INTRODUCTION — The test ranges listed below represent reference ranges for normal values in nonpregnant adults of common laboratory tests, represented in US traditional units followed by equivalent values in Système International (SI) units.
These data are derived from and reproduced with permission from the American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) and are also available on the ABIM website (https://www.abim.org/Media/bfijryql/laboratory-reference-ranges.pdf). © Copyright 2024 American Board of Internal Medicine.
Ranges for normal values vary depending on patient populations and test assays used. In some cases, the values presented here may differ from ranges reported from a local laboratory.
Interpretation of a specific abnormal test result should be based upon the laboratory-specific normal value reported for that result. Clinicians should speak with personnel from the laboratory that performed the testing if they have concerns or questions about reference ranges provided with a laboratory result.
REFERENCE RANGES
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol), serum
●(See 'Vitamin D metabolites, serum' below.)
1,5-anhydroglucitol, serum or plasma
●Female: 6.8–29.3 μg/mL; 41.4-178.5 micromol/L (SI)
●Male: 10.7–32 μg/mL; 65.2-194.9 micromol/L (SI)
17-hydroxyprogesterone, serum
●Female, follicular: <80 ng/dL; <2.5 nmol/L (SI)
●Female, luteal: <285 ng/dL; <9 nmol/L (SI)
●Female, postmenopausal: <51 ng/dL; <1.6 nmol/L (SI)
●Male (adult): <220 ng/dL; <7 nmol/L (SI)
25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-hydroxycholecalciferol), serum
●(See 'Vitamin D metabolites, serum' below.)
5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, urine
●2 to 9 mg/24-hour collection; 10 to 47 micromol/24-hour collection (SI)
6-thioguanine, whole blood
●230 to 400 pmol/800 million (8 x 108) red blood cells
A1c (hemoglobin A1c, glycated hemoglobin)
●(See 'Hemoglobin, glycated (Hb A1c)' below.)
Acid phosphatase, serum
●Total: 0.5 to 2 (Bodansky) units/mL
●Prostatic fraction: 0.1 to 0.4 units/mL
ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone), plasma
●10 to 60 pg/mL; 2.2 to 13.2 pmol/L (SI)
Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)
●25 to 35 seconds
ADAMTS13 activity
●(See "Diagnosis of immune TTP", section on 'ADAMTS13 activity'.)
Albumin, serum
●3.5 to 5.5 g/dL; 35 to 55 g/L (SI)
Albumin, urine
●<25 mg/24-hour collection
Albumin-to-creatinine ratio, urine
●<30 mg albumin/gram creatinine
Aldolase, serum
●0.8 to 3 international units/mL
Aldosterone, plasma
●Supine or seated: ≤10 ng/dL; ≤0.3 nmol/L (SI)
●Standing: <21 ng/dL; <0.6 nmol/L (SI)
●Low-sodium diet (supine): ≤30 ng/dL; ≤0.8 nmol/L (SI)
Aldosterone, urine
●5 to 19 microg/24 hour; 13.8 to 52.6 nmol/day (SI)
Alkaline phosphatase, serum
●30 to 120 units/L
Alkaline phosphatase, bone specific
●(See 'Bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, serum' below.)
Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT), serum
●150 to 350 mg/dL; 1.5 to 3.5 g/L or 27.6 to 64.5 micromol/L (SI)
Alpha-2-antiplasmin activity, plasma
●75 to 115 percent
Alpha-amino nitrogen, urine
●100 to 290 mg/24 hour
Alpha-fetoprotein, serum
●<10 ng/mL; <10 microg/L (SI)
Amino acids, urine
●200 to 400 mg/24-hour collection
Aminotransferase, serum alanine (ALT, SGPT)
●10 to 40 units/L
Aminotransferase, serum aspartate (AST, SGOT)
●10 to 40 units/L
Ammonia, plasma
●40 to 70 microg/dL; 23.5 to 41.1 micromol/L (SI)
Amylase, serum
●25 to 125 units/L (80 to 180 [Somogyi] units/dL)
Amylase, urine
●1 to 17 units/hour
ANC (absolute neutrophil count)
●Duffy-null: 1210 to 5390/microL; 1.21 to 5.39 x 109/L (SI)
●Non-Duffy-null: 2000 to 8250/microL; 2 to 8.25 x 109/L (SI)
●(See "Approach to the adult with unexplained neutropenia", section on 'Normal variants <1500/microL'.)
Androstenedione, serum
●Female: 30 to 200 ng/dL; 1 to 7 nmol/L (SI)
●Male: 40 to 150 ng/dL; 1.4 to 5.2 nmol/L (SI)
Angiotensin-converting enzyme, serum
●8 to 53 units/L
Anion gap, serum
●7 to 13 mEq/L; 7 to 13 mmol/L (SI)
Anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies
●0 to 7 international units/mL
Anticardiolipin antibodies
●IgG: <20 GPL units
●IgM: <20 MPL units
●(See "Diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome", section on 'Antiphospholipid antibody testing'.)
Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide, antibodies
●<20 units
Antideoxyribonuclease B
●<280 units
Anti-F-actin antibodies, serum
●≤1:80
Antihistone antibodies
●<1:16
Anti-liver-kidney microsomal (anti-LKM) antibodies
●<1:20
Antimitochondrial antibodies
●≤1:5
Anti-myelin associated glycoprotein antibody
●<1:1600
Anti-myeloperoxidase antibodies
●<1 unit/mL
Antinuclear antibodies
●≤1:40
Anti-smooth muscle antibodies
●≤1:80
Antistreptolysin O titer
●<200 Todd units
Antithrombin activity
●80 to 120 percent
Antithyroglobulin antibodies
●<20 units/mL
Anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies
●<2 units/mL
Anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies
●(See 'Tissue transglutaminase antibody, IgA' below and 'Tissue transglutaminase antibody, IgG' below.)
Arterial blood gas
●(See 'Blood gas' below.)
Ascorbic acid (vitamin C), blood
●0.4 to 1.5 mg/dL; 22.7 to 85.2 micromol/L (SI)
Ascorbic acid, leukocyte
●16.5 ± 5.1 mg/dL of leukocytes
(1,3)-beta-D-glucan, serum
●<60 pg/mL
Beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG), serum
●Female, premenopausal nonpregnant: <1 milli-international unit/mL; <1 international unit/L (SI)
●Female, postmenopausal: <7 milli-international units/mL; <7 international units/L (SI)
●Male: <1.4 milli-international units/mL; <1.4 international units/L (SI)
Beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG), urine
●<2 milli-international units/24 hour
Beta-2-glycoprotein I antibodies
●IgG: <21 standard IgG units (SGU)
●IgM: <21 standard IgM units (SMU)
Beta-hydroxybutyrate, serum
●<4.2 mg/dL; <0.4 mmol/L (SI)
Beta-2-microglobulin, serum
●0.54 to 2.75 mg/L
Bicarbonate, serum
●23 to 28 mEq/L; 23 to 28 mmol/L (SI)
Bilirubin, serum
●Total: 0.3 to 1 mg/dL; 5.1 to 17.1 micromol/L (SI)
●Direct: 0.1 to 0.3 mg/dL; 1.7 to 5.1 micromol/L (SI)
●Indirect: 0.2 to 0.7 mg/dL; 3.4 to 12 micromol/L (SI)
Bleeding time (template)
●<8 minutes
Blood gas
●Arterial, patient breathing room air
•pH: 7.38 to 7.44
•pCO2: 38 to 42 mmHg; 5.1 to 5.6 kPa (SI)
•pO2: 75 to 100 mmHg; 10 to 13.3 kPa (SI)
•Bicarbonate: 23 to 26 mEq/L; 23 to 26 mmol/L (SI)
•Oxygen saturation (SaO2): ≥95 percent
•Methemoglobin: 0.5 to 3 percent
●Venous, mixed blood
•pH: 7.32 to 7.41
•pCO2: 42 to 53 mmHg; 5.6 to 7.1 kPa (SI)
•pO2: 35 to 42 mmHg; 4.7 to 5.6 kPa (SI)
•Bicarbonate: 24 to 28 mEq/L; 24 to 28 mmol/L (SI)
•Oxygen saturation (SvO2): 65 to 75 percent
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum or plasma
●8 to 20 mg/dL; 2.9 to 7.1 mmol/L (SI)
Bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, serum
●Female, premenopausal: 4.5 to 16.9 microg/L
●Female, postmenopausal: 7 to 22.4 microg/L
●Male, 25 years of age or older: 6.5 to 20.1 microg/L
B-type natriuretic peptide, plasma
●<100 pg/mL; <28 pmol/L (SI)
C peptide, serum
●0.8 to 3.1 ng/mL; 0.3 to 1 nmol/L (SI)
Calcitonin, serum
●Female: ≤5 pg/mL; ≤1.5 pmol/L (SI)
●Male: ≤10 pg/mL; ≤2.9 pmol/L (SI)
Calcium, ionized, serum
●4.5 to 4.9 mg/dL; 1.12 to 1.23 mmol/L (SI)
Calcium, serum
●8.6 to 10.2 mg/dL; 2.2 to 2.6 mmol/L (SI)
Calcium, urine
●Female: <250 mg/24 hour; <6.3 mmol/day (SI)
●Male: <300 mg/24 hour; <7.5 mmol/day (SI)
Carbohydrate antigen (CA) tumor markers, serum
●CA 19-9: 0 to 37 units/mL
●CA 27-29: <38 units/mL
●CA 125: <35 units/mL
Carbon dioxide, serum
●23 to 30 mEq/L; 23 to 30 mmol/L (SI)
Carboxyhemoglobin, blood
●<5 percent
Carcinoembryonic antigen, plasma
●<2.5 ng/mL; <2.5 microg/L (SI)
Carotene, serum
●75 to 300 microg/dL; 1.4 to 5.6 micromol/L (SI)
Catecholamines, plasma
●Dopamine: <30 pg/mL; <195 pmol/L (SI)
●Epinephrine:
•Supine: <50 pg/mL; <275 pmol/L (SI)
•Standing: <95 pg/mL; <520 pmol/L (SI)
●Norepinephrine:
•Supine: 112 to 658 pg/mL; 662 to 3890 pmol/L (SI)
•Standing: 217 to 1109 pg/mL; 1280 to 6550 pmol/L (SI)
Catecholamines, urine
●Dopamine: 65 to 400 microg/24 hour; 424 to 2610 nmol/24 hour (SI)
●Epinephrine: 2 to 24 microg/24 hour; 10.9 to 131 nmol/24 hour (SI)
●Norepinephrine: 15 to 100 microg/24 hour; 88.7 to 590 nmol/24 hour (SI)
●Total: 26 to 121 microg/24 hour
CD4 T lymphocyte count
●530 to 1570 cells/microL
CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) cell counts
●Leukocytes (white blood cells): 0 to 5 cells/microL
●Erythrocytes (red blood cells): 0 cells/microL
CSF chloride
●120 to 130 mEq/L; 120 to 130 mmol/L (SI)
CSF gamma globulin
●6.1 to 8.3 mg/dL; 0.06 to 0.08 g/L (SI)
CSF glucose
●50 to 75 mg/dL; 2.8 to 4.2 mmol/L (SI)
CSF opening pressure
●70 to 180 mm cerebrospinal fluid; 70 to 180 mm H2O (7 to 18 cm H20)
CSF total protein
●15 to 45 mg/dL
Ceruloplasmin, serum (plasma)
●25 to 43 mg/dL; 250 to 430 mg/L (SI)
Chloride, serum
●98 to 106 mEq/L; 98 to 106 mmol/L (SI)
Chloride, urine
●Random/spot: mEq/L (variable)
●24-hour collection: mEq/L (varies with intake)
Cholesterol, serum
●Total
•Desirable: <200 mg/dL; <5.2 mmol/L (SI)
•Borderline-high: 200 to 239 mg/dL; 5.2 to 6.2 mmol/L (SI)
•High: >239 mg/dL; >6.2 mmol/L (SI)
●High-density lipoprotein
•Low
-Female: <50 mg/dL; <1.3 mmol/L (SI)
-Male: <40 mg/dL; <1 mmol/L (SI)
●Low-density lipoprotein
•Optimal: <100 mg/dL; <2.6 mmol/L (SI)
•Near-optimal: 100 to 129 mg/dL; 2.6 to 3.3 mmol/L (SI)
•Borderline-high: 130 to 159 mg/dL; 3.4 to 4.1 mmol/L (SI)
•High: 160 to 189 mg/dL; 4.1 to 4.9 mmol/L (SI)
•Very high: >189 mg/dL; >4.9 mmol/L (SI)
●(See "Screening for lipid disorders in adults" and "Cardiovascular disease risk assessment for primary prevention: Risk calculators".)
Cholinesterase
●Serum (pseudocholinesterase): ≥0.5 pH units/hour
●Packed cells: ≥0.7 pH units/hour
Chorionic gonadotropin, beta-human (beta-hCG), serum
●(See 'Beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG), serum' above.)
Chorionic gonadotropin, beta-human (beta-HCG), urine
●(See 'Beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG), urine' above.)
Chromogranin A, serum
●<93 ng/mL
Citrate, urine
●250 to 1000 mg/24 hour
Coagulation factors, plasma
●Factor I (fibrinogen): 200 to 400 mg/dL; 5.8 to 11.8 micromol/L (SI)
●Factor II (prothrombin): 60 to 130 percent
●Factor V (accelerator globulin): 60 to 130 percent
●Factor VII (proconvertin): 60 to 130 percent
●Factor VIII (antihemophilic globulin): 50 to 150 percent
●Factor IX (plasma thromboplastin component): 60 to 130 percent
●Factor X (Stuart factor): 60 to 130 percent
●Factor XI (plasma thromboplastin antecedent): 60 to 130 percent
●Factor XII (Hageman factor): 60 to 130 percent
●Factor XIII: 57 to 192 percent
Cold agglutinin titer
●<1:64 (requires clinical correlation) (See "Cold agglutinin disease", section on 'Antibody titer and thermal amplitude'.)
Complement components, serum
●C3: 100 to 233 mg/dL; 1 to 2.3 g/L (SI)
●C4: 14 to 48 mg/dL; 0.1 to 0.5 g/L (SI)
●CH50: 110 to 190 units/mL
Copper, serum
●100 to 200 microg/dL; 15.7 to 31.4 micromol/L (SI)
Copper, urine
●0 to 100 microg/24 hours; 0 to 1.57 micromol/24 hours (SI)
Coproporphyrin, urine
●50 to 250 microg/24-hour collection; 76.4 to 382 nmol/24 hour (SI)
Cortisol, free, urine
●4 to 50 microg/24-hour collection; 11 to 140 nmol/24 hour (SI)
Cortisol, plasma
●8 AM: 5 to 25 microg/dL; 140 to 690 nmol/L (SI)
●4 PM: <10 microg/dL; <276 nmol/L (SI)
●1 hour after cosyntropin: ≥18 microg/dL; ≥496.58 nmol/L (SI)
●Overnight suppression test (1 mg): <1.8 microg/dL; <49.66 nmol/L (SI)
●Overnight suppression test (8 mg): >50 percent reduction
Cortisol, saliva
●11 pm to midnight (23:00 to 24:00 hours): <0.09 microg/dL
C-reactive protein, serum
●≤0.8 mg/dL; ≤76.2 nmol/L (SI)
C-reactive protein (high sensitivity), serum
●Low risk: <1 mg/L; <9.5 nmol/L (SI)
●Average risk: 1 to 3 mg/L; 9.5 to 28.6 nmol/L (SI)
●High risk: >3 mg/L; >28.6 nmol/L (SI)
Creatine kinase, serum
●Total
•Female: 30 to 135 units/L; 0.5 to 2.3 mckat/L (SI)
•Male: 55 to 170 units/L; 0.9 to 2.8 mckat/L (SI)
●MB isoenzymes: <5 percent of total
Creatine, urine
●Female: 0 to 100 mg/24 hour
●Male: 0 to 40 mg/24 hour
Creatinine clearance, urine
●90 to 140 mL/minute/1.73 m2; 1.5 to 2.3 mL/second/1.73 m2 (SI)
Creatinine, serum
●Female: 0.50 to 1.10 mg/dL; 44 to 97 micromol/L (SI)
●Male: 0.70 to 1.30 mg/dL; 62 to 115 micromol/L (SI)
Creatinine, urine
●Random/spot: mg/dL (variable)
●24-hour collection: 15 to 25 mg/kg bodyweight/24 hours
Cyclosporine, whole blood trough
●(See "Pharmacology of cyclosporine and tacrolimus", section on 'Target concentrations'.)
D-dimer, plasma
●<0.5 microg/mL; <0.5 mg/L; <3 nmol/L (SI)
Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), serum
●Female: 44 to 332 microg/dL; 1.2 to 9 micromol/L (SI)
●Male: 89 to 457 microg/dL; 2.4 to 12.4 micromol/L (SI)
Delta-aminolevulinic acid, serum
●<20 microg/dL; 1.53 micromol/L (SI)
Dihydrotestosterone, serum
●Adult male: 20 to 80 ng/dL; 0.69 nmol/L to 2.78 nmol/L (SI)
Dopamine, plasma
●<30 pg/mL; <195.84 pmol/L (SI)
Dopamine, urine
●65 to 400 microg/24 hour
D-Xylose absorption
●After ingestion of 25 g of D-xylose:
•Serum: 25 to 40 mg/dL
•Urinary excretion: 4.5 to 7.5 g during a 5-hour period
Electrolytes, serum
●Sodium: 136 to 145 mEq/L
●Potassium: 3.5 to 5.0 mEq/L
●Chloride: 98 to 106 mEq/L
●Bicarbonate: 23 to 28 mEq/L
Epinephrine, plasma
●Supine: <110 pg/mL; <600.5 pmol/L (SI)
●Standing: <140 pg/mL; <765 pmol/L (SI)
Epinephrine, urine
●<20 microg/24 hour; <110 nmol/24 hour (SI)
Erythrocyte count
●4.2 to 5.9 million red blood cells/microL
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (Westergren)
●Female: 0 to 20 mm/hour
●Male: 0 to 15 mm/hour
Erythrocyte survival rate (51Cr)
●T ½ = 28 days
Erythropoietin, serum
●4 to 26 milliunits/mL; 4 to 26 milliunits/mL (SI)
Estradiol, serum
●Female, follicular: 10 to 180 pg/mL; 36.7 to 660 pmol/L (SI)
•Midcycle peak: 100 to 300 pg/mL; 367 to 1100 pmol/L (SI)
•Luteal: 40 to 200 pg/mL; 147 to 735 pmol/L (SI)
•Postmenopausal: <10 pg/mL; <36.7 pmol/L (SI)
●Male: 20 to 50 pg/mL; 73.4 to 184 pmol/L (SI)
Estriol, urine
●>12 mg/24 hour
Estrogen receptor protein
●Negative: <10 fmol/mg protein
Estrone, serum
●10 to 60 pg/mL; 37 to 222 pmol/L (SI)
Ethanol, blood
●<0.005 percent (<5 mg/dL); <1.1 mmol/L (SI)
•Coma level: >0.5 percent (>500 mg/dL); >110 mmol/L (SI)
•Intoxication: ≥0.08 to 0.1 percent (≥80 to 100 mg/dL); ≥17.4 to 21.7 mmol/L (SI)
Euglobulin clot lysis time
●2 to 4 hours at 37.0°C
Factor XIII, B subunit, plasma
●60 to 130 units/dL
Fecal fat
●<7 g/24 hour
Fecal pH
●7 to 7.5
Fecal weight
●<250 g/24 hour
Ferritin, serum
●Female: 24 to 307 ng/mL; 54 to 690 pmol/L (SI)
●Male: 24 to 336 ng/mL; 54 to 755 pmol/L (SI)
Fibrin degradation products
●<10 microg/mL; <10 mg/L (SI)
Fibrinogen, plasma
●200 to 400 mg/dL; 5.9 to 11.8 micromol/L (SI)
Fibroblast growth factor-23, serum
●30 to 80 RU/mL
Folate, red cell
●150 to 450 ng/mL of packed cells; 340 to 1020 nmol/L of packed cells (SI)
Folate, serum
●1.8 to 9 ng/mL; 4.1 to 20.4 nmol/L (SI)
Follicle-stimulating hormone, serum
●Female, follicular/luteal: 2 to 9 milli-international units/mL (2 to 9 international units/L)
●Female, midcycle peak: 4 to 22 milli-international units/mL (4 to 22 international units/L)
●Female, postmenopausal: >30 milli-international units/mL (>30 international units/L)
●Male (adult): 1 to 7 milli-international units/mL (1 to 7 international units/L)
Free kappa light chain, serum
●3.3 to 19.4 mg/L
Free kappa-to-free lambda light chain ratio, serum
●0.26 to 1.65
Free lambda light chain, serum
●5.7 to 26.3 mg/L
Gamma globulin, CSF
●(See 'CSF gamma globulin' above.)
Gamma-glutamyl transferase (transpeptidase), serum
●Female: 8 to 40 units/L; 8 to 40 units/L (SI)
●Male: 9 to 50 units/L; 9 to 50 units/L (SI)
Gastrin, serum
●<100 pg/mL; <100 ng/L (SI)
Glucose, plasma (fasting)
●70 to 99 mg/dL; 3.9 to 5.5 mmol/L (SI)
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, blood
●5 to 15 units/g of hemoglobin; 0.08 to 0.25 nkat/g hemoglobin (SI)
Glycoprotein alpha-subunit, serum
●<1 ng/mL
Growth hormone, serum
●At rest: <5 ng/mL; <5 microg/L (SI)
●Response to provocative stimuli: >7 ng/mL; >7 microg/L (SI)
Haptoglobin, serum
●83 to 267 mg/dL; 830 to 2670 mg/L (SI)
Hematocrit, blood
●Female: 37 to 47 percent
●Male: 42 to 50 percent
Hemoglobin, blood
●Female: 12 to 16 g/dL; 120 to 160 g/L (SI)
●Male: 14 to 18 g/dL; 140 to 180 g/L (SI)
Hemoglobin fractionation
●Hb A: 96 to 98 percent
●Hb A2: 1.5 to 3.5 percent
●Hb F: <1 percent
Hemoglobin, glycated (Hb A1c)
●4 to 5.6 percent; 20.2 to 37.7 mmol/mol (SI)
Hemoglobin (free), plasma
●<5 mg/dL
Heparin-anti-factor Xa assay, plasma
●Therapeutic range for unfractionated heparin: 0.3 to 0.7 international units/mL
Heparin-platelet factor 4 antibody, serum
●Positive: >0.4 optical density units (varies depending on assay)
Hepatic copper
●25 to 40 mg/g dry weight
Hepatic iron index
●<1
Histamine excretion, urine
●20 to 50 microg/24 hour
Homocysteine, plasma
●0.68 to 2 mg/L; 5 to 15 micromol/L (SI)
Beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG), serum
●Female, premenopausal nonpregnant: <1 units/L
●Female, postmenopausal: <7 units/L
●Male: <1.4 units/L
Beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG), urine
●<2 milli-international units/24 hour
Hydroxyproline, urine
●10 to 30 mg/sq meter of body surface/24 hour
Immature platelet fraction
●1 to 5 percent of platelet count
Immune complexes, serum
●0 to 50 microg/dL
Immunoglobulin (Ig), serum
●IgA: 90 to 325 mg/dL; 0.9 to 3.3 g/L (SI)
●IgE: <380 international units/mL; <0.9 g/L (SI)
●IgG: 800 to 1500 mg/dL; 8 to 15 g/L (SI)
●IgM: 45 to 150 mg/dL; 0.5 to 1.5 g/L (SI)
Immunoglobulin free light chains, serum
●Kappa: 3.3 to 19.4 mg/L
●Lambda: 5.7 to 26.3 mg/L
●Kappa‐to‐lambda ratio: 0.26 to 1.65
Insulin, serum (fasting)
●<20 microunits/mL; <138.9 pmol/L (SI)
Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1; somatomedin-C), serum
●Ages 16 to 24: 182 to 780 ng/mL; 23.8 to 102.2 nmol/L (SI)
●Ages 25 to 39: 114 to 492 ng/mL; 14.9 to 64.5 nmol/L (SI)
●Ages 40 to 54: 90 to 360 ng/mL; 11.8 to 47.2 nmol/L (SI)
●Ages 55 and older: 71 to 290 ng/mL; 9.3 to 38 nmol/L (SI)
Iodine, urine
●Random ("spot"): microg/L (variable)
Iron, serum
●50 to 150 microg/dL; 9 to 27 micromol/L (SI)
Iron-binding capacity, serum (total)
●250 to 310 microg/dL; 44.8 to 55.5 micromol/L (SI)
Lactate dehydrogenase, serum
●80 to 225 units/L; 1.3 to 3.8 mckat/L (SI)
Lactate, arterial blood
●<12 mg/dL; <1.3 mmol/L (<1.3 mEq/L) (SI)
Lactate, serum or plasma
●6.3 to 18.9 mg/dL; 0.7 to 2.1 mmol/L (SI)
Lactate, venous blood
●6 to 16 mg/dL; 0.7 to 1.8 mmol/L (0.7 to 1.8 mEq/L) (SI)
Lactic acid, serum
●6 to 19 mg/dL; 0.7 to 2.1 mmol/L (SI)
Lactose tolerance test, gastrointestinal
●Increase in plasma glucose: >15 mg/dL
Lead, blood
●<5 microg/dL; <0.2 micromol/L (SI)
Leukocyte count
●4000 to 11,000/microL; 4.5 to 11 x 109/L (SI)
•Segmented neutrophils: 50 to 70 percent
•Band forms: 0 to 5 percent
•Lymphocytes: 30 to 45 percent
•Monocytes: 0 to 6 percent
•Basophils: 0 to 1 percent
•Eosinophils: 0 to 3 percent
Lipase, serum
●10 to 140 units/L; 0.2 to 2.3 mckat/L (SI)
Lipids, serum
●(See 'Cholesterol, serum' above and 'Triglycerides, serum (fasting)' below.)
Lipoprotein(a), serum
●Desirable: <30 mg/dL; <0.8 mmol (SI)
Luteinizing hormone (LH), serum
●Female, follicular/luteal: 1 to 12 milli-international units/mL; 1 to 12 international units/L (SI)
●Female, midcycle peak: 9 to 80 milli-international units/mL; 9 to 80 international units/L (SI)
●Female, postmenopausal: >30 milli-international units/mL; >30 international units/L (SI)
●Male (adult): 2 to 9 milli-international units/mL; 2 to 9 international units/L (SI)
●Child (Tanner stages 1, 2, 3): <9 milli-international units/mL; <0.009 international units/L (SI)
●Child (Tanner stages 4, 5): 1 to 15 milli-international units/mL; 0.001 to 0.015 international units/L (SI)
Lymphocyte subsets
●CD3: 900 to 3245 cells/microL; 0.9 to 3.25 x 109 cells/L (SI)
●CD4: 530 to 1570 cells/microL; 0.5 to 1.6 x 109 cells/L (SI)
●CD8: 430 to 1060 cells/microL; 0.4 to 1.1 x 109 cells/L (SI)
●CD19: 208 to 590 cells/microL; 0.2 to 0.6 x 109 cells/L (SI)
●CD56: 40 to 500 cells/microL; 0.04 to 0.5 x 109 cells/L (SI)
Magnesium, serum
●1.6 to 2.6 mg/dL; 0.66 to 1.07 mmol/L (SI)
Magnesium, urine
●14 to 290 mg/24 hour; 0.5754 to 11.919 mmol/day (SI)
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin
●28 to 32 pg/cell; 28 to 32 pg/cell (SI)
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
●33 to 36 g/dL; 330 to 370 g/L (SI)
Mean corpuscular volume
●80 to 98 microm3; 80 to 98 fL (SI)
Mean platelet volume
●7 to 9 fL
Metanephrines, fractionated, plasma
●Metanephrine: <0.5 nmol/L
●Normetanephrine: <0.9 nmol/L
Metanephrines, fractionated, 24-hour urine
●Metanephrine: <400 microg/24 hour; <2 micromol/24 hour (SI)
●Normetanephrine: <900 microg/24 hour; <5 micromol/24 hour (SI)
Methylmalonic acid (MMA), serum
●0.00 to 0.40 micromol/L (SI)
Myoglobin, serum
●<100 microg/L; <5.7 nmol/L (SI)
Neutrophil count
●(See 'ANC (absolute neutrophil count)' above.)
Norepinephrine, plasma
●Supine: 70 to 750 pg/mL; 400 to 4400 pmol/L (SI)
●Standing: 200 to 1700 pg/mL; 1180 to 10,000 pmol/L (SI)
Norepinephrine, urine
●0 to 100 microg/24 hour; 0 to 590 nmol/24 hour (SI)
Normetanephrine, fractionated, plasma
●<0.9 nmol/L; <4.9 pmol/L (SI)
Normetanephrine, fractionated, 24-hour urine
●<900 microg; <4900 nmol/24 hour (SI)
N-telopeptide, urine
●Female: 11 to 48 nmol bone collagen equivalents (BCE)/mmol creatinine
●Male: 7 to 68 nmol BCE/mmol creatinine
N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP), serum or plasma
●If estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) is >60 mL/minute/1.73m2:
•18 to 49 years of age:
-Heart failure unlikely: ≤300 pg/mL; ≤35.47 pmol/L (SI)
-High probability of heart failure: ≥450 pg/mL
•50 to 75 years of age:
-Heart failure unlikely: ≤300 pg/mL
-High probability of heart failure: ≥900 pg/mL
•>75 years of age:
-Heart failure unlikely: ≤300 pg/mL
-High probability of heart failure ≥1800 pg/mL
●If eGFR is <60 mL/minute/1.73m2:
•≥18 years:
-High probability of heart failure ≥1200 pg/mL
Osmolality, serum
●275 to 295 mOsm/kg H2O
Osmolality, urine
●38 to 1400 mOsm/kg H2O
Osmotic fragility of erythrocytes
●Increased if hemolysis occurs in over 0.5 percent NaCl
●Decreased if hemolysis is incomplete in 0.3 percent NaCl
Osteocalcin, serum
●Female: 7.2 to 27.9 ng/mL; 7.2 to 27.9 microg/L (SI)
●Male: 11.3 to 35.4 ng/mL; 11.3 to 35.4 microg/L (SI)
Oxalate, urine
●<40 mg/24 hour; <450 micromol/24 hour (SI)
Oxygen consumption
●225 to 275 mL/minute
Oxygen saturation, arterial blood
●≥95 percent
Parathyroid hormone, serum
●C-terminal: 150 to 350 pg/mL; 150 to 350 ng/L (SI)
●Intact: 10 to 65 pg/mL; 10 to 65 ng/L (SI)
●Intact (dialysis patients only): Target 130 to 585 pg/mL; 130 to 585 ng/L (SI)
Parathyroid hormone-related protein, serum
●<1.5 pmol/L
Partial thromboplastin time, activated (aPTT)
●25 to 35 seconds
pH, urine
●4.5 to 8
Phenolsulfonphthalein, urine
●At least 25 percent excreted by 15 minutes
●40 percent by 30 minutes
●60 percent by 120 minutes
Phosphatase (acid), serum
●Total: 0.5 to 2 (Bodansky) units/mL
●Prostatic fraction: 0.1 to 0.4 units/mL
Phosphatase (alkaline), serum
●30 to 120 units/L; 0.5 to 2 microkat/L (SI)
Phospholipids, serum (total)
●200 to 300 mg/dL; 2 to 3 g/L (SI)
Phosphorus (phosphate), serum — Serum phosphate (PO4) is measured, but the result is often reported as serum phosphorus.
●3 to 4.5 mg/dL; 0.97 to 1.45 mmol/L (SI)
Phosphorus, urine
●500 to 1200 mg/24 hour; 16.15 to 38.76 mmol/day (SI)
Platelet count
●150,000 to 450,000/microL; 150 to 450 x 109/L (SI)
Platelet function analysis (PFA-100)
●Collagen–epinephrine closure time: 60 to 143 seconds
●Collagen–adenosine diphosphate (ADP) closure time: 58 to 123 seconds
Platelet survival rate (51Cr)
●10 days
Potassium, serum
●3.5 to 5 mEq/L; 3.5 to 5 mmol/L (SI)
Potassium, urine
●Random ("spot"): mEq/L (varies)
●24‐hour measurement: mEq/24 hour (varies with intake)
Prealbumin, serum
●16 to 30 mg/dL; 160 to 300 mg/L or 2.91 to 5.45 micromol/L (SI)
Pregnanetriol, urine
●0.2 to 3.5 mg/24 hour; 0.59 to 10.40 micromol/day (SI)
Pressure (opening; initial), cerebrospinal fluid
●(See 'CSF opening pressure' above.)
Procalcitonin, serum
●≤0.10 ng/mL; ≤0.10 microg/L (SI)
Progesterone, serum
●Female, follicular: 0.02 to 0.9 ng/mL; 0.06 to 2.9 nmol/L (SI)
●Female, luteal: 2 to 30 ng/mL; 6.4 to 95.4 nmol/L (SI)
●Male (adult): 0.12 to 0.3 ng/mL; 0.4 to 1 nmol/L (SI)
Proinsulin, serum
●3 to 20 pmol/L
Prolactin, serum
●<20 ng/mL; <20 microg/L (SI)
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA), serum
●ng/mL; no specific normal or abnormal level
Protein C activity, plasma
●65 to 150 percent
Protein C antigen, plasma
●70 to 140 percent
Protein catabolic rate, urine
●Goal: 1 to 1.2 g/kg/24 hour
Protein, cerebrospinal fluid total
●(See 'CSF total protein' above.)
Protein S activity, plasma
●57 to 131 percent
Protein S antigen, plasma
●Total: 60 to 140 percent
●Free: 60 to 130 percent
Protein, urine
●Random/spot: mg/dL (variable)
●24-hour collection: <100 mg/24 hour; <0.1 g/24 hour (SI)
Proteins, serum
●Total: 5.5 to 9 g/dL; 55 to 90 g/L (SI)
●Albumin: 3.5 to 5.5 g/dL; 35 to 55 g/L (SI)
●Globulin: 2 to 3.5 g/dL; 20 to 35 g/L (SI)
•Alpha1: 0.2 to 0.4 g/dL; 2 to 4 g/L (SI)
•Alpha2: 0.5 to 0.9 g/dL; 5 to 9 g/L (SI)
•Beta: 0.6 to 1.1 g/dL; 6 to 11 g/L (SI)
•Gamma: 0.7 to 1.7 g/dL; 7 to 17 g/L (SI)
Protein-to-creatinine ratio, urine
●<0.2 mg/mg
Prothrombin time, plasma
●11 to 13 seconds
Pyruvic acid, blood
●0.08 to 0.16 mmol/L
Red blood cell (RBC) count
●(See 'Erythrocyte count' above.)
Red cell distribution width (RDW)
●9.0 to 14.5 percent
Red cell mass
●Female: 22.7 to 27.9 mL/kg
●Male: 24.9 to 32.5 mL/kg
Renin activity (angiotensin-I radioimmunoassay)
●Peripheral plasma, normal diet
•Supine: 0.3 to 2.5 ng/mL/hour; 7.11 to 59.25 pmol/L (SI)
•Upright: 0.2 to 3.6 ng/mL/hour; 4.74 to 85.32 pmol/L (SI)
●Peripheral plasma, low sodium diet
•Supine: 0.9 to 4.5 ng/mL/hour; 21.33 to 106.65 pmol/L (SI)
•Upright: 4.1 to 9.1 ng/mL/hour; 97.17 to 215.67 pmol/L (SI)
●Peripheral plasma, diuretics and low sodium diet
•6.3 to 13.7 ng/mL/hour; 149.31 to 324.69 pmol/L (SI)
●Renal vein concentration
•Normal ratio (high:low): <1.5
Reptilase time
●10 to 12 seconds
Reticulocyte count
●0.5 to 1.5 percent of red blood cells
Reticulocyte count, absolute
●25,000 to 100,000/microL; 25 to 100 x 109/L (SI)
Rheumatoid factor (nephelometry)
●<24 international units/mL
Rheumatoid factor, latex test for
●≤1:80
Ristocetin cofactor activity of plasma
●50 to 150 percent
Russell viper venom time, dilute
●33 to 44 seconds
Sex hormone-binding globulin
●Female, nonpregnant: 2.02 to 16.19 microg/mL; 18 to 144 nmol/L (SI)
●Male: 1.12 to 6.41 microg/mL; 10 to 57 nmol/L (SI)
Sodium, serum
●136 to 145 mEq/L; 136 to 145 mmol/L (SI)
Sodium, urine
●Random ("spot"): mEq/L (variable)
●24‐hour collection: mEq/24 hour (varies with intake)
Specific gravity, urine
●1.002 to 1.03
Sperm density
●10 to 150 million/mL
Sweat test for sodium and chloride
●<60 mEq/L
T3 resin uptake (T3RU)
●25 to 35 percent
T lymphocyte count, CD4
●530 to 1570/microL
Testosterone, serum
●Female: 18 to 54 ng/dL; 0.6 to 1.9 nmol/L (SI)
●Male: 291 to 1100 ng/dL; 10.1 to 38.2 nmol/L (SI)
Testosterone, bioavailable, serum
●Female, age 18 to 69 years: 0.5 to 8.5 ng/dL; 0.02 to 0.29 nmol/L (SI)
Testosterone, free, serum
●Male: 70 to 300 pg/mL; 243 to 1040 pmol/L (SI)
Thrombin time
●17 to 23 seconds
Thyroid function studies
●T3 resin uptake: 25 to 35 percent
●Thyroglobulin, serum: <20 ng/mL; <20 microg/L (SI)
●Thyroidal iodine (123I) uptake: 5 to 30 percent of administered dose at 24 hours
●Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), serum: 0.5 to 4 microunits/mL; 0.5 to 4 milliunits/L (SI)
●Thyroid‐stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI): <130 percent
●Thyroxine-binding globulin, serum: 12 to 27 microg/mL; 205 to 461.5 nmol/L (SI)
●Thyroxine index, free (estimate): 5 to 12
●Thyroxine (T4), serum
•Total: 5 to 12 microg/dL; 64.4 to 154.4 nmol/L (SI)
•Free: 0.8 to 1.8 ng/dL; 10.3 to 23.2 pmol/L (SI)
●Triiodothyronine (T3), serum
•Total: 80 to 180 ng/dL; 1.2 to 2.8 nmol/L (SI)
•Reverse: 20 to 40 ng/dL
•Free: 2.3 to 4.2 pg/mL; 3.5 to 6.5 pmol/L (SI)
TIBC, serum
●(See 'Iron-binding capacity, serum (total)' above.)
Tissue transglutaminase antibody, IgA
●By chemiluminescence method: <20 AU
●By enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA): <4 units/mL
Tissue transglutaminase antibody, IgG
●By chemiluminescence method: <20 AU
●By enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA): <6 units/mL
Total proteins, cerebrospinal fluid
●(See 'CSF total protein' above.)
Transaminase, serum glutamic oxaloacetic (SGOT)
●(See 'Aminotransferase, serum aspartate (AST, SGOT)' above.)
Transaminase, serum glutamic pyruvic (SGPT)
●(See 'Aminotransferase, serum alanine (ALT, SGPT)' above.)
Transferrin saturation
●20 to 50 percent
Transferrin, serum
●200 to 400 mg/dL; 26 to 50 micromol/L (SI)
Triglycerides, serum (fasting)
●Optimal: <100 mg/dL; <1.1 mmol/L (SI)
●Normal: <150 mg/dL; <1.7 mmol/L (SI)
●Borderline-high: 150 to 199 mg/dL; 1.7 to 2.2 mmol/L (SI)
●High: 200 to 499 mg/dL; 2.3 to 5.6 mmol/L (SI)
●Very high: >499 mg/dL; >5.6 mmol/L (SI)
Troponin I, cardiac, serum
●≤0.04 ng/mL; ≤0.04 microg/L (SI)
Troponin T, cardiac, serum
●≤0.01 ng/mL; ≤0.01 microg/L (SI)
Tryptase, serum
●<11.5 ng/mL
Urea clearance, urine
●Standard: 40 to 60 mL/minute
●Maximal: 60 to 100 mL/minute
Urea nitrogen, blood
●8 to 20 mg/dL; 2.9 to 7.1 mmol/L (SI)
Urea nitrogen, urine
●12 to 20 g/24 hour
Uric acid, serum
●3 to 7 mg/dL; 178.5 to 416.5 micromol/L (SI)
Uric acid, urine
●250 to 750 mg/24 hour; 1.6 to 4.8 mmol/24 hour (SI)
Uroporphyrin, urine
●10 to 30 microg/24 hour
Vanillylmandelic acid, urine
●<9 mg/24 hour; <45 micromol/24 hour (SI)
Venous blood gas
●(See 'Blood gas' above.)
Venous oxygen content, mixed
●14 to 16 mL/dL
Viscosity, serum
●1.4 to 1.8 centipoise (cp)
Vitamin A, serum
●Adult: 32.5 to 78 microg/dL; 1.1 to 2.7 micromol/L (SI)
●Pediatric, age 1 to 2 years (retinol): 20 to 43 microg/dL; 0.7 to 1.5 micromol/L (SI)
Vitamin B12, serum
●200 to 800 pg/mL; 147.5 to 590 pmol/L (SI)
Vitamin D metabolites, serum
●1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol): 15 to 60 pg/mL; 39 to 156 pmol/L (SI)
●25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-hydroxycholecalciferol): 30 to 60 ng/mL; 75 to 150 nmol/L (SI)
Vitamin E, serum
●Adult: 5.5 to 17 mg/L; 12.8 to 39.5 micromol/L (SI)
●Pediatric: age 1 to 2 years (alpha tocopherol) 2.9 to 16.6 mg/L; 6.73 to 38.55 micromol/L (SI)
Volume, blood
●Plasma
•Female: 43 mL/kg body weight
•Male: 44 mL/kg body weight
●Red blood cell
•Female: 20 to 30 mL/kg body weight
•Male: 25 to 35 mL/kg body weight
von Willebrand factor (VWF) activity, plasma
●Ristocetin cofactor activity: 50 to 150 percent
●Other tests of VWF activity: (See "Clinical presentation and diagnosis of von Willebrand disease", section on 'Platelet-dependent VWF activity (VWF:RCo or VWF:GPIbM)'.)
von Willebrand factor antigen, plasma
●50 to 150 percent
Zinc, serum
●75 to 140 microg/dL; 11.5 to 21.4 micromol/L (SI)
SUMMARY
●Information from the ABIM
•Overview – The American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) publishes reference range information for selected laboratory tests on the ABIM website (https://www.abim.org/Media/bfijryql/laboratory-reference-ranges.pdf). (See 'Introduction' above.)
•Adults – Reference ranges for adults from the ABIM are listed alphabetically above. (See 'Reference ranges' above.)
●Information from sources other than the ABIM
•Pregnancy – (See "Normal reference ranges for laboratory values in pregnancy".)
•Children – Reference ranges for children vary by age. Tables are available for certain tests:
-Hemoglobin (table 1) and white blood cells (WBCs) (table 2)
-Coagulation testing, infant (table 3) and older child (table 4)
-Creatinine (table 5) and potassium (table 6)
-Thyroid function (table 7)
●Caveats – Normal ranges can vary depending on the populations from which the data are derived and the assays used. Clinicians should speak with personnel from the laboratory that performed the testing if they have concerns or questions about reference ranges provided with a laboratory result.
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