Strategies for rhythm control in patients with paroxysmal* and persistent AF^¶

AF: atrial fibrillation; CAD: coronary artery disease; HF: heart failure; LVH: left ventricular hypertrophy; AV: atrioventricular.
* Catheter ablation is only recommended as first-line therapy for patients with paroxysmal AF (Class IIa recommendation).
¶ Drugs are listed alphabetically.
Δ Depending on patient preference when performed in experienced centers.
◊ Not recommended with severe LVH (wall thickness >1.5 cm).
§ Should be used with caution in patients at risk for torsades de pointes ventricular tachycardia.
¥ Should be combined with AV nodal blocking agents.