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Laboratory test reference ranges in adults

Laboratory test reference ranges in adults

INTRODUCTION — The test ranges listed below represent reference ranges for normal values in nonpregnant adults of common laboratory tests, represented in US traditional units followed by equivalent values in Système International (SI) units.

These data are derived from and reproduced with permission from the American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) and are also available on the ABIM website (https://www.abim.org/Media/bfijryql/laboratory-reference-ranges.pdf). © Copyright 2024 American Board of Internal Medicine.

Ranges for normal values vary depending on patient populations and test assays used. In some cases, the values presented here may differ from ranges reported from a local laboratory.

Interpretation of a specific abnormal test result should be based upon the laboratory-specific normal value reported for that result. Clinicians should speak with personnel from the laboratory that performed the testing if they have concerns or questions about reference ranges provided with a laboratory result.

REFERENCE RANGES

1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol), serum

(See 'Vitamin D metabolites, serum' below.)

1,5-anhydroglucitol, serum or plasma

Female: 6.8–29.3 μg/mL; 41.4-178.5 micromol/L (SI)

Male: 10.7–32 μg/mL; 65.2-194.9 micromol/L (SI)

17-hydroxyprogesterone, serum

Female, follicular: <80 ng/dL; <2.5 nmol/L (SI)

Female, luteal: <285 ng/dL; <9 nmol/L (SI)

Female, postmenopausal: <51 ng/dL; <1.6 nmol/L (SI)

Male (adult): <220 ng/dL; <7 nmol/L (SI)

25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-hydroxycholecalciferol), serum

(See 'Vitamin D metabolites, serum' below.)

5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, urine

2 to 9 mg/24-hour collection; 10 to 47 micromol/24-hour collection (SI)

6-thioguanine, whole blood

230 to 400 pmol/800 million (8 x 108) red blood cells

A1c (hemoglobin A1c, glycated hemoglobin)

(See 'Hemoglobin, glycated (Hb A1c)' below.)

Acid phosphatase, serum

Total: 0.5 to 2 (Bodansky) units/mL

Prostatic fraction: 0.1 to 0.4 units/mL

ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone), plasma

10 to 60 pg/mL; 2.2 to 13.2 pmol/L (SI)

Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)

25 to 35 seconds

ADAMTS13 activity

(See "Diagnosis of immune TTP", section on 'ADAMTS13 activity'.)

Albumin, serum

3.5 to 5.5 g/dL; 35 to 55 g/L (SI)

Albumin, urine

<25 mg/24-hour collection

Albumin-to-creatinine ratio, urine

<30 mg albumin/gram creatinine

Aldolase, serum

0.8 to 3 international units/mL

Aldosterone, plasma

Supine or seated: ≤10 ng/dL; ≤0.3 nmol/L (SI)

Standing: <21 ng/dL; <0.6 nmol/L (SI)

Low-sodium diet (supine): ≤30 ng/dL; ≤0.8 nmol/L (SI)

Aldosterone, urine

5 to 19 microg/24 hour; 13.8 to 52.6 nmol/day (SI)

Alkaline phosphatase, serum

30 to 120 units/L

Alkaline phosphatase, bone specific

(See 'Bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, serum' below.)

Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT), serum

150 to 350 mg/dL; 1.5 to 3.5 g/L or 27.6 to 64.5 micromol/L (SI)

Alpha-2-antiplasmin activity, plasma

75 to 115 percent

Alpha-amino nitrogen, urine

100 to 290 mg/24 hour

Alpha-fetoprotein, serum

<10 ng/mL; <10 microg/L (SI)

Amino acids, urine

200 to 400 mg/24-hour collection

Aminotransferase, serum alanine (ALT, SGPT)

10 to 40 units/L

Aminotransferase, serum aspartate (AST, SGOT)

10 to 40 units/L

Ammonia, plasma

40 to 70 microg/dL; 23.5 to 41.1 micromol/L (SI)

Amylase, serum

25 to 125 units/L (80 to 180 [Somogyi] units/dL)

Amylase, urine

1 to 17 units/hour

ANC (absolute neutrophil count)

Duffy-null: 1210 to 5390/microL; 1.21 to 5.39 x 109/L (SI)

Non-Duffy-null: 2000 to 8250/microL; 2 to 8.25 x 109/L (SI)

(See "Approach to the adult with unexplained neutropenia", section on 'Normal variants <1500/microL'.)

(See "Gene test interpretation: ACKR1 (Duffy blood group gene)", section on 'Reference ranges for Duffy-null and non-Duffy-null'.)

Androstenedione, serum

Female: 30 to 200 ng/dL; 1 to 7 nmol/L (SI)

Male: 40 to 150 ng/dL; 1.4 to 5.2 nmol/L (SI)

Angiotensin-converting enzyme, serum

8 to 53 units/L

Anion gap, serum

7 to 13 mEq/L; 7 to 13 mmol/L (SI)

Anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies

0 to 7 international units/mL

Anticardiolipin antibodies

IgG: <20 GPL units

IgM: <20 MPL units

(See "Diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome", section on 'Antiphospholipid antibody testing'.)

Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide, antibodies

<20 units

Antideoxyribonuclease B

<280 units

Anti-F-actin antibodies, serum

≤1:80

Antihistone antibodies

<1:16

Anti-liver-kidney microsomal (anti-LKM) antibodies

<1:20

Antimitochondrial antibodies

≤1:5

Anti-myelin associated glycoprotein antibody

<1:1600

Anti-myeloperoxidase antibodies

<1 unit/mL

Antinuclear antibodies

≤1:40

Anti-smooth muscle antibodies

≤1:80

Antistreptolysin O titer

<200 Todd units

Antithrombin activity

80 to 120 percent

Antithyroglobulin antibodies

<20 units/mL

Anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies

<2 units/mL

Anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies

(See 'Tissue transglutaminase antibody, IgA' below and 'Tissue transglutaminase antibody, IgG' below.)

Arterial blood gas

(See 'Blood gas' below.)

Ascorbic acid (vitamin C), blood

0.4 to 1.5 mg/dL; 22.7 to 85.2 micromol/L (SI)

Ascorbic acid, leukocyte

16.5 ± 5.1 mg/dL of leukocytes

(1,3)-beta-D-glucan, serum

<60 pg/mL

Beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG), serum

Female, premenopausal nonpregnant: <1 milli-international unit/mL; <1 international unit/L (SI)

Female, postmenopausal: <7 milli-international units/mL; <7 international units/L (SI)

Male: <1.4 milli-international units/mL; <1.4 international units/L (SI)

Beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG), urine

<2 milli-international units/24 hour

Beta-2-glycoprotein I antibodies

IgG: <21 standard IgG units (SGU)

IgM: <21 standard IgM units (SMU)

Beta-hydroxybutyrate, serum

<4.2 mg/dL; <0.4 mmol/L (SI)

Beta-2-microglobulin, serum

0.54 to 2.75 mg/L

Bicarbonate, serum

23 to 28 mEq/L; 23 to 28 mmol/L (SI)

Bilirubin, serum

Total: 0.3 to 1 mg/dL; 5.1 to 17.1 micromol/L (SI)

Direct: 0.1 to 0.3 mg/dL; 1.7 to 5.1 micromol/L (SI)

Indirect: 0.2 to 0.7 mg/dL; 3.4 to 12 micromol/L (SI)

Bleeding time (template)

<8 minutes

Blood gas

Arterial, patient breathing room air

pH: 7.38 to 7.44

pCO2: 38 to 42 mmHg; 5.1 to 5.6 kPa (SI)

pO2: 75 to 100 mmHg; 10 to 13.3 kPa (SI)

Bicarbonate: 23 to 26 mEq/L; 23 to 26 mmol/L (SI)

Oxygen saturation (SaO2): ≥95 percent

Methemoglobin: 0.5 to 3 percent

Venous, mixed blood

pH: 7.32 to 7.41

pCO2: 42 to 53 mmHg; 5.6 to 7.1 kPa (SI)

pO2: 35 to 42 mmHg; 4.7 to 5.6 kPa (SI)

Bicarbonate: 24 to 28 mEq/L; 24 to 28 mmol/L (SI)

Oxygen saturation (SvO2): 65 to 75 percent

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum or plasma

8 to 20 mg/dL; 2.9 to 7.1 mmol/L (SI)

Bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, serum

Female, premenopausal: 4.5 to 16.9 microg/L

Female, postmenopausal: 7 to 22.4 microg/L

Male, 25 years of age or older: 6.5 to 20.1 microg/L

B-type natriuretic peptide, plasma

<100 pg/mL; <28 pmol/L (SI)

C peptide, serum

0.8 to 3.1 ng/mL; 0.3 to 1 nmol/L (SI)

Calcitonin, serum

Female: ≤5 pg/mL; ≤1.5 pmol/L (SI)

Male: ≤10 pg/mL; ≤2.9 pmol/L (SI)

Calcium, ionized, serum

4.5 to 4.9 mg/dL; 1.12 to 1.23 mmol/L (SI)

Calcium, serum

8.6 to 10.2 mg/dL; 2.2 to 2.6 mmol/L (SI)

Calcium, urine

Female: <250 mg/24 hour; <6.3 mmol/day (SI)

Male: <300 mg/24 hour; <7.5 mmol/day (SI)

Carbohydrate antigen (CA) tumor markers, serum

CA 19-9: 0 to 37 units/mL

CA 27-29: <38 units/mL

CA 125: <35 units/mL

Carbon dioxide, serum

23 to 30 mEq/L; 23 to 30 mmol/L (SI)

Carboxyhemoglobin, blood

<5 percent

Carcinoembryonic antigen, plasma

<2.5 ng/mL; <2.5 microg/L (SI)

Carotene, serum

75 to 300 microg/dL; 1.4 to 5.6 micromol/L (SI)

Catecholamines, plasma

Dopamine: <30 pg/mL; <195 pmol/L (SI)

Epinephrine:

Supine: <50 pg/mL; <275 pmol/L (SI)

Standing: <95 pg/mL; <520 pmol/L (SI)

Norepinephrine:

Supine: 112 to 658 pg/mL; 662 to 3890 pmol/L (SI)

Standing: 217 to 1109 pg/mL; 1280 to 6550 pmol/L (SI)

Catecholamines, urine

Dopamine: 65 to 400 microg/24 hour; 424 to 2610 nmol/24 hour (SI)

Epinephrine: 2 to 24 microg/24 hour; 10.9 to 131 nmol/24 hour (SI)

Norepinephrine: 15 to 100 microg/24 hour; 88.7 to 590 nmol/24 hour (SI)

Total: 26 to 121 microg/24 hour

CD4 T lymphocyte count

530 to 1570 cells/microL

CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) cell counts

Leukocytes (white blood cells): 0 to 5 cells/microL

Erythrocytes (red blood cells): 0 cells/microL

CSF chloride

120 to 130 mEq/L; 120 to 130 mmol/L (SI)

CSF gamma globulin

6.1 to 8.3 mg/dL; 0.06 to 0.08 g/L (SI)

CSF glucose

50 to 75 mg/dL; 2.8 to 4.2 mmol/L (SI)

CSF opening pressure

70 to 180 mm cerebrospinal fluid; 70 to 180 mm H2O (7 to 18 cm H20)

CSF total protein

15 to 45 mg/dL

Ceruloplasmin, serum (plasma)

25 to 43 mg/dL; 250 to 430 mg/L (SI)

Chloride, serum

98 to 106 mEq/L; 98 to 106 mmol/L (SI)

Chloride, urine

Random/spot: mEq/L (variable)

24-hour collection: mEq/L (varies with intake)

Cholesterol, serum

Total

Desirable: <200 mg/dL; <5.2 mmol/L (SI)

Borderline-high: 200 to 239 mg/dL; 5.2 to 6.2 mmol/L (SI)

High: >239 mg/dL; >6.2 mmol/L (SI)

High-density lipoprotein

Low

-Female: <50 mg/dL; <1.3 mmol/L (SI)

-Male: <40 mg/dL; <1 mmol/L (SI)

Low-density lipoprotein

Optimal: <100 mg/dL; <2.6 mmol/L (SI)

Near-optimal: 100 to 129 mg/dL; 2.6 to 3.3 mmol/L (SI)

Borderline-high: 130 to 159 mg/dL; 3.4 to 4.1 mmol/L (SI)

High: 160 to 189 mg/dL; 4.1 to 4.9 mmol/L (SI)

Very high: >189 mg/dL; >4.9 mmol/L (SI)

(See "Screening for lipid disorders in adults" and "Cardiovascular disease risk assessment for primary prevention: Risk calculators".)

Cholinesterase

Serum (pseudocholinesterase): ≥0.5 pH units/hour

Packed cells: ≥0.7 pH units/hour

Chorionic gonadotropin, beta-human (beta-hCG), serum

(See 'Beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG), serum' above.)

Chorionic gonadotropin, beta-human (beta-HCG), urine

(See 'Beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG), urine' above.)

Chromogranin A, serum

<93 ng/mL

Citrate, urine

250 to 1000 mg/24 hour

Coagulation factors, plasma

Factor I (fibrinogen): 200 to 400 mg/dL; 5.8 to 11.8 micromol/L (SI)

Factor II (prothrombin): 60 to 130 percent

Factor V (accelerator globulin): 60 to 130 percent

Factor VII (proconvertin): 60 to 130 percent

Factor VIII (antihemophilic globulin): 50 to 150 percent

Factor IX (plasma thromboplastin component): 60 to 130 percent

Factor X (Stuart factor): 60 to 130 percent

Factor XI (plasma thromboplastin antecedent): 60 to 130 percent

Factor XII (Hageman factor): 60 to 130 percent

Factor XIII: 57 to 192 percent

Cold agglutinin titer

<1:64 (requires clinical correlation) (See "Cold agglutinin disease", section on 'Antibody titer and thermal amplitude'.)

Complement components, serum

C3: 100 to 233 mg/dL; 1 to 2.3 g/L (SI)

C4: 14 to 48 mg/dL; 0.1 to 0.5 g/L (SI)

CH50: 110 to 190 units/mL

Copper, serum

100 to 200 microg/dL; 15.7 to 31.4 micromol/L (SI)

Copper, urine

0 to 100 microg/24 hours; 0 to 1.57 micromol/24 hours (SI)

Coproporphyrin, urine

50 to 250 microg/24-hour collection; 76.4 to 382 nmol/24 hour (SI)

Cortisol, free, urine

4 to 50 microg/24-hour collection; 11 to 140 nmol/24 hour (SI)

Cortisol, plasma

8 AM: 5 to 25 microg/dL; 140 to 690 nmol/L (SI)

4 PM: <10 microg/dL; <276 nmol/L (SI)

1 hour after cosyntropin: ≥18 microg/dL; ≥496.58 nmol/L (SI)

Overnight suppression test (1 mg): <1.8 microg/dL; <49.66 nmol/L (SI)

Overnight suppression test (8 mg): >50 percent reduction

Cortisol, saliva

11 pm to midnight (23:00 to 24:00 hours): <0.09 microg/dL

C-reactive protein, serum

≤0.8 mg/dL; ≤76.2 nmol/L (SI)

C-reactive protein (high sensitivity), serum

Low risk: <1 mg/L; <9.5 nmol/L (SI)

Average risk: 1 to 3 mg/L; 9.5 to 28.6 nmol/L (SI)

High risk: >3 mg/L; >28.6 nmol/L (SI)

Creatine kinase, serum

Total

Female: 30 to 135 units/L; 0.5 to 2.3 mckat/L (SI)

Male: 55 to 170 units/L; 0.9 to 2.8 mckat/L (SI)

MB isoenzymes: <5 percent of total

Creatine, urine

Female: 0 to 100 mg/24 hour

Male: 0 to 40 mg/24 hour

Creatinine clearance, urine

90 to 140 mL/minute/1.73 m2; 1.5 to 2.3 mL/second/1.73 m2 (SI)

Creatinine, serum

Female: 0.50 to 1.10 mg/dL; 44 to 97 micromol/L (SI)

Male: 0.70 to 1.30 mg/dL; 62 to 115 micromol/L (SI)

Creatinine, urine

Random/spot: mg/dL (variable)

24-hour collection: 15 to 25 mg/kg bodyweight/24 hours

Cyclosporine, whole blood trough

(See "Pharmacology of cyclosporine and tacrolimus", section on 'Target concentrations'.)

D-dimer, plasma

<0.5 microg/mL; <0.5 mg/L; <3 nmol/L (SI)

Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), serum

Female: 44 to 332 microg/dL; 1.2 to 9 micromol/L (SI)

Male: 89 to 457 microg/dL; 2.4 to 12.4 micromol/L (SI)

Delta-aminolevulinic acid, serum

<20 microg/dL; 1.53 micromol/L (SI)

Dihydrotestosterone, serum

Adult male: 20 to 80 ng/dL; 0.69 nmol/L to 2.78 nmol/L (SI)

Dopamine, plasma

<30 pg/mL; <195.84 pmol/L (SI)

Dopamine, urine

65 to 400 microg/24 hour

D-Xylose absorption

After ingestion of 25 g of D-xylose:

Serum: 25 to 40 mg/dL

Urinary excretion: 4.5 to 7.5 g during a 5-hour period

Electrolytes, serum

Sodium: 136 to 145 mEq/L

Potassium: 3.5 to 5.0 mEq/L

Chloride: 98 to 106 mEq/L

Bicarbonate: 23 to 28 mEq/L

Epinephrine, plasma

Supine: <110 pg/mL; <600.5 pmol/L (SI)

Standing: <140 pg/mL; <765 pmol/L (SI)

Epinephrine, urine

<20 microg/24 hour; <110 nmol/24 hour (SI)

Erythrocyte count

4.2 to 5.9 million red blood cells/microL

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (Westergren)

Female: 0 to 20 mm/hour

Male: 0 to 15 mm/hour

Erythrocyte survival rate (51Cr)

T ½ = 28 days

Erythropoietin, serum

4 to 26 milliunits/mL; 4 to 26 milliunits/mL (SI)

Estradiol, serum

Female, follicular: 10 to 180 pg/mL; 36.7 to 660 pmol/L (SI)

Midcycle peak: 100 to 300 pg/mL; 367 to 1100 pmol/L (SI)

Luteal: 40 to 200 pg/mL; 147 to 735 pmol/L (SI)

Postmenopausal: <10 pg/mL; <36.7 pmol/L (SI)

Male: 20 to 50 pg/mL; 73.4 to 184 pmol/L (SI)

Estriol, urine

>12 mg/24 hour

Estrogen receptor protein

Negative: <10 fmol/mg protein

Estrone, serum

10 to 60 pg/mL; 37 to 222 pmol/L (SI)

Ethanol, blood

<0.005 percent (<5 mg/dL); <1.1 mmol/L (SI)

Coma level: >0.5 percent (>500 mg/dL); >110 mmol/L (SI)

Intoxication: ≥0.08 to 0.1 percent (≥80 to 100 mg/dL); ≥17.4 to 21.7 mmol/L (SI)

Euglobulin clot lysis time

2 to 4 hours at 37.0°C

Factor XIII, B subunit, plasma

60 to 130 units/dL

Fecal fat

<7 g/24 hour

Fecal pH

7 to 7.5

Fecal weight

<250 g/24 hour

Ferritin, serum

Female: 24 to 307 ng/mL; 54 to 690 pmol/L (SI)

Male: 24 to 336 ng/mL; 54 to 755 pmol/L (SI)

Fibrin degradation products

<10 microg/mL; <10 mg/L (SI)

Fibrinogen, plasma

200 to 400 mg/dL; 5.9 to 11.8 micromol/L (SI)

Fibroblast growth factor-23, serum

30 to 80 RU/mL

Folate, red cell

150 to 450 ng/mL of packed cells; 340 to 1020 nmol/L of packed cells (SI)

Folate, serum

1.8 to 9 ng/mL; 4.1 to 20.4 nmol/L (SI)

Follicle-stimulating hormone, serum

Female, follicular/luteal: 2 to 9 milli-international units/mL (2 to 9 international units/L)

Female, midcycle peak: 4 to 22 milli-international units/mL (4 to 22 international units/L)

Female, postmenopausal: >30 milli-international units/mL (>30 international units/L)

Male (adult): 1 to 7 milli-international units/mL (1 to 7 international units/L)

Free kappa light chain, serum

3.3 to 19.4 mg/L

Free kappa-to-free lambda light chain ratio, serum

0.26 to 1.65

Free lambda light chain, serum

5.7 to 26.3 mg/L

Gamma globulin, CSF

(See 'CSF gamma globulin' above.)

Gamma-glutamyl transferase (transpeptidase), serum

Female: 8 to 40 units/L; 8 to 40 units/L (SI)

Male: 9 to 50 units/L; 9 to 50 units/L (SI)

Gastrin, serum

<100 pg/mL; <100 ng/L (SI)

Glucose, plasma (fasting)

70 to 99 mg/dL; 3.9 to 5.5 mmol/L (SI)

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, blood

5 to 15 units/g of hemoglobin; 0.08 to 0.25 nkat/g hemoglobin (SI)

Glycoprotein alpha-subunit, serum

<1 ng/mL

Growth hormone, serum

At rest: <5 ng/mL; <5 microg/L (SI)

Response to provocative stimuli: >7 ng/mL; >7 microg/L (SI)

Haptoglobin, serum

83 to 267 mg/dL; 830 to 2670 mg/L (SI)

Hematocrit, blood

Female: 37 to 47 percent

Male: 42 to 50 percent

Hemoglobin, blood

Female: 12 to 16 g/dL; 120 to 160 g/L (SI)

Male: 14 to 18 g/dL; 140 to 180 g/L (SI)

Hemoglobin fractionation

Hb A: 96 to 98 percent

Hb A2: 1.5 to 3.5 percent

Hb F: <1 percent

Hemoglobin, glycated (Hb A1c)

4 to 5.6 percent; 20.2 to 37.7 mmol/mol (SI)

Hemoglobin (free), plasma

<5 mg/dL

Heparin-anti-factor Xa assay, plasma

Therapeutic range for unfractionated heparin: 0.3 to 0.7 international units/mL

Heparin-platelet factor 4 antibody, serum

Positive: >0.4 optical density units (varies depending on assay)

(See "Clinical presentation and diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia", section on 'Immunoassay (eg, ELISA)'.)

Hepatic copper

25 to 40 mg/g dry weight

Hepatic iron index

<1

Histamine excretion, urine

20 to 50 microg/24 hour

Homocysteine, plasma

0.68 to 2 mg/L; 5 to 15 micromol/L (SI)

Beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG), serum

Female, premenopausal nonpregnant: <1 units/L

Female, postmenopausal: <7 units/L

Male: <1.4 units/L

Beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG), urine

<2 milli-international units/24 hour

Hydroxyproline, urine

10 to 30 mg/sq meter of body surface/24 hour

Immature platelet fraction

1 to 5 percent of platelet count

Immune complexes, serum

0 to 50 microg/dL

Immunoglobulin (Ig), serum

IgA: 90 to 325 mg/dL; 0.9 to 3.3 g/L (SI)

IgE: <380 international units/mL; <0.9 g/L (SI)

IgG: 800 to 1500 mg/dL; 8 to 15 g/L (SI)

IgM: 45 to 150 mg/dL; 0.5 to 1.5 g/L (SI)

Immunoglobulin free light chains, serum

Kappa: 3.3 to 19.4 mg/L

Lambda: 5.7 to 26.3 mg/L

Kappa‐to‐lambda ratio: 0.26 to 1.65

Insulin, serum (fasting)

<20 microunits/mL; <138.9 pmol/L (SI)

Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1; somatomedin-C), serum

Ages 16 to 24: 182 to 780 ng/mL; 23.8 to 102.2 nmol/L (SI)

Ages 25 to 39: 114 to 492 ng/mL; 14.9 to 64.5 nmol/L (SI)

Ages 40 to 54: 90 to 360 ng/mL; 11.8 to 47.2 nmol/L (SI)

Ages 55 and older: 71 to 290 ng/mL; 9.3 to 38 nmol/L (SI)

Iodine, urine

Random ("spot"): microg/L (variable)

Iron, serum

50 to 150 microg/dL; 9 to 27 micromol/L (SI)

Iron-binding capacity, serum (total)

250 to 310 microg/dL; 44.8 to 55.5 micromol/L (SI)

Lactate dehydrogenase, serum

80 to 225 units/L; 1.3 to 3.8 mckat/L (SI)

Lactate, arterial blood

<12 mg/dL; <1.3 mmol/L (<1.3 mEq/L) (SI)

Lactate, serum or plasma

6.3 to 18.9 mg/dL; 0.7 to 2.1 mmol/L (SI)

Lactate, venous blood

6 to 16 mg/dL; 0.7 to 1.8 mmol/L (0.7 to 1.8 mEq/L) (SI)

Lactic acid, serum

6 to 19 mg/dL; 0.7 to 2.1 mmol/L (SI)

Lactose tolerance test, gastrointestinal

Increase in plasma glucose: >15 mg/dL

Lead, blood

<5 microg/dL; <0.2 micromol/L (SI)

Leukocyte count

4000 to 11,000/microL; 4.5 to 11 x 109/L (SI)

Segmented neutrophils: 50 to 70 percent

Band forms: 0 to 5 percent

Lymphocytes: 30 to 45 percent

Monocytes: 0 to 6 percent

Basophils: 0 to 1 percent

Eosinophils: 0 to 3 percent

Lipase, serum

10 to 140 units/L; 0.2 to 2.3 mckat/L (SI)

Lipids, serum

(See 'Cholesterol, serum' above and 'Triglycerides, serum (fasting)' below.)

Lipoprotein(a), serum

Desirable: <30 mg/dL; <0.8 mmol (SI)

Luteinizing hormone (LH), serum

Female, follicular/luteal: 1 to 12 milli-international units/mL; 1 to 12 international units/L (SI)

Female, midcycle peak: 9 to 80 milli-international units/mL; 9 to 80 international units/L (SI)

Female, postmenopausal: >30 milli-international units/mL; >30 international units/L (SI)

Male (adult): 2 to 9 milli-international units/mL; 2 to 9 international units/L (SI)

Child (Tanner stages 1, 2, 3): <9 milli-international units/mL; <0.009 international units/L (SI)

Child (Tanner stages 4, 5): 1 to 15 milli-international units/mL; 0.001 to 0.015 international units/L (SI)

Lymphocyte subsets

CD3: 900 to 3245 cells/microL; 0.9 to 3.25 x 109 cells/L (SI)

CD4: 530 to 1570 cells/microL; 0.5 to 1.6 x 109 cells/L (SI)

CD8: 430 to 1060 cells/microL; 0.4 to 1.1 x 109 cells/L (SI)

CD19: 208 to 590 cells/microL; 0.2 to 0.6 x 109 cells/L (SI)

CD56: 40 to 500 cells/microL; 0.04 to 0.5 x 109 cells/L (SI)

Magnesium, serum

1.6 to 2.6 mg/dL; 0.66 to 1.07 mmol/L (SI)

Magnesium, urine

14 to 290 mg/24 hour; 0.5754 to 11.919 mmol/day (SI)

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin

28 to 32 pg/cell; 28 to 32 pg/cell (SI)

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration

33 to 36 g/dL; 330 to 370 g/L (SI)

Mean corpuscular volume

80 to 98 microm3; 80 to 98 fL (SI)

Mean platelet volume

7 to 9 fL

Metanephrines, fractionated, plasma

Metanephrine: <0.5 nmol/L

Normetanephrine: <0.9 nmol/L

Metanephrines, fractionated, 24-hour urine

Metanephrine: <400 microg/24 hour; <2 micromol/24 hour (SI)

Normetanephrine: <900 microg/24 hour; <5 micromol/24 hour (SI)

Methylmalonic acid (MMA), serum

0.00 to 0.40 micromol/L (SI)

Myoglobin, serum

<100 microg/L; <5.7 nmol/L (SI)

Neutrophil count

(See 'ANC (absolute neutrophil count)' above.)

Norepinephrine, plasma

Supine: 70 to 750 pg/mL; 400 to 4400 pmol/L (SI)

Standing: 200 to 1700 pg/mL; 1180 to 10,000 pmol/L (SI)

Norepinephrine, urine

0 to 100 microg/24 hour; 0 to 590 nmol/24 hour (SI)

Normetanephrine, fractionated, plasma

<0.9 nmol/L; <4.9 pmol/L (SI)

Normetanephrine, fractionated, 24-hour urine

<900 microg; <4900 nmol/24 hour (SI)

N-telopeptide, urine

Female: 11 to 48 nmol bone collagen equivalents (BCE)/mmol creatinine

Male: 7 to 68 nmol BCE/mmol creatinine

N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP), serum or plasma

If estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) is >60 mL/minute/1.73m2:

18 to 49 years of age:

-Heart failure unlikely: ≤300 pg/mL; ≤35.47 pmol/L (SI)

-High probability of heart failure: ≥450 pg/mL

50 to 75 years of age:

-Heart failure unlikely: ≤300 pg/mL

-High probability of heart failure: ≥900 pg/mL

>75 years of age:

-Heart failure unlikely: ≤300 pg/mL

-High probability of heart failure ≥1800 pg/mL

If eGFR is <60 mL/minute/1.73m2:

≥18 years:

-High probability of heart failure ≥1200 pg/mL

Osmolality, serum

275 to 295 mOsm/kg H2O

Osmolality, urine

38 to 1400 mOsm/kg H2O

Osmotic fragility of erythrocytes

Increased if hemolysis occurs in over 0.5 percent NaCl

Decreased if hemolysis is incomplete in 0.3 percent NaCl

Osteocalcin, serum

Female: 7.2 to 27.9 ng/mL; 7.2 to 27.9 microg/L (SI)

Male: 11.3 to 35.4 ng/mL; 11.3 to 35.4 microg/L (SI)

Oxalate, urine

<40 mg/24 hour; <450 micromol/24 hour (SI)

Oxygen consumption

225 to 275 mL/minute

Oxygen saturation, arterial blood

≥95 percent

Parathyroid hormone, serum

C-terminal: 150 to 350 pg/mL; 150 to 350 ng/L (SI)

Intact: 10 to 65 pg/mL; 10 to 65 ng/L (SI)

Intact (dialysis patients only): Target 130 to 585 pg/mL; 130 to 585 ng/L (SI)

Parathyroid hormone-related protein, serum

<1.5 pmol/L

Partial thromboplastin time, activated (aPTT)

25 to 35 seconds

pH, urine

4.5 to 8

Phenolsulfonphthalein, urine

At least 25 percent excreted by 15 minutes

40 percent by 30 minutes

60 percent by 120 minutes

Phosphatase (acid), serum

Total: 0.5 to 2 (Bodansky) units/mL

Prostatic fraction: 0.1 to 0.4 units/mL

Phosphatase (alkaline), serum

30 to 120 units/L; 0.5 to 2 microkat/L (SI)

Phospholipids, serum (total)

200 to 300 mg/dL; 2 to 3 g/L (SI)

Phosphorus (phosphate), serum — Serum phosphate (PO4) is measured, but the result is often reported as serum phosphorus.

3 to 4.5 mg/dL; 0.97 to 1.45 mmol/L (SI)

Phosphorus, urine

500 to 1200 mg/24 hour; 16.15 to 38.76 mmol/day (SI)

Platelet count

150,000 to 450,000/microL; 150 to 450 x 109/L (SI)

Platelet function analysis (PFA-100)

Collagen–epinephrine closure time: 60 to 143 seconds

Collagen–adenosine diphosphate (ADP) closure time: 58 to 123 seconds

Platelet survival rate (51Cr)

10 days

Potassium, serum

3.5 to 5 mEq/L; 3.5 to 5 mmol/L (SI)

Potassium, urine

Random ("spot"): mEq/L (varies)

24‐hour measurement: mEq/24 hour (varies with intake)

Prealbumin, serum

16 to 30 mg/dL; 160 to 300 mg/L or 2.91 to 5.45 micromol/L (SI)

Pregnanetriol, urine

0.2 to 3.5 mg/24 hour; 0.59 to 10.40 micromol/day (SI)

Pressure (opening; initial), cerebrospinal fluid

(See 'CSF opening pressure' above.)

Procalcitonin, serum

≤0.10 ng/mL; ≤0.10 microg/L (SI)

Progesterone, serum

Female, follicular: 0.02 to 0.9 ng/mL; 0.06 to 2.9 nmol/L (SI)

Female, luteal: 2 to 30 ng/mL; 6.4 to 95.4 nmol/L (SI)

Male (adult): 0.12 to 0.3 ng/mL; 0.4 to 1 nmol/L (SI)

Proinsulin, serum

3 to 20 pmol/L

Prolactin, serum

<20 ng/mL; <20 microg/L (SI)

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA), serum

ng/mL; no specific normal or abnormal level

Protein C activity, plasma

65 to 150 percent

Protein C antigen, plasma

70 to 140 percent

Protein catabolic rate, urine

Goal: 1 to 1.2 g/kg/24 hour

Protein, cerebrospinal fluid total

(See 'CSF total protein' above.)

Protein S activity, plasma

57 to 131 percent

Protein S antigen, plasma

Total: 60 to 140 percent

Free: 60 to 130 percent

Protein, urine

Random/spot: mg/dL (variable)

24-hour collection: <100 mg/24 hour; <0.1 g/24 hour (SI)

Proteins, serum

Total: 5.5 to 9 g/dL; 55 to 90 g/L (SI)

Albumin: 3.5 to 5.5 g/dL; 35 to 55 g/L (SI)

Globulin: 2 to 3.5 g/dL; 20 to 35 g/L (SI)

Alpha1: 0.2 to 0.4 g/dL; 2 to 4 g/L (SI)

Alpha2: 0.5 to 0.9 g/dL; 5 to 9 g/L (SI)

Beta: 0.6 to 1.1 g/dL; 6 to 11 g/L (SI)

Gamma: 0.7 to 1.7 g/dL; 7 to 17 g/L (SI)

Protein-to-creatinine ratio, urine

<0.2 mg/mg

Prothrombin time, plasma

11 to 13 seconds

Pyruvic acid, blood

0.08 to 0.16 mmol/L

Red blood cell (RBC) count

(See 'Erythrocyte count' above.)

Red cell distribution width (RDW)

9.0 to 14.5 percent

Red cell mass

Female: 22.7 to 27.9 mL/kg

Male: 24.9 to 32.5 mL/kg

Renin activity (angiotensin-I radioimmunoassay)

Peripheral plasma, normal diet

Supine: 0.3 to 2.5 ng/mL/hour; 7.11 to 59.25 pmol/L (SI)

Upright: 0.2 to 3.6 ng/mL/hour; 4.74 to 85.32 pmol/L (SI)

Peripheral plasma, low sodium diet

Supine: 0.9 to 4.5 ng/mL/hour; 21.33 to 106.65 pmol/L (SI)

Upright: 4.1 to 9.1 ng/mL/hour; 97.17 to 215.67 pmol/L (SI)

Peripheral plasma, diuretics and low sodium diet

6.3 to 13.7 ng/mL/hour; 149.31 to 324.69 pmol/L (SI)

Renal vein concentration

Normal ratio (high:low): <1.5

Reptilase time

10 to 12 seconds

Reticulocyte count

0.5 to 1.5 percent of red blood cells

Reticulocyte count, absolute

25,000 to 100,000/microL; 25 to 100 x 109/L (SI)

Rheumatoid factor (nephelometry)

<24 international units/mL

Rheumatoid factor, latex test for

≤1:80

Ristocetin cofactor activity of plasma

50 to 150 percent

Russell viper venom time, dilute

33 to 44 seconds

Sex hormone-binding globulin

Female, nonpregnant: 2.02 to 16.19 microg/mL; 18 to 144 nmol/L (SI)

Male: 1.12 to 6.41 microg/mL; 10 to 57 nmol/L (SI)

Sodium, serum

136 to 145 mEq/L; 136 to 145 mmol/L (SI)

Sodium, urine

Random ("spot"): mEq/L (variable)

24‐hour collection: mEq/24 hour (varies with intake)

Specific gravity, urine

1.002 to 1.03

Sperm density

10 to 150 million/mL

Sweat test for sodium and chloride

<60 mEq/L

T3 resin uptake (T3RU)

25 to 35 percent

T lymphocyte count, CD4

530 to 1570/microL

Testosterone, serum

Female: 18 to 54 ng/dL; 0.6 to 1.9 nmol/L (SI)

Male: 291 to 1100 ng/dL; 10.1 to 38.2 nmol/L (SI)

Testosterone, bioavailable, serum

Female, age 18 to 69 years: 0.5 to 8.5 ng/dL; 0.02 to 0.29 nmol/L (SI)

Testosterone, free, serum

Male: 70 to 300 pg/mL; 243 to 1040 pmol/L (SI)

Thrombin time

17 to 23 seconds

Thyroid function studies

T3 resin uptake: 25 to 35 percent

Thyroglobulin, serum: <20 ng/mL; <20 microg/L (SI)

Thyroidal iodine (123I) uptake: 5 to 30 percent of administered dose at 24 hours

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), serum: 0.5 to 4 microunits/mL; 0.5 to 4 milliunits/L (SI)

Thyroid‐stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI): <130 percent

Thyroxine-binding globulin, serum: 12 to 27 microg/mL; 205 to 461.5 nmol/L (SI)

Thyroxine index, free (estimate): 5 to 12

Thyroxine (T4), serum

Total: 5 to 12 microg/dL; 64.4 to 154.4 nmol/L (SI)

Free: 0.8 to 1.8 ng/dL; 10.3 to 23.2 pmol/L (SI)

Triiodothyronine (T3), serum

Total: 80 to 180 ng/dL; 1.2 to 2.8 nmol/L (SI)

Reverse: 20 to 40 ng/dL

Free: 2.3 to 4.2 pg/mL; 3.5 to 6.5 pmol/L (SI)

TIBC, serum

(See 'Iron-binding capacity, serum (total)' above.)

Tissue transglutaminase antibody, IgA

By chemiluminescence method: <20 AU

By enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA): <4 units/mL

Tissue transglutaminase antibody, IgG

By chemiluminescence method: <20 AU

By enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA): <6 units/mL

Total proteins, cerebrospinal fluid

(See 'CSF total protein' above.)

Transaminase, serum glutamic oxaloacetic (SGOT)

(See 'Aminotransferase, serum aspartate (AST, SGOT)' above.)

Transaminase, serum glutamic pyruvic (SGPT)

(See 'Aminotransferase, serum alanine (ALT, SGPT)' above.)

Transferrin saturation

20 to 50 percent

Transferrin, serum

200 to 400 mg/dL; 26 to 50 micromol/L (SI)

Triglycerides, serum (fasting)

Optimal: <100 mg/dL; <1.1 mmol/L (SI)

Normal: <150 mg/dL; <1.7 mmol/L (SI)

Borderline-high: 150 to 199 mg/dL; 1.7 to 2.2 mmol/L (SI)

High: 200 to 499 mg/dL; 2.3 to 5.6 mmol/L (SI)

Very high: >499 mg/dL; >5.6 mmol/L (SI)

Troponin I, cardiac, serum

≤0.04 ng/mL; ≤0.04 microg/L (SI)

Troponin T, cardiac, serum

≤0.01 ng/mL; ≤0.01 microg/L (SI)

Tryptase, serum

<11.5 ng/mL

Urea clearance, urine

Standard: 40 to 60 mL/minute

Maximal: 60 to 100 mL/minute

Urea nitrogen, blood

8 to 20 mg/dL; 2.9 to 7.1 mmol/L (SI)

Urea nitrogen, urine

12 to 20 g/24 hour

Uric acid, serum

3 to 7 mg/dL; 178.5 to 416.5 micromol/L (SI)

Uric acid, urine

250 to 750 mg/24 hour; 1.6 to 4.8 mmol/24 hour (SI)

Uroporphyrin, urine

10 to 30 microg/24 hour

Vanillylmandelic acid, urine

<9 mg/24 hour; <45 micromol/24 hour (SI)

Venous blood gas

(See 'Blood gas' above.)

Venous oxygen content, mixed

14 to 16 mL/dL

Viscosity, serum

1.4 to 1.8 centipoise (cp)

Vitamin A, serum

Adult: 32.5 to 78 microg/dL; 1.1 to 2.7 micromol/L (SI)

Pediatric, age 1 to 2 years (retinol): 20 to 43 microg/dL; 0.7 to 1.5 micromol/L (SI)

Vitamin B12, serum

200 to 800 pg/mL; 147.5 to 590 pmol/L (SI)

Vitamin D metabolites, serum

1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol): 15 to 60 pg/mL; 39 to 156 pmol/L (SI)

25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-hydroxycholecalciferol): 30 to 60 ng/mL; 75 to 150 nmol/L (SI)

Vitamin E, serum

Adult: 5.5 to 17 mg/L; 12.8 to 39.5 micromol/L (SI)

Pediatric: age 1 to 2 years (alpha tocopherol) 2.9 to 16.6 mg/L; 6.73 to 38.55 micromol/L (SI)

Volume, blood

Plasma

Female: 43 mL/kg body weight

Male: 44 mL/kg body weight

Red blood cell

Female: 20 to 30 mL/kg body weight

Male: 25 to 35 mL/kg body weight

von Willebrand factor (VWF) activity, plasma

Ristocetin cofactor activity: 50 to 150 percent

Other tests of VWF activity: (See "Clinical presentation and diagnosis of von Willebrand disease", section on 'Platelet-dependent VWF activity (VWF:RCo or VWF:GPIbM)'.)

von Willebrand factor antigen, plasma

50 to 150 percent

Zinc, serum

75 to 140 microg/dL; 11.5 to 21.4 micromol/L (SI)

SUMMARY

Information from the ABIM

Overview – The American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) publishes reference range information for selected laboratory tests on the ABIM website (https://www.abim.org/Media/bfijryql/laboratory-reference-ranges.pdf). (See 'Introduction' above.)

Adults – Reference ranges for adults from the ABIM are listed alphabetically above. (See 'Reference ranges' above.)

Information from sources other than the ABIM

Pregnancy – (See "Normal reference ranges for laboratory values in pregnancy".)

Children – Reference ranges for children vary by age. Tables are available for certain tests:

-Hemoglobin (table 1) and white blood cells (WBCs) (table 2)

-Coagulation testing, infant (table 3) and older child (table 4)

-Creatinine (table 5) and potassium (table 6)

-Thyroid function (table 7)

Caveats – Normal ranges can vary depending on the populations from which the data are derived and the assays used. Clinicians should speak with personnel from the laboratory that performed the testing if they have concerns or questions about reference ranges provided with a laboratory result.

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