Inclusion criteria |
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Exclusion criteria |
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6MWD: six-minute walk distance; BMI: body mass index; EBV: endobronchial valve; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in one second; HRCT: high-resolution computed tomography; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LVRS: lung volume reduction surgery; mMRC: modified Medical Research Council dyspnea scale; PaCO2: carbon dioxide tension; PaO2: arterial oxygen tension; RV: residual volume; TLC: total lung capacity.
* Endobronchial valves are implanted bronchoscopically in regions of the lung with little to no collateral ventilation to treat adult patients with hyperinflation due to severe emphysema.
¶ Chartis: A specialized catheter for bronchoscopic assessment of localized pressure and flow to assess collateral ventilation. Absence of collateral ventilation improves the likelihood of resorption atelectasis following endobronchial valve placement.
Δ StratX: Quantitative analysis of high resolution computed tomography images to assess amount of emphysematous destruction and fissure completeness. Greater fissure completeness predicts less collateral ventilation and a greater likelihood of success with endobronchial valve placement.
◊ Clinical trials of endobronchial valves typically used a PaCO2 <50 mmHg (<7.33 kPa) as a cutoff for trial entry. In clinical practice, patients with somewhat higher PaCO2 levels are often reasonable candidates for intervention.