Etiologies of cholesterol pleural effusion^[1]

Common etiologies	Uncommon etiologies	Rare etiologies
Tuberculosis	Echinococcosis^[5]	Alcoholism
Rheumatoid arthritis	Chronic hemothorax	Heart failure
Paragonimiasis^[2-4]	Syphilis	Nephrotic syndrome
	Lung cancer or pleural metastases^[6]	Hodgkin disease
	Yellow nail syndrome^[7,8]
	Iatrogenic^[9]
	Demons-Meigs syndrome^[10]
	Tumor embolism

References:

Lama A, Ferreiro L, Toubes ME, et al. Characteristics of patients with pseudochylothorax-a systematic review. J Thorac Dis 2016; 8:2093.
Inoue Y, Kawaguchi T, Yoshida A, et al. Paragonimiasis miyazakii associated with bilateral pseudochylothorax. Intern Med 2000; 39:579.
Song JW, Im JG, Goo JM, et al. Pseudochylous pleural effusion with fat-fluid levels: report of six cases. Radiology 2000; 216:478.
Thewjitcharoen Y, Poopitaya S. Paragonimiasis presenting with unilateral pseudochylothorax: case report and literature review. Scand J Infect Dis 2006; 38:386.
Carel RS, Schey G, Bruderman I. Chyliform pleural effusion. An unusual manifestation of hepatothoracic echinococcus cysts. Chest 1975; 68:598.
Streit A, Guerrera F, Kouki M, et al. Pseudochylothorax: An unusual mode of revelation of pleural metastasis from solid tumor. Tumori 2018; 104:NP46.
Koegelenberg CF, Theron J, Brundyn K, et al. A patient with a persistent pleural effusion. Respiration 2006; 73:120.
Raljevic S, Pesut DP, Stjepanovic MI, et al. Yellow nail syndrome: Recurrent pleural effusion in a patient with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Healthmed 2012; 6:640.
Garcia-Pachon E, Fernandez LC, Lopez-Azorin F, et al. Pseudochylothorax in pleural effusion due to coronary artery bypass surgery. Eur Respir J 1999; 13:1487.
Ledoux A, Gille P, Pageaut G, et al. Demons-meigs syndrome with chyliform effusions and ovarian goiter. Ann Med Nancy 1964; 150:1150.

Graphic 121783 Version 2.0

Etiologies of cholesterol pleural effusion[1]