Version June 2024
| Epidemiology | Incidence unknown; occurs more frequently in girls |
| Age at onset | First decade |
| Semiology | Unilateral hand waving* with or without head movement towards light, with or without eyelid myoclonia, with or without impairment of awareness |
| Precipitants | Natural light more than artificial light |
| Seizure frequency | Frequent – up to multiple times daily |
| Additional seizure types | Absence, atypical absence, tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic |
| Associated features | Heliotropism* and photosensitivity |
| Cognition | Often normal, but may be associated with ADHD or intellectual disability |
| Family history of seizures/epilepsy | Variable (approximately 30 to 50%) |
| Typical interictal EEG findings | Generalized epileptiform discharges at 1 to 4 Hz and normal background activity with or without photoparoxysmal response and hyperventilation-induced epileptiform discharges |
| Typical ictal EEG findings | Generalized epileptiform discharges at 3 to 4 Hz |
| Typical neuroimaging findings | Normal |
| Select differential diagnoses | Jeavons syndrome, tic disorders, and behavioral issues |
| Pharmacologic treatments | Broad spectrum antiseizure medications such as valproate, lamotrigine, and levetiracetam |
| Non-pharmacologic treatments | Dietary therapy, avoid triggers, wear sunglasses or tinted glasses, wear hat, eye patch (closure of one eye) |
| Seizure outcomes | Usually drug-resistant |
ADHD: Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder.
* Features that distinguish Sunflower syndrome from Jeavons syndrome.آیا می خواهید مدیلیب را به صفحه اصلی خود اضافه کنید؟
