Nonsurgical causes of ileus

Pharmacologic agents

Opioids

Antihypertensive agents: Non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers (verapamil>diltiazem), clonidine

Antineoplastic agents: Bortezomib, busulfan, pegylated liposomal doxorubicin, methotrexate, paclitaxel, thalidomide, vinblastine, vincristine

Gastrointestinal agents:

Antidiarrheal/antispasmodic: Alosetron, loperamide, diphenoxylate-atropine, hyoscyamine

Phenothiazine antiemetics: Prochlorperazine, promethazine

Other: Oral iron preparations, zoledronic acid

Drugs with significant anticholinergic properties, including:

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants (paroxetine>fluoxetine)

Tricyclic antidepressants (eg, amitriptyline, imipramine, desipramine, nortriptyline)

Antipsychotics (eg, clozapine, haloperidol, olanzapine, quetiapine)

Parkinson disease medications (eg, benztropine, carbidopa-levodopa, entacapone)

H₁antihistamines, first generation (eg, diphenhydramine, chlorpheniramine, cyproheptadine, meclizine)

Muscle relaxants (eg, baclofen, cyclobenzaprine, tizanidine)

Overactive bladder (OAB) medications (eg, oxybutynin, solifenacin, tolterodine)

Atropine products

A method for estimating additive anticholinergic effects of various drugs is provided in a separate table. This is not a complete list of all medications that can contribute to nonsurgical ileus.

Medical conditions

Pancreatitis

Gastroenteritis

Spinal cord injury

Myocardial infarction

Stroke

Pneumonia

Hypokalemia

Diabetes (neuronal loss with progressive disease)

Diabetic ketoacidosis

Acute intermittent porphyria

Botulism

Severe burns

Parkinson disease

Epilepsy

Graphic 96322 Version 2.0

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Nonsurgical causes of ileus