and obtain an ANC level. Fever is often the first sign of neutropenic infection, however, it is also a symptom of Duffy-null associated neutrophil.
Mild neutropenia (1,000 to 1,499/mm3): Continue treatment; monitor ANC 3 times weekly until ≥1,500/mm3 and then return to previous monitoring schedule.
Moderate neutropenia (500 to 999/mm3): Interrupt therapy, recommend hematology consultation, and begin daily ANC monitoring until ANC ≥1,000/mm3 and then may consider restarting therapy. Follow with 3 times weekly monitoring until ANC ≥1,500/mm3. Once ANC ≥1,500/mm3, check ANC weekly for 4 weeks and then return to previous monitoring schedule.
If fever occurs in any patient with an ANC <1,000/mm3, initiate appropriate workup and treatment for infection.
Severe neutropenia (<500/mm3): Interrupt therapy, recommend hematology consultation, and begin daily ANC monitoring until ANC ≥1,000/mm3. Follow with 3 times weekly monitoring until ANC ≥1,500/mm3. Do not rechallenge unless prescriber determines benefits outweigh risks. If rechallenged, resume treatment as a new patient once ANC ≥1,500/mm3.
Duffy-null associated neutrophil count (formerly called benign ethnic neutropenia): Prior to initiating treatment, obtain at least 2 baseline ANC levels, including the ANC; the ANC must be ≥1,000/mm3 for patients with documented Duffy-null associated neutrophil count in order to initiate treatment. During the first 6 months of treatment, monitor the ANC weekly. If the ANC remains ≥1,000/mm3, the monitoring frequency can be reduced to every 2 weeks for the next 6 months. If the ANC remains ≥1,000/mm3 for the second 6 months of continuous therapy, the ANC monitoring frequency can be reduced to once every 4 weeks.
Treatment interruption: If ANC is ≥1,000/mm3 and treatment is interrupted for <30 days, continue monitoring as before; if ≥30 days, monitor as if a new patient.
Treatment discontinuation: For abrupt clozapine discontinuation for a reason unrelated to neutropenia in patients with Duffy-null associated neutrophil, continuation of ANC monitoring is recommended until the ANC is ≥1,000/mm3 or above the baseline. Additional ANC monitoring is required for any patient reporting onset of fever, defined as a temperature of ≥38.5°C (≥101.3°F), during the 2 weeks after discontinuation.
Monitor patients for psychosis and cholinergic rebound (eg, headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, profuse diaphoresis).
Hematologic toxicity monitoring: Confirm all initial reports of ANC <1,500/mm3 with a repeat ANC within 24 hours.
Fever: Interrupt clozapine as a precautionary measure in any patient who develops a fever, defined as a temperature of ≥38.5°C (≥101.3°F), and obtain an ANC level. Fever is often the first sign of neutropenic infection, however, it is also a symptom of Duffy-null associated neutrophil count.
Duffy-null associated neutrophil count (500 to 999/mm3): Continue therapy, recommend hematology consultation, and begin 3 times weekly ANC monitoring until ANC ≥1,000/mm3 or greater than or equal to patient's known baseline. Once ANC ≥1,000/mm3 or patient's known baseline, check ANC weekly for 4 weeks and then return to previous monitoring schedule.
If fever occurs in any patient with an ANC <1,000/mm3, initiate appropriate workup and treatment for infection.
Severe Duffy-null associated neutrophil (<500/mm3): Interrupt therapy, recommend hematology consultation, and begin daily ANC monitoring until ANC ≥500/mm3. Follow with 3 times weekly monitoring until ANC greater than or equal to patient's baseline. Do not rechallenge unless prescriber determines benefits outweigh risks. If rechallenged, resume treatment as a new patient once ANC ≥1,000/mm3.
COVID-19 considerations: Due to challenges with self-isolation or quarantine, the FDA recommends considering whether or not there are compelling reasons to complete required laboratory testing and to weigh the benefits and risks of continuing treatment in the absence of laboratory testing (FDA 2020).
A meta-analysis of 7 studies suggests the risk for neutropenia peaks within the first month of therapy and drops over time to negligible levels by 1 year of treatment (Myles 2018). Some experts suggest it may be reasonable to reduce testing frequency to every 3 months in patients who have received clozapine for ≥1 year and have never had an ANC <2,000/mm3 (or <1,500/mm3 if history of Duffy-null associated neutrophil count [formerly called benign ethnic neutropenia]). Patients without ANC monitoring who develop symptoms such as sore throat and fever should be assessed for neutropenia and COVID-19. Expert consensus guidelines suggest the following modifications for consideration (Chengappa 2022; Siskind 2020b):
ANC monitoring:
Continuous clozapine treatment for 1 year: If there is no safe or practical access to lab draws, may reduce frequency of ANC testing to every 3 months and dispense a 90-day supply if patient has never had an ANC <2,000/mm3 (or <1,500/mm3 if history of Duffy-null associated neutrophil count [formerly called benign ethnic neutropenia]).
Continuous clozapine treatment for 6 to 12 months: Make decisions about ANC monitoring on a case by case basis.
Initiating clozapine: Adhere to standard protocols for ANC monitoring for the first 6 months.
Infection symptoms:
Patients without ANC monitoring who develop symptoms such as sore throat and fever should be assessed for neutropenia and COVID-19 (Chengappa 2022; Siskind 2020b). Considerations with COVID-19 and other infections include:
• In patients with any symptoms of infection such as cough, fever and chills, sore throat, or other flu-like symptoms, complete an urgent physician assessment including an ANC. Clozapine may be associated with a higher risk of pneumonia due to sialorrhea and aspiration.
• Clozapine levels may increase with acute systemic infections and lead to symptoms of acute clozapine toxicity including sedation, myoclonus, and seizures. In addition, patients with respiratory infections may reduce or cease smoking, also leading to increased clozapine levels. If patients with fever and flu-like symptoms develop symptoms of clozapine toxicity, consider reducing the clozapine dose by up to 50%. Continue the lower dose until 3 days after the fever has subsided, then increase slowly to the pre-fever dose. Use clozapine serum levels as needed to assist with dosing adjustments, particularly after large dose changes, inadequate response, or unexpected adverse effects (Siskind 2020b).
Hospice patients: For hospice patients (ie, terminally ill patients with an estimated life expectancy of ≤6 months), ANC monitoring may be reduced to a frequency of once every 6 months after a discussion with the patient and caregiver. Base ANC monitoring on individual treatment needs to control psychiatric symptoms and terminal illness.
Concurrent use of other drugs associated with neutropenia: If clozapine is used concurrently with an agent known to cause neutropenia (eg, some chemotherapeutic agents), consider monitoring patients more closely. Consult with treating oncologist in patients receiving concomitant chemotherapy.
Canadian labeling:
Prior to initiating treatment, obtain a baseline ANC; the ANC must be ≥2,000/mm3 in order to initiate treatment. Initiate treatment in an inpatient setting or an outpatient setting with medical supervision and monitor of vital signs for at least 6 to 8 hours after the first few doses. During the first 6 months (26 weeks) of treatment, ANC should be obtained at baseline and at least weekly. If count remains acceptable (ANC ≥2,000/mm3) during this time period, then may be monitored every other week for the next 6 months (26 weeks). If ANC continues to remain within these acceptable limits after the second 6 months (26 weeks) of therapy, monitoring can be decreased to every 4 weeks.
Special populations: Patients with low WBC counts because of Duffy-null associated neutrophil count (formerly called benign ethnic neutropenia) should be given special consideration and may be started on clozapine after consultation with a hematologist. Patients with a history of bone marrow disorders should be evaluated by a hematologist prior to starting clozapine; therapy may be initiated if the benefit outweighs the risk.
Treatment interruption: Note: Only applies to patients with ANC ≥2,000/mm3. If treatment is interrupted for <3 days, continue monitoring as before. If ≥3 days of therapy interruption, resume weekly hematologic monitoring for an additional 6 weeks, then resume previous monitoring schedule. If treatment is interrupted for >4 weeks, monitor as if a new patient.
Hematologic toxicity monitoring:
ANC 1,500 to 2,000/mm3: Continue treatment; monitor ANC twice weekly until counts stabilize or increase, then return to previous monitoring schedule.
ANC <1,500/mm3: Discontinue treatment and do not rechallenge patient; continue to monitor WBC/ANC daily until hematologic abnormality is resolved; monitor for signs of infection. If WBC falls <1,000/mm3 or ANC falls <500/mm3, place patient in protective isolation with close observation.
Eosinophilia (eosinophil count >3,000/mm3): Discontinue treatment and restart only after the eosinophil count is <1,000/mm3. Patients with both eosinophilia and clozapine-induced myocarditis should not be re-exposed to clozapine.
Thrombocytopenia (platelet count <50,000/mm3): Discontinue treatment.
Timing of serum samples: Draw trough ~10 hours (range: 8 to 12 hours) after last dose; typically immediately before morning dose (Gaertner 2001b; Hiemke 2018; VanderZwaag 1996).
Therapeutic reference range (clozapine only): 350 to 600 ng/mL (SI: 1,071 to 1,836 nmol/L). Ratios of clozapine to the metabolite norclozapine may provide perspectives on the metabolism of clozapine. A clozapine:norclozapine ratio <2 suggests the involvement of factors that induce clozapine metabolism, including cigarette smoking and interacting medications. A ratio >2 suggests a nontrough sample, a recent missed dose, or metabolism inhibition or saturation (Costa-Dookhan 2020).
Laboratory alert level (clozapine): 1,000 ng/mL (SI: 3,060 nmol/L) (Hiemke 2018).
The therapeutic efficacy of clozapine (dibenzodiazepine antipsychotic) is proposed to be mediated through antagonism of the dopamine type 2 (D2) and serotonin type 2A (5-HT2A) receptors. In addition, it acts as an antagonist at alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, cholinergic, and other dopaminergic and serotonergic receptors.
Onset of action: Oral:
Bipolar disorder, acute mania: Initial effects may be observed within days of treatment with continued improvements over 1 to 2 weeks (Goikolea 2013; Tohen 2000; Welten 2016).
Parkinson disease psychosis: Initial effects may be observed within 1 week with continued improvements over 2 to 3 months (Pintor 2012; Pollak 2004).
Schizophrenia: Initial effects may be observed within 1 to 2 weeks of treatment with continued improvements through 4 to 8 weeks (Adnan 2022; Agid 2003; Levine 2010). The slow titration of clozapine delays time to therapeutic dose. As a result, trials longer than 8 weeks are recommended (CPA [Remington 2017]).
Duration of action: Variable.
Protein binding: 97% to serum proteins.
Metabolism: Extensively hepatic via CYP1A2 (primary), 2C19, 3A4 and 2D6; forms metabolites with limited (desmethyl metabolite) or no activity (hydroxylated and N-oxide derivative derivatives). Note: A pediatric pharmacokinetic study (n=6; age: 9 to 16 years) found higher concentrations of the desmethyl metabolite in comparison to clozapine (especially in females) when compared to data from adult studies; the authors suggest that both the parent drug and desmethyl metabolite contribute to the efficacy and adverse effect profile in children and adolescents (Frazier 2003; Sheehan 2010).
Bioavailability: 27% to 50% (not affected by food); orally disintegrating tablets, regular tablets, and oral suspension are bioequivalent (Gareri 2003; Guitton 1998).
Half-life elimination: Steady state: 12 hours (range: 4 to 66 hours).
Time to peak: Suspension: 2.2 hours (range: 1 to 3.5 hours); Tablets: 2.5 hours (range: 1 to 6 hours); Orally disintegrating tablets: 2.3 hours (range: 1 to 6 hours).
Excretion: Urine (~50%) and feces (30%) with trace amounts of unchanged drug.
Altered kidney function: Clozapine concentrations may be increased.
Hepatic function impairment: Clozapine concentrations may be increased.
