- Posterior pain pelvic provocation test (P4 test): The patient lies supine and the hip is flexed to 90 degrees. Downward pressure is applied to the knee along the axis of the femur. A positive test will elicit pain in the gluteal region. The reported sensitivity and specificity are approximately 80% for each.
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- Patrick FABER test (Flexion, Abduction and External Rotation test): The patient lies supine with the hips flexed; the leg is externally rotated and abducted with the ipsilateral heel resting on the opposite knee. This test is positive if it elicits pain in the ipsilateral joints of the pelvis. The sensitivity and specificity reported by Albert et al were 0.40 to 0.70 and 0.99, respectively.
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- Long dorsal sacroiliac ligament palpation: If the pain lasts for >5 seconds after the examiner removes his/her hand, it is recorded as pain; if the pain lasts for <5 seconds, it is recorded as tenderness. The reported sensitivity and specificity are 0.35 and 0.98, respectively.
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- Active straight leg raise test: With the patient lying supine, she is asked to raise one leg at a time approximately 20 cm off the table, with the knee straight. The degree of difficulty in performing this test is an indicator of the severity of the condition. The sensitivity and specificity are 0.87 and 0.94, respectively.
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- Pain at palpation of the pubic symphysis: After the examiner removes the palpating hand, pain lasting for >5 seconds is considered positive. The reported sensitivity and specificity are 0.60 to 0.81 and 0.99, respectively.
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- Modified Trendelenburg test: The patient stands on one leg and flexes the hip and knee at 90 degrees. Pain experienced in the symphysis is considered positive.
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- Menell's test: With the patient supine, one leg is moved into 30 degrees abduction and 10 degrees flexion in the hip joint and is pushed and pulled out from the pelvis thereby resulting in sagittal movement. The sensitivity and specificity are 0.54 to 0.70 and 1.00.
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