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The need to study human milk as a biological system
Parul Christian, Emily R Smith, Sun Eun Lee, Ashley J Vargas, Andrew A Bremer, Daniel J Raiten
doi : 10.1093/ajcn/nqab075
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 113, Issue 5, May 2021, Pages 1063–1072
Critical advancement is needed in the study of human milk as a biological system that intersects and interacts with myriad internal (maternal biology) and external (diet, environment, infections) factors and its plethora of influences on the developing infant. Human-milk composition and its resulting biological function is more than the sum of its parts. Our failure to fully understand this biology in a large part contributes to why the duration of exclusive breastfeeding remains an unsettled science (if not policy). Our current understanding of human-milk composition and its individual components and their functions fails to fully recognize the importance of the chronobiology and systems biology of human milk in the context of milk synthesis, optimal timing and duration of feeding, and period of lactation. The overly simplistic, but common, approach to analyzing single, mostly nutritive components of human milk is insufficient to understand the contribution of either individual components or the matrix within which they exist to both maternal and child health. There is a need for a shift in the conceptual approach to studying human milk to improve strategies and interventions to support better lactation, breastfeeding, and the full range of infant feeding practices, particularly for women and infants living in undernourished and infectious environments. Recent technological advances have led to a rising movement towards advancing the science of human-milk biology. Herein, we describe the rationale and critical need for unveiling the multifunctionality of the various nutritional, nonnutritional, immune, and biological signaling pathways of the components in human milk that drive system development and maturation, growth, and development in the very early postnatal period of life. We provide a vision and conceptual framework for a research strategy and agenda to change the field of human-milk biology with implications for global policy, innovation, and interventions.
Essentially essential
Gunter G C Kuhnle
doi : 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa450
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 113, Issue 5, May 2021, Pages 1073–1074
Toward a better understanding of intermittent fasting effects: Ramadan fasting as a model
Suhaib K Abdeen, Eran Elinav
doi : 10.1093/ajcn/nqab017
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 113, Issue 5, May 2021, Pages 1075–1076
Retinol isotope dilution applications in the field: annotating the user's guide from recent experiences
Noel W Solomons
doi : 10.1093/ajcn/nqab031
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 113, Issue 5, May 2021, Pages 1077–1078
Vitamin D and COVID-19: Can it be protective?
Scott T Weiss
doi : 10.1093/ajcn/nqab040
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 113, Issue 5, May 2021, Pages 1079–1080
Hyperhomocysteinemia in patients with cardiovascular manifestations: to treat or not to treat
Amanda J MacFarlane
doi : 10.1093/ajcn/nqab090
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 113, Issue 5, May 2021, Pages 1081–1082
Nutritional epidemiology and the Women's Health Initiative: a review
Ross L Prentice, Barbara V Howard, Linda Van Horn, Marian L Neuhouser, Garnet L Anderson, Lesley F Tinker, Johanna W Lampe, Daniel Raftery, Mary Pettinger, Aaron K Aragaki, Cynthia A Thomson, Yasmin Mossavar-Rahmani, Marcia L Stefanick, Jane A Cauley, Jacques E Rossouw, JoAnn E Manson, Rowan T Chlebowski
doi : 10.1093/ajcn/nqab091
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 113, Issue 5, May 2021, Pages 1083–1092
The dietary modification (DM) clinical trial, within the Women's Health Initiative (WHI), studied a low-fat dietary pattern intervention that included guidance to increase vegetables, fruit, and grains. This study was motivated in part from uncertainty about the reliability of observational studies examining the association between dietary fat and chronic disease risk by using self-reported dietary data. In addition to this large trial, which had breast and colorectal cancer as its primary outcomes, a substantial biomarker research effort was initiated midway in the WHI program to contribute to nutritional epidemiology research more broadly. Here we review and update findings from the DM trial and from the WHI nutritional biomarker studies and examine implications for future nutritional epidemiology research. The WHI included the randomized controlled DM trial (n = 48,835) and a prospective cohort observational (OS) study (n = 93,676), both among postmenopausal US women, aged 50–79 y when enrolled during 1993–1998. Also reviewed is a nutrition and physical activity assessment study in a subset of 450 OS participants (2007–2009) and a related controlled feeding study among 153 WHI participants (2010–2014). Long-term follow-up in the DM trial provides evidence for intervention-related reductions in breast cancer mortality, diabetes requiring insulin, and coronary artery disease in the subset of normotensive healthy women, without observed adverse effects or changes in all-cause mortality. Studies of intake biomarkers, and of biomarker-calibrated intake, suggest important associations of total energy intake and macronutrient dietary composition with the risk for major chronic diseases among postmenopausal women. Collectively these studies argue for a nutrition epidemiology research agenda that includes major efforts in nutritional biomarker development, and in the application of biomarkers combined with self-reported dietary data in disease association analyses. We expect such efforts to yield novel disease association findings and to inform disease prevention approaches for potential testing in dietary intervention trials. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00000611.
Energy and macronutrient intakes at breakfast and cognitive declines in community-dwelling older adults: a 9-year follow-up cohort study
Xianwen Shang, Edward Hill, Yanping Li, Mingguang He
doi : 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa403
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 113, Issue 5, May 2021, Pages 1093–1103
It is unclear whether breakfast consumption and breakfast composition are independently associated with changes in cognition over a long-term period in older adults.
Antenatal iron supplementation, FGF23, and bone metabolism in Kenyan women and their offspring: secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial
Vickie S Braithwaite, Martin N Mwangi, Kerry S Jones, Ay?e Y Demir, Ann Prentice, Andrew M Prentice, Pauline E A Andang'o, Hans Verhoef
doi : 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa417
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 113, Issue 5, May 2021, Pages 1104–1114
Fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23) regulates body phosphate homeostasis primarily by increasing phosphaturia. It also acts as a vitamin D-regulating hormone. Maternal iron deficiency is associated with perturbed expression and/or regulation of FGF23 and hence might be implicated in the pathogenesis of hypophosphatemia-driven rickets in their offspring.
Distribution and metabolism of [14C]-resveratrol in human prostate tissue after oral administration of a “dietary-achievable” or “pharmacological” dose: what are the implications for anticancer activity?
Hong Cai, Edwina N Scott, Robert G Britton, Emma Parrott, Ted J Ognibene, Michael Malfatti, Masood Khan, William P Steward, Karen Brown
doi : 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa414
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 113, Issue 5, May 2021, Pages 1115–1125
The dietary polyphenol resveratrol prevents various malignancies in preclinical models, including prostate cancer. Despite attempts to translate findings to humans, gaps remain in understanding pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relations and how tissue concentrations affect efficacy. Such information is necessary for dose selection and is particularly important given the low bioavailability of resveratrol.
Effect of varying quantities of lean beef as part of a Mediterranean-style dietary pattern on lipids and lipoproteins: a randomized crossover controlled feeding trial
Jennifer A Fleming, Penny M Kris-Etherton, Kristina S Petersen, David J Baer
doi : 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa375
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 113, Issue 5, May 2021, Pages 1126–1136
It remains unclear whether red meat consumption is causatively associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, and few randomized controlled studies have examined the effect of incorporating lean beef into a healthy dietary pattern.
Chocolate consumption and risk of coronary artery disease: the Million Veteran Program
Yuk-Lam Ho, Xuan-Mai T Nguyen, Joseph Q Yan, Jason L Vassy, David R Gagnon, J Michael Gaziano, Peter W F Wilson, Kelly Cho, Luc Djoussé, VA Million Veteran Program
doi : 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa427
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 113, Issue 5, May 2021, Pages 1137–1144
Although previous studies have suggested cocoa products may promote cardiovascular health in the general population, no public data are available from patients receiving care in a national integrated health care system.
Circulating trimethylamine N-oxide in association with diet and cardiometabolic biomarkers: an international pooled analysis
Jae Jeong Yang, Xiao-Ou Shu, David M Herrington, Steven C Moore, Katie A Meyer, Jennifer Ose, Cristina Menni, Nicholette D Palmer, Heather Eliassen, Sei Harada, Ioanna Tzoulaki, Huilian Zhu, Demetrius Albanes, Thomas J Wang, Wei Zheng, Hui Cai, Cornelia M Ulrich, Marta Guasch-Ferré, Ibrahim Karaman, Myriam Fornage, Qiuyin Cai, Charles E Matthews, Lynne E Wagenknecht, Paul Elliott, Robert E Gerszten, Danxia Yu
doi : 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa430
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 113, Issue 5, May 2021, Pages 1145–1156
Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), a diet-derived, gut microbial-host cometabolite, has been linked to cardiometabolic diseases. However, the relations remain unclear between diet, TMAO, and cardiometabolic health in general populations from different regions and ethnicities.
Cardiovascular manifestations of intermediate and major hyperhomocysteinemia due to vitamin B12 and folate deficiency and/or inherited disorders of one-carbon metabolism: a 3.5-year retrospective cross-sectional study of consecutive patients
Julien Levy, Rosa-Maria Rodriguez-Guéant, Abderrahim Oussalah, Elise Jeannesson, Denis Wahl, Stéphane Ziuly, Jean-Louis Guéant
doi : 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa432
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 113, Issue 5, May 2021, Pages 1157–1167
The association of moderate hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) (15–30 ?mol/L) with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) has been challenged by the lack of benefit of vitamin supplementation to lowering homocysteine. Consequently, the results of interventional studies have confused the debate regarding the management of patients with intermediate/severe HHcy.
?-3 Ethyl ester results in better cognitive function at 12 and 30 months than control in cognitively healthy subjects with coronary artery disease: a secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial
Abdulaziz Malik, Amira Ramadan, Bhavya Vemuri, Wardah Siddiq, Maral Amangurbanova, Aamir Ali, Francine K Welty
doi : 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa420
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 113, Issue 5, May 2021, Pages 1168–1176
Omega-3 (n–3) fatty acids have shown benefit in cognitively impaired subjects, but the effect on cognitively healthy older subjects is unclear.
Toward a healthy and sustainable diet in Mexico: where are we and how can we move forward?
Anal? Castellanos-Gutiérrez, Tania G S?nchez-Pimienta, Carolina Batis, Walter Willett, Juan A Rivera
doi : 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa411
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 113, Issue 5, May 2021, Pages 1177–1184
Dietary recommendations worldwide have focused on promoting healthy diets to prevent diseases. In 2019, the EAT–Lancet Commission presented global scientific targets for healthy diets and sustainable food production and proposed a healthy reference diet (EAT-HRD) that can be adapted to the culture, geography, and demography of the population and individuals in any country.
Biomarkers of environmental enteric dysfunction are not consistently associated with linear growth velocity in rural Zimbabwean infants
Kuda Mutasa, Robert Ntozini, Mduduzi N N Mbuya, Sandra Rukobo, Margaret Govha, Florence D Majo, Naume Tavengwa, Laura E Smith, Laura Caulfield, Jonathan R Swann, Rebecca J Stoltzfus, Lawrence H Moulton, Jean H Humphrey, Ethan K Gough, Andrew J Prendergast
doi : 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa416
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 113, Issue 5, May 2021, Pages 1185–1198
Child stunting remains a poorly understood, prevalent public health problem. Environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) is hypothesized to be an important underlying cause.
Preconception micronutrient supplementation positively affects child intellectual functioning at 6 y of age: A randomized controlled trial in Vietnam
Phuong H Nguyen, Melissa F Young, Lan Mai Tran, Long Quynh Khuong, Thai Hong Duong, Hoang Cong Nguyen, Truong Viet Truong, Ann M DiGirolamo, Reynaldo Martorell, Usha Ramakrishnan
doi : 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa423
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 113, Issue 5, May 2021, Pages 1199–1208
Although there is growing evidence on the role of preconception nutrition for birth outcomes, very few studies have evaluated the long-term effects of nutrition interventions during the preconception period on offspring cognitive outcomes.
Biofortified and fortified maize consumption reduces prevalence of low milk retinol, but does not increase vitamin A stores of breastfeeding Zambian infants with adequate reserves: a randomized controlled trial
Amanda C Palmer, Modou L Jobarteh, Mackford Chipili, Matthew D Greene, Anthony Oxley, Georg Lietz, Rose Mwanza, Marjorie J Haskell
doi : 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa429
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 113, Issue 5, May 2021, Pages 1209–1220
Replacement of conventional staples with biofortified or industrially fortified staples in household diets may increase maternal breast milk retinol content and vitamin A intakes from complementary foods, improving infant total body stores (TBS) of vitamin A.
Palmitic acid–rich oils with and without interesterification lower postprandial lipemia and increase atherogenic lipoproteins compared with a MUFA-rich oil: A randomized controlled trial
Charlotte E Mills, Scott V Harding, Mariam Bapir, Giuseppina Mandalari, Louise J Salt, Robert Gray, Barbara A Fielding, Peter J Wilde, Wendy L Hall, Sarah E Berry
doi : 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa413
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 113, Issue 5, May 2021, Pages 1221–1231
Interesterified (IE) fats are widely used in place of trans fats; however, little is known about their metabolism.
Genetic and environmental influences on covariation in reproducible diet–metabolite associations
Kate M Bermingham, Lorraine Brennan, Ricardo Segurado, Rebecca E Barron, Eileen R Gibney, Miriam F Ryan, Michael J Gibney, Aifric M O'Sullivan
doi : 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa378
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 113, Issue 5, May 2021, Pages 1232–1240
Early applications of metabolomics in nutrition and health research identified associations between dietary patterns and metabolomic profiles. Twin studies show that diet-related phenotypes and diet-associated metabolites are influenced by genes. However, studies have not examined whether diet–metabolite associations are explained by genetic or environmental factors and whether these associations are reproducible over multiple time points.
Investigating sex differences in the accuracy of dietary assessment methods to measure energy intake in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Briar L McKenzie, Daisy H Coyle, Joseph Alvin Santos, Tracy Burrows, Emalie Rosewarne, Sanne A E Peters, Cheryl Carcel, Lindsay M Jaacks, Robyn Norton, Clare E Collins, Mark Woodward, Jacqui Webster
doi : 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa370
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 113, Issue 5, May 2021, Pages 1241–1255
To inform the interpretation of dietary data in the context of sex differences in diet–disease relations, it is important to understand whether there are any sex differences in accuracy of dietary reporting.
The carbon isotope ratios of nonessential amino acids identify sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumers in a 12-wk inpatient feeding study of 32 men with varying SSB and meat exposures
Jessica J Johnson, Pamela A Shaw, Eric J Oh, Matthew J Wooller, Sean Merriman, Hee Young Yun, Thomas Larsen, Jonathan Krakoff, Susanne B Votruba, Diane M O'Brien
doi : 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa374
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 113, Issue 5, May 2021, Pages 1256–1264
The carbon isotope ratios (CIRs) of individual amino acids (AAs) may provide more sensitive and specific biomarkers of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) than total tissue CIR. Because CIRs turn over slowly, long-term controlled-feeding studies are needed in their evaluation.
Soft drink consumption and risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: results from the Tianjin Chronic Low-Grade Systemic Inflammation and Health (TCLSIH) cohort study
Shunming Zhang, Yeqing Gu, Shanshan Bian, Zuolin Lu, Qing Zhang, Li Liu, Ge Meng, Zhanxin Yao, Hongmei Wu, Yawen Wang, Tingjing Zhang, Xuena Wang, Shaomei Sun, Xing Wang, Ming Zhou, Qiyu Jia, Kun Song, Lu Qi, Kaijun Niu
doi : 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa380
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 113, Issue 5, May 2021, Pages 1265–1274
Epidemiological evidence for the association of soft drink consumption with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is inconsistent, and such association has not been prospectively examined in the general adult population.
Habitual use of vitamin D supplements and risk of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection: a prospective study in UK Biobank
Hao Ma, Tao Zhou, Yoriko Heianza, Lu Qi
doi : 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa381
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 113, Issue 5, May 2021, Pages 1275–1281
Previous studies have related vitamin D supplementation to a lower risk of acute respiratory tract infection. Emerging evidence suggests that vitamin D insufficiency is related to a higher risk of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID?19) infection.
Supporting strategies for enhancing vegetable liking in the early years of life: an umbrella review of systematic reviews
Lucinda K Bell, Claire Gardner, Esther J Tian, Maeva O Cochet-Broch, Astrid A M Poelman, David N Cox, Sophie Nicklaus, Karen Matvienko-Sikar, Lynne A Daniels, Saravana Kumar, Rebecca K Golley
doi : 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa384
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 113, Issue 5, May 2021, Pages 1282–1300
Many children worldwide do not eat recommended amounts of vegetables. Disliking vegetables is a key factor associated with low intake.
Five-color Nutri-Score labeling and mortality risk in a nationwide, population-based cohort in Spain: the Study on Nutrition and Cardiovascular Risk in Spain (ENRICA)
Carolina Donat-Vargas, Helena Sandoval-Insausti, Jimena Rey-Garc?a, Jose Ram?n Banegas, Fernando Rodr?guez-Artalejo, Pilar Guallar-Castill?n
doi : 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa389
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 113, Issue 5, May 2021, Pages 1301–1311
The 5-color Nutri-Score (5-CNS) front-of-package labeling system classifies products according to their nutritional quality, so healthier choices are easier when shopping.
Potential impact of gradual reduction of fat content in manufactured and out-of-home food on obesity in the United Kingdom: a modeling study
Roberta Alessandrini, Feng J He, Yuan Ma, Vincenzo Scrutinio, David S Wald, Graham A MacGregor
doi : 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa396
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 113, Issue 5, May 2021, Pages 1312–1321
Manufactured and out-of-home foods contribute to excessive calories and have a critical role in fueling the obesity epidemic. We propose a 20% fat reduction in these foods.
Findings in 3 clinical trials challenge the accuracy of the Institute of Medicine's estimated average requirements for vitamin A in children and women
Jesse Sheftel, Ashley R Valentine, Angela K Hull, Tetra Fadjarwati, Bryan M Gannon, Christopher R Davis, Sherry A Tanumihardjo
doi : 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa132
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 113, Issue 5, May 2021, Pages 1322–1331
Vitamin A (VA) estimated average requirements (EARs) for women and children are extrapolated from rats and adult males. The retinol isotope dilution (RID) test can sensitively characterize VA status and intake requirements.
Remodeling of the gut microbiome during Ramadan-associated intermittent fasting
Junhong Su, Yueying Wang, Xiaofang Zhang, Mingfu Ma, Zhenrong Xie, Qiuwei Pan, Zhongren Ma, Maikel P Peppelenbosch
doi : 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa388
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 113, Issue 5, May 2021, Pages 1332–1342
Intermittent fasting is a popular dietary intervention with perceived relatively easy compliance and is linked to various health benefits, including weight loss and improvement in blood glucose concentrations. The mechanistic explanations underlying the beneficial effects of intermittent fasting remain largely obscure but may involve alterations in the gut microbiota.
Imaging as predictor of clinical response to teduglutide in adult patients with short bowel syndrome with chronic intestinal failure
Anna Martin, Vanessa Boehm, Magaly Zappa, Lore Billiauws, Fanny Bonvalet, Alexandre Nuzzo, Valérie Vilgrain, Francisca Joly, Maxime Ronot
doi : 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa412
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 113, Issue 5, May 2021, Pages 1343–1350
Teduglutide (TED) is a glucagon-like peptide 2 analogue approved in patients with short bowel syndrome with chronic intestinal failure. Bowel epithelial hyperplasia has been reported after TED treatment.
Gestational weight gain charts: results from the Brazilian Maternal and Child Nutrition Consortium
Gilberto Kac, Tha?s R B Carilho, Kathleen M Rasmussen, Michael E Reichenheim, Dayana R Farias, Jennifer A Hutcheon, Brazilian Maternal and Child Nutrition Consortium
doi : 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa402
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 113, Issue 5, May 2021, Pages 1351–1360
Monitoring gestational weight gain (GWG) is fundamental to ensure a successful pregnancy for the mother and the offspring. There are several international GWG charts, but just a few for low- and middle-income countries.
Impact of high-dose folic acid supplementation in pregnancy on biomarkers of folate status and 1-carbon metabolism: An ancillary study of the Folic Acid Clinical Trial (FACT)
Malia S Q Murphy, Katherine A Muldoon, Hauna Sheyholislami, Nathalie Behan, Yvonne Lamers, Natalie Rybak, Ruth Rennicks White, Alysha L J Harvey, Laura M Gaudet, Graeme N Smith, Mark C Walker, Shi Wu Wen, Amanda J MacFarlane
doi : 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa407
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 113, Issue 5, May 2021, Pages 1361–1371
Periconceptional folic acid (FA) supplementation is recommended to prevent the occurrence of neural tube defects. Currently, most over-the-counter FA supplements in Canada and the United States contain 1 mg FA and some women are prescribed 5 mg FA/d. High-dose FA is hypothesized to impair 1-carbon metabolism. We aimed to determine folate and 1-carbon metabolism biomarkers in pregnant women exposed to 1 mg or 5 mg FA.
Vitamin A–fortified rice increases total body vitamin A stores in lactating Thai women measured by retinol isotope dilution: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial
Siwaporn Pinkaew, Emorn Udomkesmalee, Christopher R Davis, Sherry A Tanumihardjo
doi : 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa418
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 113, Issue 5, May 2021, Pages 1372–1380
Lactating women are at increased risk for vitamin A (VA) deficiency due to demands for breast milk content and limited hepatic stores for women in some countries. Previously, consumption of triple-fortified rice, which included VA, iron, and zinc, successfully improved the VA status of Thai children in whom their total body VA stores (TBSs) were doubled in 2 mo.
Corrigendum to: Associations of lifestyle risk factors with overweight or obesity among adolescents: a multi-country analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2021;113(3):742–50
Sabera Sultana
doi : 10.1093/ajcn/nqab022
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 113, Issue 5, May 2021, Page 1381
Retraction of Effects of vitamin D supplementation on glucose metabolism, lipid concentrations, inflammation, and oxidative stress in gestational diabetes: a double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2013;98(6):1425–32
doi : 10.1093/ajcn/nqab071
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 113, Issue 5, May 2021, Page 1382
Retraction of Magnesium supplementation affects metabolic status and pregnancy outcomes in gestational diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2015;102(1):222–9
doi : 10.1093/ajcn/nqab072
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 113, Issue 5, May 2021, Page 1383
Calendar of Events
doi : 10.1093/ajcn/nqab160
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 113, Issue 5, May 2021, Page 1384
