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The role of meat in the European diet: current state of knowledge on dietary recommendations, intakes and contribution to energy and nutrient intakes and status
Chris Cocking, Janette Walton, Laura Kehoe, Kevin D. Cashman, Albert Flynn
doi : 10.1017/S0954422419000295
Volume 33 , Issue 2 , December 2020 , pp. 181 - 189
The role of meat in the diet has come under scrutiny recently due to an increased public emphasis on providing healthy diets from sustainable food systems and due to health concerns relating to the consumption of red and processed meat. The present review aimed to summarise dietary guidelines relating to meat, actual meat intakes and the contribution of meat to energy and nutrient intakes of children, teenagers and adults in Europe. The available literature has shown that food-based dietary guidelines for most countries recommend consuming lean meat in moderation and many recommend limiting red and processed meat consumption. Mean intakes of total meat in Europe range from 40 to 160 g/d in children and teenagers and from 75 to 233 g/d in adults.
The biology of ergothioneine, an antioxidant nutraceutical
Irina Borodina, Louise C. Kenny, Cathal M. McCarthy, Kalaivani Paramasivan, Etheresia Pretorius, Timothy J. Roberts, Steven A. van der Hoek, Douglas B. Kell
doi : 10.1017/S0954422419000301
Volume 33 , Issue 2 , December 2020 , pp. 190 - 217
Ergothioneine (ERG) is an unusual thio-histidine betaine amino acid that has potent antioxidant activities. It is synthesised by a variety of microbes, especially fungi (including in mushroom fruiting bodies) and actinobacteria, but is not synthesised by plants and animals who acquire it via the soil and their diet, respectively. Animals have evolved a highly selective transporter for it, known as solute carrier family 22, member 4 (SLC22A4) in humans, signifying its importance, and ERG may even have the status of a vitamin. ERG accumulates differentially in various tissues, according to their expression of SLC22A4, favouring those such as erythrocytes that may be subject to oxidative stress. Mushroom or ERG consumption seems to provide significant prevention against oxidative stress in a large variety of systems. ERG seems to have strong cytoprotective status, and its concentration is lowered in a number of chronic inflammatory diseases. It has been passed as safe by regulatory agencies, and may have value as a nutraceutical and antioxidant more generally.
Single components of botanicals and nature-identical compounds as a non-antibiotic strategy to ameliorate health status and improve performance in poultry and pigs
B. Rossi, A. Toschi, A. Piva, E. Grilli
doi : 10.1017/S0954422420000013
Volume 33 , Issue 2 , December 2020 , pp. 218 - 234
In the current post-antibiotic era, botanicals represent one of the most employed nutritional strategies to sustain antibiotic-free and no-antibiotic-ever production. Botanicals can be classified either as plant extracts, meaning the direct products derived by extraction from the raw plant materials (essential oils (EO) and oleoresins (OR)), or as nature-identical compounds (NIC), such as the chemically synthesised counterparts of the pure bioactive compounds of EO/OR. In the literature, differences between the use of EO/OR or NIC are often unclear, so it is difficult to attribute certain effects to specific bioactive compounds.
Fructose and irritable bowel syndrome
Chloé Melchior, Véronique Douard, Moïse Coëffier, Guillaume Gourcerol
doi : 10.1017/S0954422420000025
Volume 33 , Issue 2 , December 2020 , pp. 235 - 243
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic disorder characterised by recurrent abdominal pain or discomfort and transit disturbances with heterogeneous pathophysiological mechanisms. The link between food and gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms is often reported by patients with IBS and the role of fructose has recently been highlighted. Fructose malabsorption can easily be assessed by hydrogen and/or methane breath test in response to 25 g fructose; and its prevalence is about 22 % in patients with IBS. The mechanism of fructose-related symptoms is incompletely understood. Osmotic load, fermentation and visceral hypersensitivity are likely to participate in GI symptoms in the IBS population and may be triggered or worsened by fructose. A low-fructose diet could be integrated in the overall treatment strategy, but its role and implication in the improvement of IBS symptoms should be evaluated. In the present review, we discuss fructose malabsorption in adult patients with IBS and the interest of a low-fructose diet in order to underline the important role of fructose in IBS.
Early-life programming of adipose tissue
Ericka Moreno-Mendez, Saray Quintero-Fabian, Cristina Fernandez-Mejia, Maria-Luisa Lazo-de-la-Vega-Monroy
doi : 10.1017/S0954422420000037
Volume 33 , Issue 2 , December 2020 , pp. 244 - 259
Worldwide obesity is increasing at an alarming rate in children and adolescents, with the consequent emergence of co-morbidities. Moreover, the maternal environment during pregnancy plays an important role in obesity, contributing to transgenerational transmission of the same and metabolic dysfunction. White adipose tissue represents a prime target of metabolic programming induced by maternal milieu. In this article, we review adipose tissue physiology and development, as well as maternal influences during the perinatal period that may lead to obesity in early postnatal life and adulthood. First, we describe the adipose tissue cell composition, distribution and hormonal action, together with the evidence of hormonal factors participating in fetal/postnatal programming.
Application of nutrient essentiality criteria to dietary carbohydrates
Justin Tondt, William S. Yancy, Jr, Eric C. Westman
doi : 10.1017/S0954422420000050
Volume 33 , Issue 2 , December 2020 , pp. 260 - 270
The purpose of the present review is to describe how human physiology at very low carbohydrate intakes relates to the criteria for nutritional essentiality. Although we did not limit ourselves to one particular type or function of carbohydrates, we did primarily focus on glucose utilisation as that function was used to determine the recommended daily allowance. In the general population, the human body is able to endogenously synthesise carbohydrates, and does not show signs of deficiency in the absence of dietary carbohydrates. However, in certain genetic defects, such as glycogen storage disease type I, absence of dietary carbohydrates causes abnormalities that are resolved with dietary supplementation of carbohydrates.
Biomarkers of appetite: is there a potential role for metabolomics?
Katy Horner, Mark Hopkins, Graham Finlayson, Catherine Gibbons, Lorraine Brennan
doi : 10.1017/S0954422420000062
Volume 33 , Issue 2 , December 2020 , pp. 271 - 286
Knowing the biological signals associated with appetite control is crucial for understanding the regulation of food intake. Biomarkers of appetite have been defined as physiological measures that relate to subjective appetite ratings, measured food intake, or both. Several metabolites including amino acids, lipids and glucose were proposed as key molecules associated with appetite control over 60 years ago, and along with bile acids are all among possible appetite biomarker candidates. Additional metabolites that have been associated with appetite include endocannabinoids, lactate, cortisol and ?-hydroxybutyrate.
Amino acid transportation, sensing and signal transduction in the mammary gland: key molecular signalling pathways in the regulation of milk synthesis
Zhihui Wu, Jinghui Heng, Min Tian, Hanqing Song, Fang Chen, Wutai Guan, Shihai Zhang
doi : 10.1017/S0954422420000074
Volume 33 , Issue 2 , December 2020 , pp. 287 - 297
The mammary gland, a unique exocrine organ, is responsible for milk synthesis in mammals. Neonatal growth and health are predominantly determined by quality and quantity of milk production. Amino acids are crucial maternal nutrients that are the building blocks for milk protein and are potential energy sources for neonates. Recent advances made regarding the mammary gland further demonstrate that some functional amino acids also regulate milk protein and fat synthesis through distinct intracellular and extracellular pathways. In the present study, we discuss recent advances in the role of amino acids (especially branched-chain amino acids, methionine, arginine and lysine) in the regulation of milk synthesis. The present review also addresses the crucial questions of how amino acids are transported, sensed and transduced in the mammary gland.
The potential role of dietary advanced glycation endproducts in the development of chronic non-infectious diseases: a narrative review
M. E. Garay-Sevilla, M. S. Beeri, M. P. de la Maza, A. Rojas, S. Salazar-Villanea, J. Uribarri
doi : 10.1017/S0954422420000104
Volume 33 , Issue 2 , December 2020 , pp. 298 - 311
Increasing clinical and experimental evidence accumulated during the past few decades supports an important role for dietary advanced glycation endproducts (AGE) in the pathogenesis of many chronic non-infectious diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, CVD and others, that are reaching epidemic proportions in the Western world. Although AGE are compounds widely recognised as generated in excess in the body in diabetic patients, the potential importance of exogenous AGE, mostly of dietary origin, has been largely ignored in the general nutrition audience. In the present review we aim to describe dietary AGE, their mechanisms of formation and absorption into the body as well as their main mechanisms of action. We will present in detail current evidence of their potential role in the development of several chronic non-infectious clinical conditions, some general suggestions on how to restrict them in the diet and evidence regarding the potential benefits of lowering their consumption.
Meeting nutritional targets of critically ill patients by combined enteral and parenteral nutrition: review and rationale for the EFFORTcombo trial
Aileen Hill, Daren K. Heyland, Gunnar Elke, Stefan J. Schaller, Reto Stocker, Christoph Haberthür, Christian von Loeffelholz, Ulrich Suchner, Zudin A. Puthucheary, Danielle E. Bear, Julia Ney, Kai C. Clasen, Patrick Meybohm, Simone Lindau, Thea Laurentius, Christian Stoppe
doi : 10.1017/S0954422420000165
Volume 33 , Issue 2 , December 2020 , pp. 312 - 320
While medical nutrition therapy is an essential part of the care for critically ill patients, uncertainty exists about the right form, dosage, timing and route in relation to the phases of critical illness. As enteral nutrition (EN) is often withheld or interrupted during the intensive care unit (ICU) stay, combined EN and parenteral nutrition (PN) may represent an effective and safe option to achieve energy and protein goals as recommended by international guidelines. We hypothesise that critically ill patients at high nutritional risk may benefit from such a combined approach during their stay on the ICU.
NRR volume 33 issue 2 Cover and Front matter
doi : 10.1017/S0954422420000220
Volume 33 , Issue 2 , December 2020 , pp. f1 - f3
NRR volume 33 issue 2 Cover and Back matter
doi : 10.1017/S0954422420000232
Volume 33 , Issue 2 , December 2020 , pp. b1 - b2
