Factors that influence minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) values of inhalation anesthetic agents

Factors that increase MAC	Factors that decrease MAC
Chronic alcohol use Infancy (highest MAC at 6 months) Hypernatremia Hyperthermia Amphetamines Cocaine Ephedrine	Acute alcohol use Older age Hyponatremia Hypothermia Anemia (Hgb <5 g/dL) Hypercarbia Hypoxia Metabolic acidosis Pregnancy Nitrous oxide Opioids Benzodiazepines Propofol Alpha₂ agonists Intravenous lidocaine

Factors that increase or decrease the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) value, defined as the concentration of an inhalation anesthetic agent in the alveoli required to prevent movement in response to a surgical stimulus in 50 percent of patients.

MAC: minimum alveolar concentration; Hgb: hemoglobin.

Adapted from:

McKay RE. Inhaled anesthetics. In: Basics of Anesthesia, 6th ed, Miller RD, Pardo, Jr., MC (Eds), Elsevier, Philadelphia 2011.
Bartunek AE, Minimum alveolar concentration. In: Faust's Anesthesiology Review, 4th ed, Murray MJ, Harrison BA, Mueller JT, et al (Eds), Elsevier, Philadelphia 2015.
Miller's Anesthesia, 8th ed, Miller RD, Cohen NH, Eriksson LI, et al (Eds), Elsevier, Philadelphia 2015.

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Factors that influence minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) values of inhalation anesthetic agents