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Arformoterol: Drug information

Arformoterol: Drug information
(For additional information see "Arformoterol: Patient drug information")

For abbreviations, symbols, and age group definitions used in Lexicomp (show table)
Brand Names: US
  • Brovana
Pharmacologic Category
  • Beta2 Agonist;
  • Beta2-Adrenergic Agonist, Long-Acting
Dosing: Adult
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, maintenance

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, maintenance:

Note: Depending on symptoms and exacerbation risk, may use monotherapy long-acting bronchodilator (long-acting beta agonist or long-acting muscarinic antagonist). In patients with more symptoms (eg, Group B), use in combination with long-acting muscarinic antagonist. In addition, a short-acting bronchodilator is used for intermittent symptom relief (Ref).

Nebulization solution: Oral inhalation: 15 mcg twice daily.

Dosing: Kidney Impairment: Adult

No dosage adjustment necessary.

Dosing: Hepatic Impairment: Adult

No dosage adjustment necessary. However, arformoterol is primarily metabolized in the liver and plasma levels may be increased; use with caution and monitor closely.

Dosing: Older Adult

Refer to adult dosing.

Adverse Reactions

The following adverse drug reactions and incidences are derived from product labeling unless otherwise specified.

2% to 10%:

Cardiovascular: Chest pain (7%), peripheral edema (3%)

Central nervous system: Pain (8%)

Dermatologic: Skin rash (4%)

Gastrointestinal: Diarrhea (6%)

Neuromuscular & skeletal: Back pain (6%), leg cramps (4%)

Respiratory: Dyspnea (4%), sinusitis (5%), flu-like symptoms (3%), respiratory congestion (2%)

<2%: Abscess, agitation, arteriosclerosis, arthralgia, arthritis, atrial flutter, atrioventricular block, bone disease, calcium crystalluria, cardiac failure, cerebral infarction, constipation, cystitis, decreased glucose tolerance, dehydration, digitalis intoxication, drowsiness, ECG changes, edema, fever, gastritis, glaucoma, glycosuria, gout, heart block, hematuria, hernia, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, hypersensitivity reaction, hypoglycemia, hypokalemia, hypokinesia, inversion T wave on ECG, lung carcinoma, melena, myocardial infarction, neck stiffness, neoplasm, nephrolithiasis, nocturia, oral candidiasis, paradoxical bronchospasm, paralysis, paresthesia (circumoral), pelvic pain, periodontal abscess, prolonged QT interval on ECG, prostate specific antigen increase, pyuria, rectal hemorrhage, retroperitoneal hemorrhage, rheumatoid arthritis, skin discoloration, skin hypertrophy, supraventricular tachycardia, tendinous contracture, tremor, urinary tract abnormality, urine abnormality, viral infection, visual disturbance, voice disorder, xeroderma

Contraindications

Hypersensitivity to arformoterol, racemic formoterol, or to any component of the formulation; monotherapy (without use of a concomitant inhaled corticosteroid) in the treatment of asthma.

Warnings/Precautions

Concerns related to adverse effects:

• Asthma-related deaths: Monotherapy with a long-acting beta-2 agonist (LABA) is contraindicated in the treatment of asthma. The use of LABAs as monotherapy has been associated with an increased risk of severe exacerbations and asthma-related deaths (SMART [Nelson 2006]; Walters 2007); additional data from other clinical trials suggest risk of asthma-related hospitalization may also be increased with LABA monotherapy in pediatric and adolescent patients. However, data from large, randomized, double-blind controlled trials do not show a significant increase in risk of serious asthma-related events (including hospitalizations, intubations, and death) in adults, adolescents, and pediatric patients (4 to 11 years of age) when fixed-dose LABAs are used with inhaled corticosteroids combined in a single inhaler compared with inhaled corticosteroid monotherapy (FDA 2017). Arformoterol is not indicated for the treatment of asthma.

• Bronchospasm: Paradoxical bronchospasm that may be life-threatening may occur with use of inhaled bronchodilating agents; this reaction should be distinguished from inadequate response. Discontinue immediately if paradoxical bronchospasm occurs and institute alternative therapy.

• Hypersensitivity reactions: Immediate hypersensitivity reactions (anaphylaxis, urticaria, angioedema, rash, bronchospasm) have been reported.

• Serious effects/fatalities: Do not exceed recommended dose or frequency or use with other medications containing LABAs; serious adverse events, including fatalities, have been associated with excessive use of inhaled sympathomimetics.

Disease-related concerns:

• Cardiovascular disease: Use with caution in patients with cardiovascular disease (eg, arrhythmia, hypertension, HF); beta-agonists may cause elevation in blood pressure, heart rate and result in CNS stimulation/excitation. Beta-2 agonists have been reported to produce ECG changes, such as flattening of the T wave, prolongation of the QTc interval, and ST segment depression.

• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Appropriate use: Do not use for acute episodes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Do not initiate in patients with significantly worsening or acutely deteriorating COPD. Available data do not suggest an increased risk of death with use of LABA in patients with COPD.

• Diabetes: Use with caution in patients with diabetes mellitus. Beta-2 agonists may increase serum glucose and aggravate preexisting diabetes mellitus and ketoacidosis.

• Hepatic impairment: Use with caution in patients with hepatic impairment; systemic exposure is increased.

• Hyperthyroidism: Use with caution in patients with hyperthyroidism; may stimulate thyroid activity.

• Hypokalemia: Use with caution in patients with hypokalemia; beta-2 agonists may decrease serum potassium (transient).

• Seizures: Use with caution in patients with seizure disorders; beta-2 agonists may result in CNS stimulation/excitation.

Special populations:

• Pediatric: LABAs, when used as monotherapy, may increase the risk of asthma-related hospitalization in pediatric and adolescent patients. When LABAs are used in a fixed-dose combination with inhaled corticosteroids, data from large clinical trials in adolescents do not show a significant increase in the risk of serious asthma-related events (hospitalizations, intubations, death) compared to inhaled corticosteroids alone.

Other warnings/precautions:

• Patient information: Patients using inhaled, short-acting beta-2 agonists (eg, albuterol) should be instructed to discontinue routine use of these medications prior to beginning treatment; short-acting agents should be reserved for symptomatic relief of acute symptoms. Patients must be instructed to seek medical attention in cases where acute symptoms are not relieved or a previous level of response is diminished. The need to increase frequency of use of short-acting beta-2 agonists may indicate deterioration of COPD, and medical evaluation must not be delayed.

• Tolerance/Tachyphylaxis: Tolerance to the bronchodilator effect, measured by FEV1, has been observed in studies.

Dosage Forms: US

Excipient information presented when available (limited, particularly for generics); consult specific product labeling.

Nebulization Solution, Inhalation:

Brovana: 15 mcg/2 mL (2 mL)

Generic: 15 mcg/2 mL (2 mL)

Generic Equivalent Available: US

Yes

Pricing: US

Nebulization (Arformoterol Tartrate Inhalation)

15 mcg/2 mL (per mL): $2.50 - $10.69

Nebulization (Brovana Inhalation)

15 mcg/2 mL (per mL): $11.26

Disclaimer: A representative AWP (Average Wholesale Price) price or price range is provided as reference price only. A range is provided when more than one manufacturer's AWP price is available and uses the low and high price reported by the manufacturers to determine the range. The pricing data should be used for benchmarking purposes only, and as such should not be used alone to set or adjudicate any prices for reimbursement or purchasing functions or considered to be an exact price for a single product and/or manufacturer. Medi-Span expressly disclaims all warranties of any kind or nature, whether express or implied, and assumes no liability with respect to accuracy of price or price range data published in its solutions. In no event shall Medi-Span be liable for special, indirect, incidental, or consequential damages arising from use of price or price range data. Pricing data is updated monthly.

Administration: Adult

Oral inhalation: Nebulization solution: Remove each vial from individually sealed foil pouch immediately before use. Use with standard jet nebulizer connected to an air compressor; administer with mouthpiece or face mask. Administer vial undiluted; compatibility with other medications (eg, budesonide, ipratropium) in nebulizer has been reported (Ref); also refer to institution-specific policies.

Use: Labeled Indications

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, maintenance: Long-term maintenance treatment of bronchoconstriction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), including chronic bronchitis and emphysema.

Metabolism/Transport Effects

None known.

Drug Interactions

Note: Interacting drugs may not be individually listed below if they are part of a group interaction (eg, individual drugs within “CYP3A4 Inducers [Strong]” are NOT listed). For a complete list of drug interactions by individual drug name and detailed management recommendations, use the Lexicomp drug interactions program by clicking on the “Launch drug interactions program” link above.

Atomoxetine: May enhance the tachycardic effect of Beta2-Agonists. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Atomoxetine: May enhance the hypertensive effect of Sympathomimetics. Atomoxetine may enhance the tachycardic effect of Sympathomimetics. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Atosiban: Beta2-Agonists may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Atosiban. Specifically, there may be an increased risk for pulmonary edema and/or dyspnea. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Beta2-Agonists (Long-Acting): May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of other Beta2-Agonists (Long-Acting). Risk X: Avoid combination

Beta-Blockers (Beta1 Selective): May diminish the bronchodilatory effect of Beta2-Agonists. Of particular concern with nonselective beta-blockers or higher doses of the beta1 selective beta-blockers. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Beta-Blockers (Nonselective): May diminish the bronchodilatory effect of Beta2-Agonists. Risk X: Avoid combination

Cannabinoid-Containing Products: May enhance the tachycardic effect of Sympathomimetics. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Cocaine (Topical): May enhance the hypertensive effect of Sympathomimetics. Management: Consider alternatives to use of this combination when possible. Monitor closely for substantially increased blood pressure or heart rate and for any evidence of myocardial ischemia with concurrent use. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Doxofylline: Sympathomimetics may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Doxofylline. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Guanethidine: May enhance the arrhythmogenic effect of Sympathomimetics. Guanethidine may enhance the hypertensive effect of Sympathomimetics. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Haloperidol: QT-prolonging Agents (Indeterminate Risk - Caution) may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of Haloperidol. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Kratom: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Sympathomimetics. Risk X: Avoid combination

Levothyroxine: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Sympathomimetics. Specifically, the risk of coronary insufficiency may be increased in patients with coronary artery disease. Levothyroxine may enhance the therapeutic effect of Sympathomimetics. Sympathomimetics may enhance the therapeutic effect of Levothyroxine. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Linezolid: May enhance the hypertensive effect of Sympathomimetics. Management: Consider initial dose reductions of sympathomimetic agents, and closely monitor for enhanced blood pressure elevations, in patients receiving linezolid. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Loop Diuretics: Beta2-Agonists may enhance the hypokalemic effect of Loop Diuretics. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Loxapine: Agents to Treat Airway Disease may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Loxapine. More specifically, the use of Agents to Treat Airway Disease is likely a marker of patients who are likely at a greater risk for experiencing significant bronchospasm from use of inhaled loxapine. Management: This is specific to the Adasuve brand of loxapine, which is an inhaled formulation. This does not apply to non-inhaled formulations of loxapine. Risk X: Avoid combination

Methacholine: Beta2-Agonists (Long-Acting) may diminish the therapeutic effect of Methacholine. Management: Hold long-acting beta2 agonists for 36 hours before methacholine use. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Beta2-Agonists. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Ozanimod: May enhance the hypertensive effect of Sympathomimetics. Risk C: Monitor therapy

QT-prolonging Agents (Highest Risk): QT-prolonging Agents (Indeterminate Risk - Caution) may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of QT-prolonging Agents (Highest Risk). Management: Monitor for QTc interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias when these agents are combined. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation may be at even higher risk. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Solriamfetol: Sympathomimetics may enhance the hypertensive effect of Solriamfetol. Sympathomimetics may enhance the tachycardic effect of Solriamfetol. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Sympathomimetics: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of other Sympathomimetics. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Tedizolid: May enhance the hypertensive effect of Sympathomimetics. Tedizolid may enhance the tachycardic effect of Sympathomimetics. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Theophylline Derivatives: Beta2-Agonists may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Theophylline Derivatives. Specifically, sympathomimetic effects may be increased. Theophylline Derivatives may enhance the hypokalemic effect of Beta2-Agonists. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Thiazide and Thiazide-Like Diuretics: Beta2-Agonists may enhance the hypokalemic effect of Thiazide and Thiazide-Like Diuretics. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Tricyclic Antidepressants: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Beta2-Agonists. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Pregnancy Considerations

Beta-agonists may interfere with uterine contractility if administered during labor.

Arformoterol in an enantiomer of formoterol. Refer to the Formoterol monograph for information.

Breastfeeding Considerations

It is not known if arformoterol is present in breast milk.

According to the manufacturer, the decision to continue or discontinue breastfeeding during therapy should consider the risk of infant exposure, the benefits of breastfeeding to the infant, and the benefits of treatment to the mother.

Monitoring Parameters

FEV1, peak flow, and/or other pulmonary function tests; blood pressure, heart rate; CNS stimulation; serum glucose, serum potassium. Monitor for increased use of short-acting beta 2-agonist inhalers; may be marker of a deteriorating COPD condition, hypersensitivity reactions, decreased bronchodilator response (tachyphylaxis).

Mechanism of Action

Arformoterol, the (R,R)-enantiomer of the racemic formoterol, is a long-acting beta2-agonist that relaxes bronchial smooth muscle by selective action on beta2-receptors with little effect on cardiovascular system.

Pharmacokinetics (Adult Data Unless Noted)

Onset of action: 7-20 minutes

Peak effect: 1-3 hours

Absorption: A portion of inhaled dose is absorbed into systemic circulation

Protein binding: 52% to 65%

Metabolism: Hepatic via direct glucuronidation and secondarily via O-demethylation; CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 (to a lesser extent) involved in O-demethylation

Half-life elimination: 26 hours

Time to peak: 0.5-3 hours

Pharmacokinetics: Additional Considerations (Adult Data Unless Noted)

Hepatic function impairment: The systemic exposure (Cmax and AUC) to arformoterol increased 1.3- to 2.4-fold in subjects with hepatic impairment.

Brand Names: International
International Brand Names by Country
For country code abbreviations (show table)

  • (BD) Bangladesh: Aroneb;
  • (IN) India: Labaneb
  1. Brovana (arformoterol) [prescribing information]. Marlborough, MA: Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc; May 2019.
  2. Burchett DK, Darko W, Zahra J, Noviasky J, Probst L, Smith A. Mixing and compatibility guide for commonly used aerosolized medications. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2010;67(3):227-230. doi:10.2146/ajhp080261 [PubMed 20101066]
  3. Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. https://ginasthma.org/gina-reports/. Updated 2022. Accessed September 22, 2022.
  4. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global strategy for prevention, diagnosis and management of COPD: 2022 report. https://goldcopd.org/2023-gold-report-2/. Updated 2023. Accessed January 30, 2023.
  5. Kamin W, Erdnüss F, Krämer I. Inhalation solutions--which ones may be mixed? Physico-chemical compatibility of drug solutions in nebulizers--update 2013. J Cyst Fibros. 2014;13(3):243-250. doi:10.1016/j.jcf.2013.09.006 [PubMed 24172851]
  6. Nelson HS, Weiss ST, Bleecker ER, Yancey SW, Dorinsky PM; SMART Study Group. The Salmeterol Multicenter Asthma Research Trial: a comparison of usual pharmacotherapy for asthma or usual pharmacotherapy plus salmeterol. Chest. 2006;129(1):15-26. [PubMed 16424409]
  7. US Department of Health and Human Services; National Institutes of Health; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. National Asthma Education and Prevention Program Expert Panel Report 3: Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma. Full Report 2007. http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/files/docs/guidelines/asthgdln.pdf. Published August 28, 2007.
  8. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA drug safety communication: FDA review finds no significant increase in risk of serious asthma outcomes with long-acting beta agonists (LABAs) used in combination with inhaled corticosteroids (ICS). https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-drug-safety-communication-fda-review-finds-no-significant-increase-risk-serious-asthma-outcomes. Published December 2017.
  9. Walters EH, Gibson PG, Lasserson TJ, Walters JA. Long-acting beta2-agonists for chronic asthma in adults and children where background therapy contains varied or no inhaled corticosteroid. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(1):CD001385. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001385.pub2 [PubMed 17253458]
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