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Sodium acetate: Drug information

Sodium acetate: Drug information
(For additional information see "Sodium acetate: Patient drug information" and see "Sodium acetate: Pediatric drug information")

For abbreviations, symbols, and age group definitions used in Lexicomp (show table)
Pharmacologic Category
  • Electrolyte Supplement, Parenteral
Dosing: Adult

Note: Sodium acetate is metabolized to bicarbonate on an equimolar basis outside the liver; administer in large volume IV fluids as a sodium source. Refer to Sodium Bicarbonate monograph.

Maintenance electrolyte requirements of sodium in parenteral nutrition solutions

Maintenance electrolyte requirements of sodium in parenteral nutrition solutions:

Acetate maintenance electrolyte requirement: IV: Acetate and chloride content should be adjusted to maintain acid-base balance with parenteral nutrition; use equal amounts of acetate and chloride and adjust ratio based on individual patient needs (Mirtallo 2004).

Sodium maintenance electrolyte requirement (combination of chloride and acetate, where applicable): IV: 1 to 2 mEq/kg/24 hours; customize amounts based on individual patient needs (Mirtallo 2004). General maximum sodium acetate: 100 to 150 mEq/24 hours.

Dosing: Kidney Impairment: Adult

No dosage adjustment provided in manufacturer’s labeling. Use with caution.

Dosing: Hepatic Impairment: Adult

No dosage adjustment provided in manufacturer’s labeling. Use with caution.

Dosing: Older Adult

Refer to adult dosing.

Dosing: Pediatric

(For additional information see "Sodium acetate: Pediatric drug information")

Note : Maintenance sodium should be incorporated into the patient's maintenance IV fluids; acid/base balance should be considered when selecting a sodium salt; acetate is converted to bicarbonate on an equimolar basis within the body and may affect serum pH.

Parenteral nutrition, maintenance sodium requirement

Parenteral nutrition, maintenance sodium requirement: Note: A combination of salt forms may be necessary to fulfill sodium requirement (ASPEN [Mirtallo 2004]).

Infants and Children ≤50 kg: IV: 2 to 5 mEq/kg/day of sodium as an additive to parenteral nutrition solution.

Children >50 kg and Adolescents: IV: 1 to 2 mEq/kg/day of sodium as an additive to parenteral nutrition solution.

Metabolic acidosis

Metabolic acidosis: Limited data available: Infants, Children, and Adolescents: Each mEq of acetate is converted 1:1 to mEq of bicarbonate (HCO3 -); dosage should be based on standard dosing formulas if blood gases and pH measurements are available. Refer to the Sodium Bicarbonate monograph for specific dosing details and equations.

Dosing: Kidney Impairment: Pediatric

There are no dosage adjustments provided in manufacturer’s labeling. Use with caution.

Dosing: Hepatic Impairment: Pediatric

There are no dosage adjustments provided in manufacturer’s labeling. Use with caution.

Adverse Reactions

The following adverse drug reactions and incidences are derived from product labeling unless otherwise specified.

1% to 10%:

Cardiovascular: Localized phlebitis, thrombosis

Endocrine & metabolic: Electrolyte disturbance (dilution of serum electrolytes), hypernatremia, hypervolemia, hypocalcemia, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis, water intoxication

Gastrointestinal: Abdominal distention, flatulence

Respiratory: Pulmonary edema

Contraindications

Hypernatremia and fluid retention

Warnings/Precautions

Concerns related to adverse effects:

• Hypernatremia: Close monitoring of serum sodium concentrations is needed to avoid hypernatremia.

Disease-related concerns:

• Acid/base disorders: Use with caution in patients with acid/base alterations; contains acetate, monitor closely during acid/base correction.

• Edema: Use with caution in edematous patients.

• Heart failure (HF): Use extreme caution in patients with HF; monitor closely for edema.

• Hepatic impairment: Use with caution in patients with severe hepatic impairment.

• Renal impairment: Use with caution in patients with renal impairment; monitor serum sodium concentrations closely.

Dosage form specific issues:

• Aluminum: The parenteral product may contain aluminum; toxic aluminum concentrations may be seen with high doses, prolonged use, or renal dysfunction. Premature neonates are at higher risk due to immature renal function and aluminum intake from other parenteral sources. Parenteral aluminum exposure of >4 to 5 mcg/kg/day is associated with CNS and bone toxicity; tissue loading may occur at lower doses (Federal Register, 2002). See manufacturer’s labeling.

Other warnings/precautions:

• Extravasation: Avoid extravasation.

Dosage Forms: US

Excipient information presented when available (limited, particularly for generics); consult specific product labeling.

Solution, Intravenous, as anhydrous:

Generic: 2 mEq/mL (20 mL, 50 mL, 100 mL); 4 mEq/mL (50 mL, 100 mL)

Solution, Intravenous, as anhydrous [preservative free]:

Generic: 2 mEq/mL (50 mL, 100 mL); 4 mEq/mL (100 mL)

Generic Equivalent Available: US

Yes

Pricing: US

Solution (Sodium Acetate Intravenous)

2 mEq/mL (per mL): $0.11 - $0.44

4 mEq/mL (per mL): $0.11 - $0.41

Disclaimer: A representative AWP (Average Wholesale Price) price or price range is provided as reference price only. A range is provided when more than one manufacturer's AWP price is available and uses the low and high price reported by the manufacturers to determine the range. The pricing data should be used for benchmarking purposes only, and as such should not be used alone to set or adjudicate any prices for reimbursement or purchasing functions or considered to be an exact price for a single product and/or manufacturer. Medi-Span expressly disclaims all warranties of any kind or nature, whether express or implied, and assumes no liability with respect to accuracy of price or price range data published in its solutions. In no event shall Medi-Span be liable for special, indirect, incidental, or consequential damages arising from use of price or price range data. Pricing data is updated monthly.

Dosage Forms: Canada

Excipient information presented when available (limited, particularly for generics); consult specific product labeling.

Solution, Intravenous, as anhydrous:

Generic: 4 mEq/mL (50 mL, 100 mL)

Administration: Adult

IV: Must be diluted prior to IV administration; infuse hypertonic solutions (eg, >2.8% sodium acetate in sterile water [2.8% sodium acetate in sterile water has osmolarity approximately equivalent to 2% sodium chloride]) via a central line (Mortimer, 2006; Suarez, 2004). If diluted in D5W or other solution, the osmolarity may be higher requiring central line administration at a lower sodium acetate concentration.

Consult individual institutional policies and procedures.

Administration: Pediatric

Parenteral: Must be diluted prior to IV administration; dose and rate of administration are dependent on patient condition. Consult individual institutional policies and procedures; in general, central-line administration is preferred for hypertonic solutions (>0.9%) if available and/or if infusion is to be continued; peripheral administration may be necessary for initiation of treatment in critical patients; use of peripheral administration should be limited (Luu 2011). Some suggest central line administration is not needed until infusing solutions >2.8% sodium acetate in sterile water (2.8% sodium acetate in sterile water has osmolarity approximately equivalent to 2% sodium chloride) (Mortimer 2006; Suarez 2004). If diluted in D5W or other solution, the osmolarity may be higher requiring central line administration at a lower sodium acetate concentration.

Use: Labeled Indications

Sodium source in large volume IV fluids to prevent or correct hyponatremia in patients with restricted intake; used to counter acidosis through conversion to bicarbonate

Medication Safety Issues
Sound-alike/look-alike issues:

Sodium acetate may be confused with potassium acetate

Metabolism/Transport Effects

None known.

Drug Interactions

There are no known significant interactions.

Pregnancy Considerations

Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted. Sodium requirements do not change during pregnancy (IOM, 2004).

Breastfeeding Considerations

Sodium is found in breast milk. Sodium requirements do not change during lactation (IOM, 2004).

Dietary Considerations

Sodium acetate anhydrous (2 mEq/mL): 1 mL = 164 mg sodium acetate anhydrous = 2 mEq of sodium (46 mg) and acetate (118 mg)

Monitoring Parameters

Serum electrolytes, including sodium, calcium, serum pH.

Brand Names: International
International Brand Names by Country
For country code abbreviations (show table)

  • (BR) Brazil: Acetato de sodio;
  • (ES) Spain: Acetato sodico Fresenius Kabi;
  • (FI) Finland: Fysioring;
  • (MX) Mexico: Solucion ac s pisa;
  • (PE) Peru: Acetosodium
  1. Aluminum in large and small volume parenterals used in total parenteral nutrition. Fed Regist. 2002;67(244):77792-77793. To be codified at 21 CFR §201.323.
  2. IOM (Institute of Medicine), Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate, Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2004.
  3. Luu JL, Wendtland CL, Gross MF, et al. Three-percent saline administration during pediatric critical care transport. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2011;27(12):1113-1117. [PubMed 22134236]
  4. Mirtallo J, Canada T, Johnson D, et al. Safe practices for parenteral nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2004;28(6):S39-S70. [PubMed 15568296]
  5. Mortimer DS, Jancik J. Administering hypertonic saline to patients with severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurosci Nurs. 2006;38(3):142-146. [PubMed 16817665]
  6. Sodium acetate [prescribing information]. Wixom, MI: Woodward Pharma Services LLC; May 2020.
  7. Suarez, JI. Hypertonic saline for cerebral edema and elevated intracranial pressure.Cleve Clin J Med. 2004;71 Suppl 1:S9-13. [PubMed 14964472]
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