Risk factors for development of atherosclerosis and early cardiovascular disease in childhood

Traditional risk factors

Dyslipidemia

Obesity

Diabetes mellitus (type 1 or 2)

Hypertension

Family history of premature ASCVD*

Smoke exposure

Other conditions with increased ASCVD risk

Familial hypercholesterolemia

Chronic kidney disease

Kawasaki disease

Childhood cancer

Transplant vasculopathy

Certain congenital heart disease defects (eg, CoA, AS, TGA, congenital coronary artery anomalies)

Cardiomyopathy (eg, HCM)

Chronic inflammatory disorders (eg, SLE, systemic JIA)

HIV infection

Adolescent depressive and bipolar disorders

ASCVD: atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; CoA: coarctation of the aorta; AS: aortic stenosis; TGA: transposition of the great arteries; HCM: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; SLE: systemic lupus erythematosus; JIA: juvenile idiopathic arthritis.

* Family history of premature ASCVD is generally defined as one or more of the following before age 55 years in a male parent or sibling or before age 65 years in a a female parent or sibling:

Heart attack, treated angina, or interventions for coronary artery disease
Sudden cardiac death
Ischemic stroke

References:

De Ferranti SD, Steinberger J, Ameduri R, et al. Cardiovascular risk reduction in high-risk pediatric patients: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2019; 139:e603.
Expert Panel on Integrated Guidelines for Cardiovascular Health and Risk Reduction in Children and Adolescents, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Expert panel on integrated guidelines for cardiovascular health and risk reduction in children and adolescents: Summary report. Pediatrics 2011; 128 Suppl 5:S213.

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Risk factors for development of atherosclerosis and early cardiovascular disease in childhood