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Topical use of alcohol in ophthalmology - Diagnostic and therapeutic indications
Harminder S.DuaabRashmiDeshmukhabDarren S.J.TingabCraigWildebMarioNubilecLeonardoMastropasquacDalia G.Saidab
doi : 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.04.005
Volume 21, July 2021, Pages 1-15
Alcohol (ethanol) has been used in medicine since time immemorial. In ophthalmic practice, besides as an antiseptic, it was given as retrobulbar injections to relieve severe ocular pain. Alcohol can be applied topically to the surface of neoplastic or suspicious lesions to kill cells that might desquamate and seed during surgical excision, to treat epithelial ingrowth that can occur following corneal surgeries, particularly laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK), and to treat superficial infectious keratitis. In view of its ability to achieve a smooth cleavage plane between the epithelium and the Bowman's layer, alcohol-assisted delamination (ALD) of the corneal epithelium has been used widely and effectively for a variety of diagnostic and therapeutic indications, at times delivering both outcomes. Diagnostically, ALD yields an intact epithelial sheet which can be fixed flat to provide excellent orientation for histopathological evaluation. Therapeutically, it is most commonly used to treat recurrent corneal erosion syndrome, where its efficacy is comparable to that of phototherapeutic keratectomy but with several advantages. It has also been used to treat various forms of epithelial/anterior stromal dystrophies, which can obviate or delay the need for corneal transplantation for several years. In addition, ALD is performed in corneal collagen cross-linking and corneal refractive surgery for relatively atraumatic removal of the epithelium. In this review, we aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the diagnostic and therapeutic use of topical alcohol in ophthalmology, to describe the surgical and fixation techniques of ALD, and to highlight our experience in ALD over the past decade.
Synthetic high-density lipoprotein nanoparticles: Good things in small packages
Robert M.LavkeraNihalKaplanaKaylin M.McMahonbAndrea E.CalvertbStephen E.HenrichbUmmiye V.OnayaKurt Q.LuaHanPengaC. ShadThaxtonb
doi : 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.03.001
Volume 21, July 2021, Pages 19-26
Medicine has been a great beneficiary of the nanotechnology revolution. Nanotechnology involves the synthesis of functional materials with at least one size dimension between 1 and 100 nm. Advances in the field have enabled the synthesis of bio-nanoparticles that can interface with physiological systems to modulate fundamental cellular processes. One example of a diverse acting nanoparticle-based therapeutic is synthetic high-density lipoprotein (HDL) nanoparticles (NP), which have great potential for treating diseases of the ocular surface. Our group has developed a spherical HDL NP using a gold nanoparticle core. HDL NPs: (i) closely mimic the physical and chemical features of natural HDLs; (ii) contain apoA-I; (iii) bind with high-affinity to SR-B1, which is the major receptor through which HDL modulates cell cholesterol metabolism and controls the selective uptake of HDL cargo into cells; (iv) are non-toxic to cells and tissues; and (v) can be chemically engineered to display nearly any surface or core composition desired. With respect to the ocular surface, topical application of HDL NPs accelerates re-epithelization of the cornea following wounding, attenuates inflammation resulting from chemical burns and/or other stresses, and effectively delivers microRNAs with biological activity to corneal cells and tissues. HDL NPs will be the foundation of a new class of topical eye drops with great translational potential and exemplify the impact that nanoparticles can have in medicine.
The role of nitric oxide in ocular surface physiology and pathophysiology
Shyam SunderTummanapalliaRajeshKuppusamyabJia HaoYeocNareshKumarbElizabeth J.NewcdMark D.P.Willcoxa
doi : 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.04.007
Volume 21, July 2021, Pages 37-51
Nitric oxide (NO) has a wide array of biological functions including the regulation of vascular tone, neurotransmission, immunomodulation, stimulation of proinflammatory cytokine expression and antimicrobial action. These functions may depend on the type of isoform that is responsible for the synthesis of NO. NO is found in various ocular tissues playing a pivotal role in physiological mechanisms, namely regulating vascular tone in the uvea, retinal blood circulation, aqueous humor dynamics, neurotransmission and phototransduction in retinal layers. Unregulated production of NO in ocular tissues may result in production of toxic superoxide free radicals that participate in ocular diseases such as endotoxin-induced uveitis, ischemic proliferative retinopathy and neurotoxicity of optic nerve head in glaucoma. However, the role of NO on the ocular surface in mediating physiology and pathophysiological processes is not fully understood. Moreover, methods used to measure levels of NO in the biological samples of the ocular surface are not well established due to its rapid oxidation. The purpose of this review is to highlight the role of NO in the physiology and pathophysiology of ocular surface and propose suitable techniques to measure NO levels in ocular surface tissues and tears. This will improve the understanding of NO's role in ocular surface biology and the development of new NO-based therapies to treat various ocular surface diseases. Further, this review summarizes the biochemistry underpinning NO's antimicrobial action.
Ocular redness – II: Progress in development of therapeutics for the management of conjunctival hyperemia
Rohan BirSinghaLingjiaLiuaAnnYungaSoniaAnchoucheabSharad K.MittalaTomasBlancoaThomas H.DohlmanaJiaYinaRezaDanaa
doi : 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.05.004
Volume 21, July 2021, Pages 66-77
Conjunctival hyperemia is one of the most common causes for visits to primary care physicians, optometrists, ophthalmologists, and emergency rooms. Despite its high incidence, the treatment options for patients with conjunctival hyperemia are restricted to over-the-counter drugs that provide symptomatic relief due to short duration of action, tachyphylaxis and rebound redness. As our understanding of the immunopathological pathways causing conjunctival hyperemia expands, newer therapeutic targets are being discovered. These insights have also contributed to the development of animal models for mimicking the pathogenic changes in microvasculature causing hyperemia. Furthermore, this progress has catalyzed the development of novel therapeutics that provide efficacious, long-term relief from conjunctival hyperemia with minimal adverse effects.
Ocular redness – I: Etiology, pathogenesis, and assessment of conjunctival hyperemia
Rohan BirSinghaLingjiaLiuaSoniaAnchoucheabAnnYungaSharad K.MittalaTomasBlancoaThomas H.DohlmanaJiaYinaRezaDanaa
doi : 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.05.003
Volume 21, July 2021, Pages 134-144
The translucent appearance of the conjunctiva allows for immediate visualization of changes in the circulation of the conjunctival microvasculature consisting of extensive branching of superficial and deep arterial systems and corresponding drainage pathways, and the translucent appearance of the conjunctiva allows for immediate visualization of changes in the circulation. Conjunctival hyperemia is caused by a pathological vasodilatory response of the microvasculature in response to inflammation due to a myriad of infectious and non-infectious etiologies. It is one of the most common contributors of ocular complaints that prompts visits to medical centers. Our understanding of these neurogenic and immune-mediated pathways has progressed over time and has played a critical role in developing targeted novel therapies. Due to a multitude of underlying etiologies, patients must be accurately diagnosed for efficacious management of conjunctival hyperemia. The diagnostic techniques used for the grading of conjunctival hyperemia have also evolved from descriptive and subjective grading scales to more reliable computer-based objective grading scales.
Corneal nerve changes following treatment with neurotoxic anticancer drugs
Jeremy Chung BoChiangaDavidGoldsteinbcSusanna B.ParkdArun V.KrishnanbMariaMarkoullia
doi : 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.06.007
Volume 21, July 2021, Pages 221-237
Survival rates of cancer has improved with the development of anticancer drugs including systemic chemotherapeutic agents. However, long-lasting side effects could impact treated patients. Neurotoxic anticancer drugs are specific agents which cause chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN), a debilitating condition that severely deteriorates quality of life of cancer patients and survivors. The ocular surface is also prone to neurotoxicity but investigation into the effects of neurotoxic chemotherapy on the ocular surface has been more limited compared to other systemic etiologies such as diabetes. There is also no standardized protocol for CIPN diagnosis with an absence of a reliable, objective method of observing nerve damage structurally. As the cornea is the most densely innervated region of the body, researchers have started to focus on corneal neuropathic changes that are associated with neurotoxic chemotherapy treatment. In-vivo corneal confocal microscopy enables rapid and objective structural imaging of ocular surface microscopic structures such as corneal nerves, while esthesiometers provide means of functional assessment by examining corneal sensitivity. The current article explores the current guidelines and gaps in our knowledge of CIPN diagnosis and the potential role of in-vivo corneal confocal microscopy as a diagnostic or prognostic tool. Corneal neuropathic changes with neurotoxic anticancer drugs from animal research progressing through to human clinical studies are also discussed, with a focus on how these data inform our understanding of CIPN.
Lid margin keratinization in Stevens-Johnson syndrome: Review of pathophysiology and histopathology
SwatiSinghabSaumyaJakaticSwapna S.ShanbhagdAbdelrahman M.ElhusseinyeAli R.DjalilianeSayanBasuabd
doi : 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.03.011
Volume 21, July 2021, Pages 299-305
Lid margin keratinization (LMK) is a chronic ocular sequela of Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), which causes lid wiper epitheliopathy and progressive ocular surface damage. The exact etiopathogenesis of LMK, however, remains elusive. This review summarizes the potential pathophysiological mechanisms of LMK and describes its histopathological features. A literature search of articles discussing the pathophysiology of LMK in SJS was performed. The possible pathophysiologic mechanisms contributing to LMK, as identified on the literature review, included loss of the muco-cutaneous junction barrier leading to epidermalization, dyskeratosis involving the meibomian gland orifices, altered lid margin microbiome, and de novo squamous metaplasia of the marginal conjunctival epithelium. Based on these mechanisms, the possible sources of keratinized epithelium at the posterior lid margin in SJS could be the adjacent anterior eyelid skin, hyperkeratinized epithelium from the meibomian gland ductal orifices, or the inflamed marginal conjunctiva. The epithelial, sub-epithelial, and stromal changes seen in keratinized posterior lid margins in SJS patients undergoing mucous membrane grafting were also investigated. The findings revealed keratinizing squamous metaplasia of the posterior lid margin accompanied by subepithelial infiltration of helper T cells predominantly on the conjunctival side. The visible meibomian gland orifices had ductal hyperkeratinization and plugging. These findings support a role for inflammation in the pathogenesis of LMK in SJS. Future research can be directed at delineating the pathways that lead to LMK by studying the changes in the lid margin microbiome, and the molecular mechanisms regulating keratinization in the conjunctiva and the meibomian gland orifices in eyes affected by SJS.
Membrane-associated mucins of the human ocular surface in health and disease?
RafaelMartinez-CarrascoaPabloArgüesobM. ElizabethFinic
doi : 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.03.003
Volume 21, July 2021, Pages 313-330
Mucins are a family of high molecular weight, heavily-glycosylated proteins produced by wet epithelial tissues, including the ocular surface epithelia. Densely-packed O-linked glycan chains added post-translationally confer the biophysical properties of hydration, lubrication, anti-adhesion and repulsion. Membrane-associated mucins (MAMs) are the distinguishing components of the mucosal glycocalyx. At the ocular surface, MAMs maintain wetness, lubricate the blink, stabilize the tear film, and create a physical barrier to the outside world. In addition, it is increasingly appreciated that MAMs function as cell surface receptors that transduce information from the outside to the inside of the cell. Recently, our team published a comprehensive review/perspectives article for molecular scientists on ocular surface MAMs, including previously unpublished data and analyses on two new genes MUC21 and MUC22, as well as new MAM functions and biological roles, comparing human and mouse (PMID: 31493487). The current article is a refocus for the audience of The Ocular Surface. First, we update the gene and protein information in a more concise form, and include a new section on glycosylation. Next, we discuss biological roles, with some new sections and further updating from our previous review. Finally, we provide a new chapter on MAM involvement in ocular surface disease. We end this with discussion of an emerging mechanism responsible for damage to the epithelia and their mucosal glycocalyces: the unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR offers a novel target for therapeutic intervention.
Safety and efficacy of UV application for superficial infections in humans: A systematic review and meta-analysis
SanjayMarasiniaAlexis CeeceeZhangbSimon J.DeanaSimonSwiftcJennifer P.Craiga
doi : 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.03.002
Volume 21, July 2021, Pages 331-344
Ultraviolet (UV) light is naturally antimicrobial, but risks associated with UV overexposure have limited its clinical application. This systematic review evaluates the safety and efficacy of UV light treatment of superficial human infections.
Aftermarket effects of cenegermin for neurotrophic keratopathy in pediatric patients
Jeremy B.HatcheraMatiasSoiferbcNatalia G.MoralesaAsim V.FarooqdVictor L.PerezbcChristineShiehe
doi : 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.04.003
Volume 21, July 2021, Pages 52-57
Neurotrophic keratopathy (NK) is a rare condition characterized by poor corneal sensation and healing. Cenegermin (topical recombinant nerve growth factor) has gained traction as a medical therapy for NK in recent years, and is FDA-approved for patients over two years old. However, no major trials have demonstrated the drug's efficacy in children. This study reviews the outcomes of cenegermin therapy in a pediatric patient population.
Demographic and lifestyle risk factors of dry eye disease subtypes: A cross-sectional study
James S.WolffsohnaMichael T.M.WangbMariaVidal-RohraFrancescoMenduniaSandeepDhalluaTugceIpekacDuyguAcaraAlbertoRecchioniadAlexFranceeAlecKingsnorthaJennifer P.Craigab
doi : 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.05.001
Volume 21, July 2021, Pages 58-63
To evaluate demographic and lifestyle factors associated with aqueous deficient and evaporative dry eye disease.
Clinical practice patterns in the management of dry eye disease: A TFOS international survey
James S.WolffsohnaSoniaTravé HuarteaLyndonJonesbcJennifer P.CraigdaMichael T.M.Wangdthe TFOS ambassadors
doi : 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.04.011
Volume 21, July 2021, Pages 78-86
To examine clinical management and prescribing patterns for dry eye disease (DED), in relation to severity and subtype, by eye care practitioners across the globe.
The relationship between alcohol consumption and dry eye
Morten SchjervenMagnoabc1TishelleDanield1Mathias KaurstadMorthenacHaroldSniedereNomdoJansoniuscTor P.UtheimfChristopher J.HammondghJelleVehofigj
doi : 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.05.005
Volume 21, July 2021, Pages 87-95
To assess the association between dry eye disease (DED) and alcohol consumption using a large population-based cohort.
Altered ocular surface immune cell profile in patients with dry eye disease
Archana PadmanabhanNairab1SharonD'Souzac1RohitShettycPrernaAhujacGairikKunducPoojaKhamarcZeldaDadachanjicPrajaktaParitekarcPavitraPatelcMor M.DickmandeRudy MMA.NuijtsdRajiv R.MohanfghArkasubhraGhoshaiSwaminathanSethua
doi : 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.04.002
Volume 21, July 2021, Pages 96-106
Aberrant inflammation and immune dysregulation are known pathogenic contributors in dry eye disease (DED). Aim of the study was to determine the proportions of immune cell subsets on the ocular surface (OS) of DED patients.
The physical and mental burden of dry eye disease: A large population-based study investigating the relationship with health-related quality of life and its determinants
Mathias KaurstadMorthenabMorten SchjervenMagnoabcTor PaaskeUtheimcHaroldSniederdChristopher J.HammondefJelleVehofade
doi : 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.05.006
Volume 21, July 2021, Pages 107-117
This large cross-sectional population-based study investigated the relationship between dry eye disease (DED) and health-related quality of life (HR-QoL).
Human meibum and tear film derived (O-acyl)-omega-hydroxy fatty acids in meibomian gland dysfunction
SafalKhanalaWilliamNgobKelly K.NicholsaLandonWilsoncdStephenBarnescdJason J.Nicholsa
doi : 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.05.009
Volume 21, July 2021, Pages 118-128
The molecular basis of the tear film and lipid layer alterations in meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is unknown. This study aimed to identify and compare (O-acyl)-omega-hydroxy fatty acids (OAHFAs) derived from human meibum and tears in MGD.
The effects of a steam warming eye mask on the ocular surface and mental health
MikiUchinoab1MotokoKawashimaac1RyutaroYamanishia1SachikoInouedShinichiKawashimacKyokoTagamieMakotoYoshidabTohruSugitabYuichiUchinoaKazuoTsubotaaf
doi : 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.05.007
Volume 21, July 2021, Pages 129-133
The continuous use of warming eye masks improves tear function. In this double-blind randomized controlled trial, we aimed to analyze the effects of warming eye mask use on the ocular surface and mental health.
Inducing dry eye disease using a custom engineered desiccation system: Impact on the ocular surface including keratin-14-positive limbal epithelial stem cells
RichardZhangaElvisPandzicbMijeongParkaDenisWakefieldaNickDi Girolamoa
doi : 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.04.006
Volume 21, July 2021, Pages 145-159
Dry eye disease (DED) is characterized by loss of tear film stability that becomes self-sustaining in a vicious cycle of pathophysiological events. Currently, desiccation stress (DS) is the dominant procedure for inducing DED in mice, however its’ effect on limbal epithelial stem cells (LESCs) has been overlooked. This study aimed to establish a DS model via the use of a novel hardware to investigate the impact on the ocular surface including LESCs.
Dysfunction of the limbal epithelial stem cell niche in aniridia-associated keratopathy
UrsulaSchl?tzer-SchrehardtaLorenzLattabAndreasGie?laMatthiasZenkelaFabian N.FriescBarbaraK?smann-KellnercFriedrich E.Krusea1BertholdSeitzc1
doi : 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.06.002
Volume 21, July 2021, Pages 160-173
Abnormalities in the limbal niche microenvironment have been suggested to be causally involved in aniridia-associated keratopathy (AAK), but histological analyses on the limbal structure and composition in AAK are lacking. Here, we investigated morphologic and molecular alterations of the limbal epithelial stem cell niche in human congenital aniridia.
Long-term outcomes of the MICOF keratoprosthesis surgery
LiqiangWanga1XiezhouHeab1QunWangaTengyunWucAnqiLiuaYifeiHuanga
doi : 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.06.005
Volume 21, July 2021, Pages 178-185
To evaluate long-term anatomical and functional outcomes of the MICOF keratoprosthesis to treat end-stage corneal blindness.
Relationships between activated dendritic cells and dry eye symptoms and signs
HarryLevineabJodiHwangabHarrisonDermerabDivyMehraabWilliamFeuerbAnatGalorab
doi : 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.06.001
Volume 21, July 2021, Pages 186-192
To examine whether “activated” dendritic cells (aDCs) could serve as a biomarker of systemic immune disorders in individuals with dry eye (DE) symptoms. Secondarily, to examine the impact of a topical anti-inflammatory agent on aDC number.
Ciliogenesis and autophagy are coordinately regulated by EphA2 in the cornea to maintain proper epithelial architecture
NihalKaplana1SijiaWangb1JunyiWangacWendingYangaRosaVentrelladAhmedMajekodunmieBethany E.Perez WhiteaSpiroGetsiosfBrian J.MitchelldHanPengaRobert M.Lavkera
doi : 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.06.006
Volume 21, July 2021, Pages 193-205
To understand the relationship between ciliogenesis and autophagy in the corneal epithelium.
Molecular identity of human limbal heterogeneity involved in corneal homeostasis and privilege
ShengqianDouabQunWangabXiaQiabBinZhangabHuiJiangabShengwenChenabHaoyunDuanabYaoLucJiaoyangDongcYihaiCaodLixinXieabQingjunZhouabWeiyunShiabe
doi : 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.04.010
Volume 21, July 2021, Pages 206-220
The corneal limbus maintains the homeostasis, immune and angiogenic privilege of cornea. This study aimed to depict the landscape of human limbal tissues by single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq).
Entry receptor bias in evolutionarily distant HSV-1 clinical strains drives divergent ocular and nervous system pathologies
LuliaKoujahabMowafakAllahamcChandrashekhar D.PatilaJoshua M.AmesabRahul K.SuryawanshiaTejabhiramYadavalliaAlexAgelidisabChristineMunaBayasgalanSurenkhuuaSandeepJainaDeepakShuklaab
doi : 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.03.005
Volume 21, July 2021, Pages 238-249
Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) infection leads to varying pathologies including the development of ocular lesions, stromal keratitis and encephalitis. While the role for host immunity in disease progression is well understood, the contribution of genetic variances in generating preferential viral entry receptor usage and resulting immunopathogenesis in humans are not known.
Human precorneal tear film and lipid layer dynamics in meibomian gland dysfunction
YuqiangBaia1WilliamNgob1SafalKhanalaKelly K.NicholsaJason J.Nicholsa
doi : 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.03.006
Volume 21, July 2021, Pages 250-256
To evaluate the precorneal tear film (PCTF) and lipid layer (TFLL) thicknesses and thinning rates in meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) using a combined ultra-high-resolution optical coherence tomography (OCT) and thickness dependent fringe (TDF) interferometry system.
Neuronal-epithelial cell alignment: A determinant of health and disease status of the cornea
HughTucka1MijeongParka1MichaelCarnellbJoshuaMachetaAlexanderRichardsonaMarijanJukiccNickDi Girolamoa
doi : 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.03.007
Volume 21, July 2021, Pages 257-270
How sensory neurons and epithelial cells interact with one another, and whether this association can be considered an indicator of health or disease is yet to be elucidated.
Meibomian gland dysfunction is suppressed via selective inhibition of immune responses by topical LFA-1/ICAM antagonism with lifitegrast in the allergic eye disease (AED) model
Pali P.SinghaChenYubRoseMathewbVictor L.PerezcDaniel R.Sabanbcd
doi : 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.03.009
Volume 21, July 2021, Pages 271-278
The etiology of meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is incompletely understood, despite being a common ophthalmic condition and an area of unmet medical need. It is characterized by an insufficiency in glandular provision of specialized lipids (meibum) to the tear film and is a major cause of dry eye. Work in the allergic eye disease (AED) mouse model has revealed an immunopathogenic role in MGD causation, now raising interest in the applicability of immunomodulatory therapies. As such, we herein ask whether inhibition of lymphocyte function associated antigen (LFA)-1/intracellular adhesion molecules (ICAM)-1 signaling via topical lifitegrast administration has a therapeutic effect on MGD in AED mice.
A single cell atlas of human cornea that defines its development, limbal progenitor cells and their interactions with the immune cells
JosephCollina2RachelQueena2DarinZertia12SanjaBojica3BirtheDorgaua3NickyMoysebMarina MoyaMolinaaChunboYangaSunandaDeycGaryReynoldsaRafiqulHussainaJonathan M.CoxheadaStevenLisgoaDeborahHendersonaAgathaJosephdPaulRooneydSaurabhGhosheLucyClarkef…MajlindaLakoa
doi : 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.03.010
Volume 21, July 2021, Pages 279-298
Single cell (sc) analyses of key embryonic, fetal and adult stages were performed to generate a comprehensive single cell atlas of all the corneal and adjacent conjunctival cell types from development to adulthood.
Relationship between unhealthy sleep status and dry eye symptoms in a Japanese population: The JPHC-NEXT study
AkikoHanyudaabNorieSawadabMikiUchinoaMotokoKawashimaaKenyaYukiaKazuoTsubotaaKozoTannocKiyomiSakatacKazumasaYamagishideHiroyasuIsofNobufumiYasudagIsaoSaitohTadahiroKatoiYasuyoAbejKazuhikoArimajTaichiShimazubTaikiYamajibAtsushiGotob…ShoichiroTsuganeb
doi : 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.04.001
Volume 21, July 2021, Pages 306-312
To investigate whether and how unhealthy sleep habits (i.e., the frequency of difficulty falling or staying asleep, and the frequency of waking up tired) and the duration of sleep are related to the prevalence of dry eye disease (DED) in a general population.
In-situ porcine corneal matrix hydrogel as ocular surface bandage
GhasemYazdanpanahacRituShahaSriRaghurama R SomalaaKhandaker N.AnwaraXiangShenaSeungwonAnaMeisamOmidibMark I.RosenblattaTolouShokuhfarcAli R.Djaliliana
doi : 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.04.004
Volume 21, July 2021, Pages 27-36
Bioactive substrates can be used therapeutically to enhance wound healing. Here, we evaluated the effect of an in-situ thermoresponsive hydrogel from decellularized porcine cornea ECM, COMatrix (COrnea Matrix), for application as an ocular surface bandage for corneal epithelial defects.
Chronic ocular complications in lamotrigine vs. trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis
RamyRashadabSwapna S.ShanbhagacJamesKwanabJamesChodoshaSalehSaeedaHajirah N.Saeeda
doi : 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.04.009
Volume 21, July 2021, Pages 16-18
The purpose of this study is to compare the severity of chronic ocular complications of Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN) induced by lamotrigine (LT) vs. trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TS).
Regulation of innate immune response by miR-628–3p upregulated in the plasma of Stevens-Johnson syndrome patients
MayumiUetaaHiromiNishigakiaKatsuraMizushimabYujiNaitobChieSotozonoaShigeruKinoshitac
doi : 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.05.008
Volume 21, July 2021, Pages 174-177
Chemical and thermal ocular burns in the United States: An IRIS registry analysis
SoniaAnchoucheab1NathanHalla1SilaBalaRezaDanaaTobiasElzeaJoan W.Millera2Alice C.Lorcha2JiaYina2IRIS Registry Data Analytic Centers
doi : 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.03.008
Volume 21, July 2021, Pages 345-347
Unapproved drugs – A fix to an unintended consequence of an FDA policy
Gary D.Novackab
doi : 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.05.002
Volume 21, July 2021, Pages 351-354
Targeted steroid ointment application to the lid margins in ocular graft-versus-host disease associated blepharitis treatment
Edgar A.Domenech-EstarellasabHikariMamatacZhonghui KatieLuob
doi : 10.1016/j.jtos.2020.12.002
Volume 21, July 2021, Pages 348-350
Spontaneous face- and eye-touching: Infection risk versus potential microbiome gain
Sascha K.R.SpencerabIan C.FrancisabMinas T.Coroneoab
doi : 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.04.008
Volume 21, July 2021, Pages 64-65
The COVID-19 pandemic has piqued interest in spontaneous face-touch as a possible route of microbial infection, with eye-touch of particular importance since the ocular surface is a likely portal of human Coronavirus infection. Spontaneous face-touching is a poorly understood, ingrained habit for humans, who engage in this activity on average between 9 to 162 times per hour. Nearly half of spontaneous face-touches involve mucous membranes, and one third of those involve the eyes. The infective sequelae of self-touch are well documented in ophthalmological conditions such as infectious conjunctivitis, with risks for ocular surface disease beyond primary infection from pathogens such as human papillomavirus. Through tear film conveyance via the nasolacrimal duct, ocular surface pathogens may furthermore have access to the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and respiratory/gastrointestinal systems beyond. Ocular surface and face self-touch therefore represent a concerning possible method of not only local, but also systemic, self-inoculation. Conversely, microbial diversity in the mutualistic microbiome is being increasingly implicated as integral for developing immunity, and protecting against endocrinological and neurodegenerative disease, including those that affect the eye. Spontaneous face-touch brings the hands, the part of the body most in contact with the external world and with the highest temporal diversity, into direct contact with the body’s multiple microbiomes. The authors hypothesise that spontaneous self-touch may represent an important mechanism by which the skin, ocular surface, gastrointestinal, and respiratory tracts maintains microbial diversity and prevents dysbiosis. It may be that whilst the eyes are at risk of infection through self-touch, they may paradoxically benefit through the acquisition of a mutualistic microbiome, protective not only for the eyes, but for the body as a whole.
