Hypertension:
Note: For initial treatment in patients with BP ≥20/10 mm Hg above goal, may be used in combination with another appropriate agent (eg, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, angiotensin II receptor blocker, thiazide diuretic). For patients <20/10 mm Hg above goal, some experts recommend an initial trial of monotherapy; however, over time, many patients will require combination therapy (Ref).
Oral: Initial: 1.25 to 2.5 mg once daily; titrate every 1 to 2 weeks as needed based on patient response; maximum: 5 mg/day. Antihypertensive effect attenuates with higher doses and adverse effects may become more prominent (Ref).
Dosage adjustment for concomitant therapy: Significant drug interactions exist, requiring dose/frequency adjustment or avoidance. Consult drug interactions database for more information.
No dosage adjustment necessary.
Hypertension: Initial: 1.25 mg once daily; titrate slowly in patients with severe hepatic impairment.
Note: Dosing should start at the lower end of dosing range and be titrated to response due to possible increased incidence of hepatic, renal, or cardiac impairment. Elderly patients also show decreased clearance of amlodipine.
Hypertension: Oral: Initial: 1.25 mg once daily.
(For additional information see "Levamlodipine: Pediatric drug information")
Hypertension: Children and Adolescents 6 to ≤17 years: Oral: 1.25 to 2.5 mg once daily.
Dosage adjustment for concomitant therapy: Significant drug interactions exist, requiring dose/frequency adjustment or avoidance. Consult drug interactions database for more information.
Children and Adolescents 6 to ≤17 years: No dosage adjustment necessary in kidney impairment.
There are no pediatric-specific recommendations; based on experience in adult patients, dosing adjustment and slow titration are suggested.
All adverse reactions were reported with amlodipine, as levamlodipine is the pharmacologically active isomer of amlodipine.
Peripheral edema is the most common adverse reaction with amlodipine, characterized by ankle and leg swelling independent of fluid retention (Ref). It is a bothersome adverse reaction for patients and may lead to discontinuation (Ref). Peripheral edema can be expected to subside within several days following intervention.
Mechanism: Dose- and time-related; related to the pharmacologic action. Calcium channel blocker-mediated peripheral edema is caused by arteriolar vasodilation that subsequently leads to increased hydrostatic pressure in the precapillary circulation and fluid movement from the capillary vasculature to the interstitial space (Ref). In addition, impaired postural vasoconstriction may contribute (Ref).
Risk factors:
• Dose; generally greater with higher doses (Ref); however, may develop more frequently and at lower doses in patients with impaired postural autoregulation (eg, diabetes, arterial disease) (Ref)
• Duration-related (Ref)
• Females
The following adverse drug reactions and incidences are derived from product labeling unless otherwise specified. All adverse reactions were reported with amlodipine, as levamlodipine is the pharmacologically active isomer of amlodipine.
>10%: Cardiovascular: Peripheral edema (2% to 11%, dose-related; females: 15%; males: 6%) (table 1)
Drug (Levamlodipine) |
Placebo |
Population |
Dose |
Number of Patients (Levamlodipine) |
Number of Patients (Placebo) |
Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
15% |
5% |
Females |
N/A |
512 |
336 |
Reported with amlodipine, as levamlodipine is the pharmacologically active isomer of amlodipine |
6% |
1% |
Males |
N/A |
1,218 |
914 | |
11% |
0.6% |
N/A |
10 mg/day |
268 |
520 | |
3% |
0.6% |
N/A |
5 mg/day |
296 |
520 | |
2% |
0.6% |
N/A |
2.5 mg/day |
275 |
520 |
1% to 10%:
Cardiovascular: Flushing (≤3%; dose-related, more frequent in females), palpitations (1% to 5%; dose-related, more frequent in females)
Gastrointestinal: Abdominal pain (2%), nausea (3%)
Nervous system: Dizziness (doses ≥5 mg/day: 3%), drowsiness (1%), fatigue (5%)
<1%:
Cardiovascular: Peripheral ischemia, sinus tachycardia, syncope, vasculitis
Dermatologic: Diaphoresis, erythema multiforme, pruritus, skin rash
Endocrine & metabolic: Hot flash, hyperglycemia, weight gain, weight loss
Gastrointestinal: Anorexia, constipation, dysphagia, flatulence, gingival hyperplasia, pancreatitis, vomiting, xerostomia
Genitourinary: Nocturia, urinary frequency
Hematologic & oncologic: Leukopenia, purpuric disease, thrombocytopenia (Cvetković 2013)
Hypersensitivity: Angioedema, hypersensitivity reaction
Nervous system: Abnormal dreams, anxiety, depersonalization, depression, female sexual disorder, hypoesthesia, insomnia, malaise, male sexual disorder, pain, paresthesia, peripheral neuropathy, rigors, vertigo
Neuromuscular & skeletal: Arthralgia, arthropathy, asthenia, back pain, muscle cramps, myalgia, tremor
Ophthalmic: Conjunctivitis, diplopia, eye pain
Otic: Tinnitus
Respiratory: Dyspnea, epistaxis
Postmarketing:
Dermatologic: Dermatologic disorder (Schamberg's disease) (Schetz 2015), psoriasis (Song 2021), toxic epidermal necrolysis (Baetz 2011)
Endocrine and metabolic: Gynecomastia (Cornes 2001)
Hepatic: Cholestatic hepatitis (Egbuonu 2019; Zinsser 2004), hepatotoxicity (Demirci 2013; Hammerstrom 2015)
Renal: Acute interstitial nephritis (Ejaz 2000)
Hypersensitivity to levamlodipine, amlodipine, or any component of the formulation.
Concerns related to adverse effects:
• Hypotension: Symptomatic hypotension can occur; acute hypotension upon initiation is unlikely due to the gradual onset of action. BP must be lowered at a rate appropriate for the patient's clinical condition.
Disease-related concerns:
• Aortic stenosis: Use with extreme caution in patients with severe aortic stenosis; may cause hypotension or reduce coronary perfusion, resulting in ischemia.
• Heart failure: Calcium channel blockers should be avoided whenever possible in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (AHA/ACC/HFSA [Heidenreich 2022]).
• Hepatic impairment: Use with caution in patients with hepatic impairment; may require lower starting dose; titrate slowly in patients with severe hepatic impairment.
• Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with left ventricular outflow tract obstruction: Use amlodipine with caution in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and left ventricular outflow tract obstruction since reduction in afterload may worsen symptoms associated with this condition (AHA/ACC [Ommen 2020]).
Special populations:
• Older adult: Initiate at a lower dose in elderly patients.
Other warnings/precautions:
• Titration: Peak antihypertensive effect is delayed; dosage titration should occur after 7 to 14 days on a given dose.
Excipient information presented when available (limited, particularly for generics); consult specific product labeling. [DSC] = Discontinued product
Tablet, Oral, as maleate:
Conjupri: 2.5 mg
Conjupri: 2.5 mg [DSC] [scored]
Conjupri: 5 mg
Conjupri: 5 mg [DSC] [scored]
Generic: 2.5 mg, 5 mg
Yes
Tablets (Conjupri Oral)
2.5 mg (per each): $13.14
5 mg (per each): $15.34
Tablets (Levamlodipine Maleate Oral)
2.5 mg (per each): $2.80
5 mg (per each): $2.80
Disclaimer: A representative AWP (Average Wholesale Price) price or price range is provided as reference price only. A range is provided when more than one manufacturer's AWP price is available and uses the low and high price reported by the manufacturers to determine the range. The pricing data should be used for benchmarking purposes only, and as such should not be used alone to set or adjudicate any prices for reimbursement or purchasing functions or considered to be an exact price for a single product and/or manufacturer. Medi-Span expressly disclaims all warranties of any kind or nature, whether express or implied, and assumes no liability with respect to accuracy of price or price range data published in its solutions. In no event shall Medi-Span be liable for special, indirect, incidental, or consequential damages arising from use of price or price range data. Pricing data is updated monthly.
Oral: May be administered without regard to food.
Oral: May be administered without regard to food.
Hypertension: Treatment of hypertension, alone or in combination with other antihypertensive agents, in adults and pediatric patients ≥6 years of age.
Substrate of CYP3A4 (major); Note: Assignment of Major/Minor substrate status based on clinically relevant drug interaction potential; Inhibits CYP3A4 (weak)
Note: Interacting drugs may not be individually listed below if they are part of a group interaction (eg, individual drugs within “CYP3A4 Inducers [Strong]” are NOT listed). For a complete list of drug interactions by individual drug name and detailed management recommendations, use the Lexicomp drug interactions program by clicking on the “Launch drug interactions program” link above.
Alfuzosin: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy
ALPRAZolam: CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Weak) may increase the serum concentration of ALPRAZolam. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Amifostine: Blood Pressure Lowering Agents may enhance the hypotensive effect of Amifostine. Management: When used at chemotherapy doses, hold blood pressure lowering medications for 24 hours before amifostine administration. If blood pressure lowering therapy cannot be held, do not administer amifostine. Use caution with radiotherapy doses of amifostine. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Amphetamines: May diminish the antihypertensive effect of Antihypertensive Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Antipsychotic Agents (Second Generation [Atypical]): Blood Pressure Lowering Agents may enhance the hypotensive effect of Antipsychotic Agents (Second Generation [Atypical]). Risk C: Monitor therapy
Arginine: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Atosiban: Calcium Channel Blockers may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Atosiban. Specifically, there may be an increased risk for pulmonary edema and/or dyspnea. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Barbiturates: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Benperidol: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Brigatinib: May diminish the antihypertensive effect of Antihypertensive Agents. Brigatinib may enhance the bradycardic effect of Antihypertensive Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Brimonidine (Topical): May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Bromperidol: May diminish the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Blood Pressure Lowering Agents may enhance the hypotensive effect of Bromperidol. Risk X: Avoid combination
Calcium Salts: May diminish the therapeutic effect of Calcium Channel Blockers. Risk C: Monitor therapy
CarBAMazepine: CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Weak) may increase the serum concentration of CarBAMazepine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Clofazimine: May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inhibitors). Risk C: Monitor therapy
Clopidogrel: Calcium Channel Blockers may diminish the therapeutic effect of Clopidogrel. Risk C: Monitor therapy
CycloSPORINE (Systemic): Calcium Channel Blockers (Dihydropyridine) may increase the serum concentration of CycloSPORINE (Systemic). CycloSPORINE (Systemic) may increase the serum concentration of Calcium Channel Blockers (Dihydropyridine). Risk C: Monitor therapy
CYP3A4 Inducers (Moderate): May decrease the serum concentration of Levamlodipine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
CYP3A4 Inducers (Strong): May decrease the serum concentration of Levamlodipine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Moderate): May increase the serum concentration of Levamlodipine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Strong): May increase the serum concentration of Levamlodipine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Dantrolene: May enhance the hyperkalemic effect of Calcium Channel Blockers. Dantrolene may enhance the negative inotropic effect of Calcium Channel Blockers. Risk X: Avoid combination
Dapoxetine: May enhance the orthostatic hypotensive effect of Calcium Channel Blockers. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Dexmethylphenidate: May diminish the therapeutic effect of Antihypertensive Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Diazoxide: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Dofetilide: CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Weak) may increase the serum concentration of Dofetilide. Risk C: Monitor therapy
DULoxetine: Blood Pressure Lowering Agents may enhance the hypotensive effect of DULoxetine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Fexinidazole: May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inhibitors). Risk X: Avoid combination
Finerenone: CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Weak) may increase the serum concentration of Finerenone. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Flibanserin: CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Weak) may increase the serum concentration of Flibanserin. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Flunarizine: May enhance the therapeutic effect of Antihypertensive Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Fusidic Acid (Systemic): May increase the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inhibitors). Risk X: Avoid combination
Herbal Products with Blood Pressure Increasing Effects: May diminish the antihypertensive effect of Antihypertensive Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Herbal Products with Blood Pressure Lowering Effects: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Hypotension-Associated Agents: Blood Pressure Lowering Agents may enhance the hypotensive effect of Hypotension-Associated Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Indoramin: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Antihypertensive Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Inhalational Anesthetics: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Calcium Channel Blockers. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Ixabepilone: CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Weak) may increase the serum concentration of Ixabepilone. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Lemborexant: CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Weak) may increase the serum concentration of Lemborexant. Management: The maximum recommended dosage of lemborexant is 5 mg, no more than once per night, when coadministered with weak CYP3A4 inhibitors. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Levodopa-Foslevodopa: Blood Pressure Lowering Agents may enhance the hypotensive effect of Levodopa-Foslevodopa. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Lomitapide: CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Weak) may increase the serum concentration of Lomitapide. Management: Patients on lomitapide 5 mg/day may continue that dose. Patients taking lomitapide 10 mg/day or more should decrease the lomitapide dose by half. The lomitapide dose may then be titrated up to a max adult dose of 30 mg/day. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Lonafarnib: CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Weak) may increase the serum concentration of Lonafarnib. Management: Avoid concurrent use of lonafarnib with weak CYP3A4 inhibitors. If concurrent use is unavoidable, reduce the lonafarnib dose to or continue at a dose of 115 mg/square meter. Monitor for evidence of arrhythmia, syncope, palpitations, or similar effects. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Loop Diuretics: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Antihypertensive Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Lormetazepam: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Lovastatin: Levamlodipine may increase the serum concentration of Lovastatin. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Magnesium Sulfate: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Calcium Channel Blockers (Dihydropyridine). Specifically, the risk of hypotension or muscle weakness may be increased. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Melatonin: May diminish the antihypertensive effect of Calcium Channel Blockers (Dihydropyridine). Risk C: Monitor therapy
Methylphenidate: May diminish the antihypertensive effect of Antihypertensive Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Midazolam: CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Weak) may increase the serum concentration of Midazolam. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Molsidomine: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Naftopidil: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Neuromuscular-Blocking Agents (Nondepolarizing): Calcium Channel Blockers may enhance the neuromuscular-blocking effect of Neuromuscular-Blocking Agents (Nondepolarizing). Risk C: Monitor therapy
Nicergoline: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Nicorandil: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy
NiMODipine: CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Weak) may increase the serum concentration of NiMODipine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Nitroprusside: Blood Pressure Lowering Agents may enhance the hypotensive effect of Nitroprusside. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Obinutuzumab: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Management: Consider temporarily withholding blood pressure lowering medications beginning 12 hours prior to obinutuzumab infusion and continuing until 1 hour after the end of the infusion. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Pentoxifylline: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Pholcodine: Blood Pressure Lowering Agents may enhance the hypotensive effect of Pholcodine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Pimozide: CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Weak) may increase the serum concentration of Pimozide. Risk X: Avoid combination
Prazosin: Antihypertensive Agents may enhance the hypotensive effect of Prazosin. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Prostacyclin Analogues: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Quinagolide: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Red Yeast Rice: Levamlodipine may increase the serum concentration of Red Yeast Rice. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Silodosin: May enhance the hypotensive effect of Blood Pressure Lowering Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Simvastatin: Levamlodipine may increase the serum concentration of Simvastatin. Management: Limit simvastatin dose to 20 mg daily and monitor closely for signs and symptoms of rhabdomyolysis (eg, creatinine phosphokinase, muscle aches and pains) if coadministering with levamlodipine. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Sincalide: Drugs that Affect Gallbladder Function may diminish the therapeutic effect of Sincalide. Management: Consider discontinuing drugs that may affect gallbladder motility prior to the use of sincalide to stimulate gallbladder contraction. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Sirolimus (Conventional): CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Weak) may increase the serum concentration of Sirolimus (Conventional). Risk C: Monitor therapy
Sirolimus (Protein Bound): CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Weak) may increase the serum concentration of Sirolimus (Protein Bound). Management: Reduce the dose of protein bound sirolimus to 56 mg/m2 when used concomitantly with a weak CYP3A4 inhibitor. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Tacrolimus (Systemic): Calcium Channel Blockers (Dihydropyridine) may increase the serum concentration of Tacrolimus (Systemic). Risk C: Monitor therapy
Tacrolimus (Systemic): CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Weak) may increase the serum concentration of Tacrolimus (Systemic). Risk C: Monitor therapy
Terazosin: Antihypertensive Agents may enhance the hypotensive effect of Terazosin. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Triazolam: CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Weak) may increase the serum concentration of Triazolam. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Ubrogepant: CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Weak) may increase the serum concentration of Ubrogepant. Management: In patients taking weak CYP3A4 inhibitors, the initial and second dose (given at least 2 hours later if needed) of ubrogepant should be limited to 50 mg. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Urapidil: Antihypertensive Agents may enhance the hypotensive effect of Urapidil. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Amlodipine is a racemic mixture of levamlodipine and dextro amlodipine; levamlodipine is the pharmacologically active isomer. Amlodipine crosses the placenta (Morgan 2017; Morgan 2018).
Refer to the amlodipine monograph for additional information,
Amlodipine is present in breast milk.
Amlodipine is a racemic mixture of levamlodipine and dextro amlodipine; levamlodipine is the pharmacologically active isomer. Refer to the amlodipine monograph for additional information.
Heart rate; blood pressure.
Amlodipine is a 1:1 racemic mixture of levamlodipine and dextro amlodipine; it has been demonstrated that levamlodipine is the pharmacologically active, antihypertensive isomer. Amlodipine is a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker that exerts its effect by blocking the transmembrane influx of calcium ions primarily into vascular smooth muscle cells and to a lesser extent into cardiac muscle cells. It reduces peripheral vascular resistance and lowers BP by acting directly on vascular smooth muscle.
Note: Amlodipine is a racemic mixture of levamlodipine and dextro amlodipine; levamlodipine is the pharmacologically active isomer. Refer to the amlodipine monograph for additional information.
Onset: Gradual.
Duration: ≥24 hours.
Protein binding: ~93%.
Metabolism: Hepatic (~90%) to inactive metabolites.
Bioavailability: 64% to 90%.
Half-life elimination: Terminal (biphasic): ~30 to 50 hours; increased with hepatic dysfunction.
Time to peak: 6 to 12 hours.
Excretion: Urine (10% of total dose as unchanged drug, 60% of total dose as metabolites).
Clearance: May be decreased in patients with hepatic insufficiency or moderate to severe heart failure; weight-adjusted clearance in children >6 years of age is similar to adults.
Hepatic function impairment: AUC may increase ~40% to 60%.
Elderly: AUC may increase ~40% to 60%.
Moderate to severe heart failure: AUC may increase ~40% to 60%.
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