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Managing the hospice patient who presents to the emergency department[1,2]

Managing the hospice patient who presents to the emergency department[1,2]
  1. Notify hospice staff and discuss plans with them as soon as possible
Hospice staff understand the patient's goals of care, medical issues, and care plan. Hospice is responsible for the patient's medical costs related to the terminal illness.
  1. Determine the trigger
Pay attention to both distressing signs and symptoms and to any emotional and psychosocial issues. Get help as needed: social service, chaplaincy, and palliative care team.
  1. Treat distressing symptoms
Refer to appropriate UpToDate topics and tables.
  1. If deterioration is imminent
If rapid decisions are required regarding the use of life-sustaining treatments (eg, intubation for respiratory failure), whenever possible, the goals of care must be clarified first:
  • Determine the legal decision maker and review any completed advance directives.
  • Complete a rapid goals of care assessment. Refer to UpToDate table on guide for an efficient discussion of goals of care in the ED.
  • Recommend a plan. ("Based on the goals you describe, I would recommend doing...")
  1. If the patient is actively dying
Assess the cultural and spiritual needs of the patient; ensure privacy; identify the patient or family's preferred location for the dying process (eg, return home with support; private hospital room; private area in the ED).
  1. Diagnostic testing

Whenever possible, testing should not be performed until after discussion with the hospice care team. Testing should be based on patient-defined goals of care.

If testing is necessary, low-burden, noninvasive methods that may reveal reversible pathology or clarify prognosis should be performed first.
  1. Treatment
Treatment should be based on patient-defined goals of care. Established ED protocols (eg, antibiotics for pneumonia) may be inappropriate and should only be used if they are consistent with patient goals.
  1. Disposition
Disposition should be planned after discussion with hospice staff and should be based on the patient's goals. Returning home or direct admission to an inpatient hospice facility may be preferable to hospital admission. If the patient wishes to return home, hospice may be able to arrange 24 hours of support for the treatment of symptoms that are difficult to manage.
  1. Notify the patient or surrogate, and hospice
The inpatient palliative service (if available) and hospice should be notified if the patient is to be admitted to the hospital. The patient and caregivers should be aware of all next steps.
ED: emergency department.
References:
  1. Lamba S, Quest TE, Weissman DE. Initiating a hospice referral from the emergency department #247. J Palliat Med 2011; 14:1346.
  2. Lamba S, Quest TE. Hospice care and the emergency department: rules, regulations, and referrals. Ann Emerg Med 2011; 57:282.
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