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Raman spectroscopic techniques for detecting structure and quality of frozen foods: principles and applications
Wenyang Zhang,Ji Ma &Da-Wen Sun
doi : 10.1080/10408398.2020.1828814
Volume 61, Issue 16, Pages 2623-2639
Frozen foods are among the most popular food products and the development of techniques for the rapid detection of their structures and quality is important for the frozen food industry. In the current review, the principles and applications of Raman spectroscopic techniques in detecting and evaluating the structure changes and quality of frozen foods are discussed and merits and drawbacks of each Raman type are presented. These techniques include dispersive, Fourier transform, spatially offset, micro Raman spectroscopies. Raman spectroscopy can assess the compositional, physicochemical, and sensory characteristics of the frozen foods without any pretreatment. It can also be applied to investigate the structural alterations of protein, lipid, water and other components. Further trends of developing the Raman spectroscopy in monitoring the frozen foods should focus on reducing overlapping signals, achieving real noninvasive detection, eliminating misclassification and quantification errors, establishing standardized Raman database, and controlling cost.
Impact of metal nanoparticles on the mechanical, barrier, optical and thermal properties of biodegradable food packaging materials
Shima Jafarzadeh &Seid Mahdi Jafari
doi : 10.1080/10408398.2020.1783200
Volume 61, Issue 16, Pages 2640-2658
New food packaging materials provide an attractive option for the advancement of nanomaterials. The poor thermal, mechanical, chemical, and physical properties of biopolymers and their inherent permeability to gases and vapor have increased this interest. Polymeric materials (matrix) in modern technologies require a filler, which can react/interact with the available matrix to provide a new formulation with improved packaging properties including oxygen permeability, moisture permeability, crystalline structure, barrier properties, morphology, thermal stability, optical properties, anti-microbial characteristics, and mechanical properties. The performance of nanocomposite films and packaging is dependent on the size of the nanofillers used and the uniformity of the nanoparticles (NPs) distribution and dispersion in the matrix. Advancement in nanocomposite technologies is expected to grow with the advent of sustainable, low price, environmentally friendly materials with an enhanced performance. The current review addresses advances in the biopolymeric nanocomposites as alternatives to petroleum plastics in the food packaging industry. It also provides a brief description of biopolymer nanocomposite films and gives general information about different metal NPs with an emphasis on their influence on the emerging characteristics of biodegradable films. The results of recent reports provide a better understanding of the influence of metal NPs in food packaging.
Recent advances in ?-galactosidase and fructosyltransferase immobilization technology
Maria Micaela Ureta, Gonçalo Nuno Martins, Onofre Figueira, Pedro Filipe Pires, Paula Cristina Castilho & Andrea Gomez-Zavaglia
doi : 10.1080/10408398.2020.1783639
Volume 61, Issue 16, Pages 2659-2690
The highly demanding conditions of industrial processes may lower the stability and affect the activity of enzymes used as biocatalysts. Enzyme immobilization emerged as an approach to promote stabilization and easy removal of enzymes for their reusability. The aim of this review is to go through the principal immobilization strategies addressed to achieve optimal industrial processes with special care on those reported for two types of enzymes: ?-galactosidases and fructosyltransferases. The main methods used to immobilize these two enzymes are adsorption, entrapment, covalent coupling and cross-linking or aggregation (no support is used), all of them having pros and cons. Regarding the support, it should be cost-effective, assure the reusability and an easy recovery of the enzyme, increasing its stability and durability. The discussion provided showed that the type of enzyme, its origin, its purity, together with the type of immobilization method and the support will affect the performance during the enzymatic synthesis. Enzymes’ immobilization involves interdisciplinary knowledge including enzymology, nanotechnology, molecular dynamics, cellular physiology and process design. The increasing availability of facilities has opened a variety of possibilities to define strategies to optimize the activity and re-usability of ?-galactosidases and fructosyltransferases, but there is still great place for innovative developments.
Food or medication? The therapeutic effects of food on the duration and incidence of upper respiratory tract infections: a Review of the literature
Ellen José van der Gaag & Thalia Zoe Hummel
doi : 10.1080/10408398.2020.1784087
Volume 61, Issue 16, Pages 2691-2704
Upper respiratory tract infections are common in children and adults. Antiviral treatments are only available for specific groups of patients, stimulating the distribution of over-the-counter medication to relieve the symptoms for the other patients. Studies about whole foods and their effect on the incidence and duration of upper respiratory tract infections were reviewed.
Biomarkers of fatty acids and risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies
Gengdong Chen, Yan Li, Fangfang Zeng, Guifang Deng, Jingjing Liang, Jue Wang, Yixiang Su, Yuming Chen, Limei Mao, Zhengping Liu, Wei Bao & Zheqing Zhang
doi : 10.1080/10408398.2020.1784839
Volume 61, Issue 16, Pages 2705-2718
We aimed to quantify and generate comprehensive evidence on the associations of different fatty acids (FAs) with the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). PubMed, MEDLINE, and Embase were searched for prospective cohort studies that examined the association between FA biomarkers and the risk of T2DM published before 18 May 2020. Random-effects meta-analyses of the effects of FA concentration on T2DM were performed. Thirty-three studies involving 95,810 adults (19,904 cases) were included. Divergent associations of different types of FAs with type 2 diabetes were observed. The pooled relative risk (RRs) of T2DM comparing the top versus the bottom tertile of saturated FAs (C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, total saturated FAs), monounsaturated FA (C16:1 n-7), polyunsaturated FA (C20:3 n-6, C22:4 n-6), and ?-6-desaturase activities ranged from 1.19 to 1.80. Interestingly, unlike previous studies, we found a negative correlation between odd-chain saturated FAs (C15:0, C17:0), trans-FAs (trans-C16:1 n-7), total n-6, ?-5-desaturase activities and risk of T2DM. The pooled RRs of T2DM comparing the top versus the bottom tertile of these FAs ranged from 0.62 to 0.78. No associations with T2DM were observed for the other FAs. Considerable heterogeneity was observed in our study, and no definitive conclusions can be made until further investigation has been carried out.
Lignans from linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) and its allied species: Retrospect, introspect and prospect
Himanshu Chhillar, Priyanka Chopra & Mohd Ashraf Ashfaq
doi : 10.1080/10408398.2020.1784840
Volume 61, Issue 16, Pages 2719-2741
Lignans are complex diphenolic compounds representing phytoestrogens and occur widely across the plant kingdom. Formed by the coupling of two coniferyl alcohol residues, lignans constitute major plant “specialized metabolites” with exceptional biological attributes that aid in plant defence and provide health benefits in humans by reducing the risk of ailments such as cancer, diabetes etc. Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) is one of the richest sources of lignans followed by cereals and legumes. Among the various types of lignans, secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) is considered as the essential and nutrient rich lignan in linseed. Lignans exhibit established antimitotic, antiviral and anti-tumor properties that contribute to their medicinal value. The present review seeks to provide a holistic view of research in the past and present times revolving around lignans from linseed and its allied species. This review attempts to elucidate sources, structures and functional properties of lignans, along with detailed biosynthetic mechanisms operating in plants. It summarizes various methods for the determination of lignan content in plants. Biotechnological interventions (in planta and in vitro) aimed at enriching lignan content and adoption of integrative approaches that might further enhance lignan content and medicinal and nutraceutical value of Linum spp. have also been discussed.
Mechanisms, physiology, and recent research progress of gastric emptying
Weilin Liu, Yangyi Jin, Peter J. Wilde, Yingying Hou, Yanping Wang & Jianzhong Han
doi : 10.1080/10408398.2020.1784841
Volume 61, Issue 16, Pages 2742-2755
Gastric emptying refers to a process in which the stomach discharges its contents into the small intestine to further digest and absorb nutrients. Understanding the mechanisms of gastric emptying and relationships between food and individuals is of paramount importance for the design and manufacture of novel and healthy foods. For ethical and cost reasons, in vivo tests are not always possible. In vitro digestion models therefore play a key role in current exploration of gastric emptying. This review outlines the mechanisms and physiology of gastric emptying, including calories, viscosity, composition of the food, age and gender of the individual. In addition, recent progress on in vitro static and dynamic gastric digestion models and future research trends are included in this review.
Understanding functionality of sucrose in cake for reformulation purposes
R. G. M. van der Sman & S. Renzetti
doi : 10.1080/10408398.2020.1786003
Volume 61, Issue 16, Pages 2756-2772
We review the functionality of sucrose during the manufacture of cakes from the perspective of sugar replacement. Besides providing sweetness, sucrose has important functionalities concerning structure formation. These functionalities also need to be mimicked in reformulated cakes. First, we review the hypotheses, concerning the development of structure and texture of cakes during manufacturing, which are conveniently summarized in a qualitative way using the Complex Dispersed Systems methodology. Subsequently, we represent the changes of the state of the cake during manufacturing in a supplemented state diagram, which indicates the important phase transitions occurring during baking. From the analysis, we have learned that sucrose act both as a plasticizer and as a humectant, modifying the phase transitions of biopolymers, dough viscosity, and water activity. If sugar replacers exactly mimick this behavior of sucrose, similar textures in reformulated cakes can be obtained. Physical theories exist for characterizing the plasticizing and hygroscopic behavior of sugars and their replacers. We have shown that the starch gelatinization and egg white denaturation can be predicted by the volumetric density of hydrogen bonds present in the solvent, consisting of water, sugar or its replacers, such as polyols or amino-acids.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of diet quality and colorectal cancer risk: is the evidence of sufficient quality to develop recommendations?
Sara Moazzen, Kimberley W. J van der Sloot, Geertruida H. de Bock & Behrooz Z. Alizadeh
doi : 10.1080/10408398.2020.1786353
Volume 61, Issue 16, Pages 2773-2782
The quality of existing evidence about the impact of diet quality on colorectal cancer (CRC) risk has only rarely been assessed. In the current review, we searched PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane, and the resulting references (up to January 2020) for studies that evaluated the role of high diet quality by extreme dietary index categorization and the risk of CRC. Two researchers independently performed the study selection, data extraction, and quality assessment. We then applied a random-effects meta-analysis to estimate the pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for CRC at the extremes of each dietary index, and we assessed the quality of the pooled results using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach. A high diet quality was significantly associated with reduced CRC risk when patients had a low Diet Inflammatory Index score (OR, 0.66; 95%CI, 0.56–0.78), a high Mediterranean Diet Score (OR, 0.84; 95%CI, 0.78–0.90), high Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension adherence (OR, 0.83; 95%CI, 0.78–0.89), and a high Healthy Eating Index score (OR, 0.72; 95%CI, 0.64–0.80). The pooled results for all dietary indices were rated as being of low quality due to concerns over inconsistency or imprecision. We conclude that, despite a high diet quality appearing to have a preventive role in CRC, the evidence is currently of insufficient quality to develop dietary recommendations.
Predictive capacity of triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index for insulin resistance and cardiometabolic risk in children and adolescents: a systematic review
Alice Divina Melo de Brito, Helen Hermana Miranda Hermsdorff, Mariana De Santis Filgueiras, Lara Gomes Suhett, Sarah Aparecida Vieira-Ribeiro, Sylvia do Carmo Castro Franceschini & Juliana Farias de Novaes
doi : 10.1080/10408398.2020.1788501
Volume 61, Issue 16, Pages 2783-2792
Insulin resistance (IR) in childhood plays a key role in the development of metabolic changes in adulthood, therefore, it is important to diagnose it early. We aimed to investigate studies that evaluated the TyG index for prediction of IR risk and other cardiometabolic risk factors, as well as, the proposed cutoff points in childhood and adolescence. This is a systematic review elaborated according to the recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes (PRISMA). The search was performed in Lilacs, PubMed and CAPES Journal Portal, using the terms “TyG index OR triglyceride-glucose index OR triglyceride and glucose index AND children OR adolescent*”. Eight articles were included in this review. All were cross-sectional studies with individuals aged ?2 and ?20?years old, from the United States, Korea, Mexico, Brazil, and Iran. We concluded that the TyG index was positively associated with other IR prediction methods and appears to be advantageous for predicting IR risk and other cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents (review registration: PROSPERO CRD42018100726).
