Gastrointestinal |
Increased losses (diarrhea, vomiting, nasogastric drainage) |
Decreased intake (anorexia, bulimia) |
Increased potassium intracellular uptake |
Alkalosis |
Increased insulin activity |
Beta adrenergic agents (eg, albuterol, epinephrine, dopamine) |
Periodic paralysis:
|
Other drugs:
|
Increased urinary losses |
Increased distal delivery of sodium to distal nephron:
|
Types I and II renal tubular acidosis |
Increased mineralocorticoid activity:
|
Tubulopathies (Bartter syndrome, Gitelman syndrome) |
Amphotericin |
Enhanced sodium reabsorption (Liddle syndrome) |
Increased skin loss |
Cystic fibrosis |
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