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تعداد آیتم قابل مشاهده باقیمانده : 3 مورد
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Factors that may or may not be associated with emergence delirium

Factors that may or may not be associated with emergence delirium
Factors that predispose to ED
  • Age: Most frequent between two and six years[1]
  • Anesthetics: Sevoflurane ≈ desflurane ≈ isoflurane >> TIVA > halothane[2-6]
  • Preoperative mental state: Increased anxiety, temperament*[7,8]
Factors that do not predispose to ED
  • Rapid emergence[9]
  • Deep anesthesia (bispectral index <45.5)[10,11]
  • Preoperative anxiety*[12,13]
The factors that have been associated with a greater probability of developing ED are shown in the top portion of this table; those that have been found to not be associated with development of ED are shown in the bottom portion. Administration of sevoflurane, desflurane, and isoflurane confer approximately equivalent risk, and greater risk than TIVA. ED is least likely after halothane anesthesia.
ED: emergence delirium; TIVA: total intravenous anesthesia.
*Conflicting data, further studies required
References:
  1. Aono J, Ueda W, Mamiya K, Takimoto E, Manabe M. Greater incidence of delirium during recovery from sevoflurane anesthesia in preschool boys. Anesthesiology 1997; 87:1298.
  2. Beksow A, Westrin P. Sevoflurane causes more postoperative agitation in children than does halothane. Acta Anaesth Scand 1999; 43:536.
  3. Meyer RR, Munster P, Werner C, Brambrink AM. Isoflurane is associated with a similar incidence of emergence agitation/delirium as sevoflurane in young children – a randomized controlled study. Paediatr Anaesth 2007; 17:56.
  4. Hasani A, Ozgen S, Baftiu N. Emergence agitation in children after propofol versus halothane anesthesia. Med Sci Monit 2009; 15:CR302.
  5. Chandler JR, Myers D, Mehta D, et al. Emergence delirium in children: a randomized trial to compare total intravenous anesthesia with propofol and remifentanil to inhalational sevoflurane anesthesia. Paediatr Anaesth 2013; 23:309.
  6. Costi D, Cyna AM, Ahmed S, et al. Effects of sevoflurane versus other general anaesthesia on emergence agitation in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; 12:CD007084.
  7. Aono J, Mamiya K, Manabe M. Preoperative anxiety is associated with a high incidence of problematic behavior on emergence after halothane anesthesia in boys. Acta Anaesthiol Scand 1999; 43:542.
  8. Kain ZN, Caldwell-Andrews AA, Maranets I, et al. Preoperative anxiety and emergence delirium and postoperative maladaptive behaviors. Anesth Analg 2004; 99:1648.
  9. Cohen IT, Finkel JC, Hannallah RS, et al. Rapid emergence does not explain agitation following sevoflurane anaesthesia in infants and children: a comparison with propofol. Paediatr Anaesth 2003; 13:63.
  10. Faulk DJ, Twite MD, Zuk J, et al. Hypnotic depth and the incidence of emergence agitation and negative postoperative behavioral changes. Paediatr Anaesth 2010; 20:72.
  11. Frederick HJ, Wofford K, Dear GL, Schulman SR. A randomized controlled trial to determine the effect of depth of anesthesia on emergence agitation in children. Anesth Analg 2016; 122:1141.
  12. Berghmans JM, Poley M, Weber F, et al. Does the child behavior checklist predict levels of preoperative anxiety at anesthetic induction and postoperative emergence delirium? A prospective cohort study. Minerva Anestesiol 2015; 81:145.
  13. Joo J, Lee Sm Lee Y. Emergence delirium is related to the invasiveness of strabismus surgery in preschool-age children. J Internat Med Res 2014; 42:1311.
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