Acquired disorders/conditions associated with increased fetal hemoglobin (Hb F)

Delayed switch from fetal to adult hemoglobin (Hb F to Hb A)

Prematurity

Infants of diabetic mothers

Trisomy 13

Bone marrow regeneration/increased erythropoiesis

After acute blood loss

After iron replacement in severe iron deficiency

Following chemotherapy

Following hematopoietic stem cell transplant

Acute hemolysis

During recovery from transient erythroblastopenia of childhood (TEC)

Pregnancy-associated erythroid expansion

Inherited and acquired bone marrow failure

Fanconi anemia, dyskeratosis congenita, Diamond-Blackfan anemia, Shwachman-Diamond syndrome

Acquired aplastic anemia

Malignancies

Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML)

Other hematologic malignancies (AML, MDS, erythroleukemia, ALL, CML)

Solid tumors (choriocarcinoma, adenocarcinoma of the lung, hepatoma)

With the exception of trisomy 13, Hb F increases in the categories of delayed hemoglobin switching and bone marrow regeneration are likely to be transient. Refer to UpToDate for additional discussion of the causes and mechanisms of increased Hb F.

AML: acute myeloid leukemia; MDS: myelodysplastic syndrome; ALL: acute lymphocytic leukemia; CML: chronic myelogenous leukemia.

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Acquired disorders/conditions associated with increased fetal hemoglobin (Hb F)

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