ﺑﺎﺯﮔﺸﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻗﺒﻠﯽ
خرید پکیج
تعداد آیتم قابل مشاهده باقیمانده : 3 مورد
نسخه الکترونیک
medimedia.ir

Cisplatin: Pediatric drug information

Cisplatin: Pediatric drug information
2024© UpToDate, Inc. and its affiliates and/or licensors. All Rights Reserved.
For additional information see "Cisplatin: Drug information" and "Cisplatin: Patient drug information"

For abbreviations, symbols, and age group definitions show table
ALERT: US Boxed Warning
Myelosuppression:

Cisplatin can cause severe myelosuppression with fatalities due to infections. Monitor blood counts accordingly. Interruption of therapy may be required.

Nausea and vomiting:

Cisplatin can cause severe nausea and vomiting. Use highly effective antiemetic premedication.

Nephrotoxicity:

Cisplatin can cause severe renal toxicity, including acute renal failure. Severe renal toxicities are dose-related and cumulative. Ensure adequate hydration and monitor renal function and electrolytes. Consider dose reductions or alternative treatments in patients with renal impairment.

Peripheral neuropathy:

Cisplatin can cause dose-related peripheral neuropathy that becomes more severe with repeated courses of the drug.

Brand Names: US
  • Kemoplat
Therapeutic Category
  • Antineoplastic Agent, Alkylating Agent;
  • Antineoplastic Agent, Platinum Analog
Dosing: Pediatric

Note: Dosing units variable (mg/kg, mg/m2); use caution. Dosing and frequency may vary by protocol and/or treatment phase; refer to specific protocol. Cisplatin is associated with a high emetic potential; antiemetics are recommended to prevent nausea and vomiting (Ref).

TO PREVENT POSSIBLE OVERDOSE, VERIFY ANY CISPLATIN DOSE EXCEEDING 100 mg/m2 PER COURSE (eg, every 3 to 4 week cycle). Pretreatment hydration is recommended.

Germ cell tumors

Germ cell tumors: Limited data available:

Cushing 2004:

Infants: IV: 0.7 mg/kg on days 1 to 5 of a 21-day cycle (in combination with bleomycin and etoposide).

Children and Adolescents: IV: 20 mg/m2 on days 1 to 5 of a 21-day cycle (in combination with bleomycin and etoposide).

Pinkerton 1986: Children and Adolescents: IV: 100 mg/m 2on day 1 of a 21-day cycle (in combination with bleomycin and vinblastine or etoposide).

Lopes 2016: Children and Adolescents:

Intermediate risk: PE regimen: IV: 35 mg/m2 on days 1, 2, and 3 of a 21-day cycle for 3 cycles (weeks 1, 4, and 7) in combination with etoposide; a fourth cycle may be considered depending on response.

High risk: PEI regimen: IV: 35 mg/m2 on days 1, 2, and 3 of a 21-day cycle for 4 cycles (weeks 1, 4, 7, and 11) in combination with etoposide and ifosfamide; a fifth or sixth cycle may be considered depending on response.

Hepatoblastoma

Hepatoblastoma: Limited data available:

Continuous IV infusion:

Infants and Children <10 kg: PLADO regimen: IV infusion: 2.7 mg/kg/day continuous infusion over 24 hours on day 1 of a 21-day cycle in combination with doxorubicin for 4 to 6 cycles (Ref).

Children ≥10 kg and Adolescents:

Monotherapy: Standard risk: IV infusion: 80 mg/m2/day continuous infusion over 24 hours every 2 weeks on day 1.

Combination therapy: PLADO regimen: IV infusion: 80 mg/m2/day continuous infusion over 24 hours on day 1 of a 21-day cycle in combination with doxorubicin (Ref) or doxorubicin and sorafenib (Ref).

Intermittent infusion (over 6 hours), C5V(D) regimen:

Infants and Children <10 kg: IV: 3 to 3.3 mg/kg over 6 hours on day 1 of a 21-day cycle for 4 to 8 cycles in combination with vincristine and fluorouracil and/or doxorubicin (Ref).

Children ≥10 kg and Adolescents: IV: 90 to 100 mg/m2 over 6 hours on day 1 of a 21-day cycle for 4 to 8 cycles in combination with vincristine and fluorouracil and/or doxorubicin (Ref).

Medulloblastoma

Medulloblastoma: Limited data available: Children ≥3 years and Adolescents: IV: 75 mg/m2 every 6 weeks on either day 0 of chemotherapy cycle in combination with vincristine and cyclophosphamide or day 1 of chemotherapy cycle in combination with lomustine and vincristine for 8 cycles (Ref).

Medulloblastoma/Primitive neuroectodermal tumor, relapsed or refractory

Medulloblastoma/Primitive neuroectodermal tumor, relapsed or refractory: Very limited data available: Children and Adolescents: IV: 60 mg/m2 on day 0 every 4 weeks (in combination with irinotecan, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, and etoposide) (Ref).

Neuroblastoma, high risk

Neuroblastoma, high risk: Limited data available: Infants, Children, and Adolescents: IV: 50 mg/m2 on days 0 to 3 of a 21-day cycle in combination with etoposide (cycles 3 and 5) (Ref) or 50 mg/m2 on days 1 to 4 in combination with etoposide (cycles 3, 5, and 7) (Ref).

Osteosarcoma

Osteosarcoma: Limited data available: Children and Adolescents: IV: 60 mg/m2/day for 2 days at weeks 2, 7, 25, and 28 (neoadjuvant) or weeks 5, 10, 25, and 28 (adjuvant) in combination with doxorubicin (Ref).

Dosage adjustment for concomitant therapy: Significant drug interactions exist, requiring dose/frequency adjustment or avoidance. Consult drug interactions database for more information.

Dosing: Kidney Impairment: Pediatric

Note: In adult patients, the manufacturer(s) recommend that repeat courses of cisplatin should not be given until serum creatinine is <1.5 mg/dL and/or BUN is <25 mg/dL and use is contraindicated in preexisting renal impairment. Consult protocols for specific renal impairment dosing adjustments. The following adjustments have been recommended:

Aronoff 2007: Infants, Children, and Adolescents:

GFR >50 mL/minute/1.73 m2: No dosage adjustment necessary.

GFR 10 to 50 mL/minute/1.73 m2: Administer 75% of dose.

GFR <10 mL/minute/1.73 m2: Administer 50% of dose.

Hemodialysis: Partially cleared by hemodialysis: Administer 50% of dose posthemodialysis.

Peritoneal dialysis: Administer 50% of dose.

Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT): Administer 75% of dose.

Katzenstein 2019: Hepatoblastoma: Infants, Children, and Adolescents:

GFR >60 mL/minute/1.73 m2: No dosage adjustment necessary.

GFR <60 mL/minute/1.73 m2: Omit cisplatin dose from regimen until GFR is >60 mL/minute/1.73 m2.

Dosing: Hepatic Impairment: Pediatric

There are no dosage adjustments provided in the manufacturer's labeling; however, cisplatin undergoes nonenzymatic metabolism and predominantly renal elimination; therefore, dosage adjustment is likely not necessary.

Dosing: Adult

(For additional information see "Cisplatin: Drug information")

Dosage guidance:

Safety: Administer appropriate pretreatment hydration and maintain adequate hydration and urinary output for 24 hours following cisplatin administration. Consider magnesium supplementation as clinically indicated. Cisplatin doses exceeding 100 mg/m2 per treatment course are rarely used and should be verified with the prescriber.

Clinical considerations: Cisplatin is associated with a high emetic potential; antiemetics are recommended to prevent nausea and vomiting (Ref). Refer to the protocol or institutional guidance for additional details of off-label dosing.

Adrenocortical carcinoma, advanced

Adrenocortical carcinoma, advanced (off-label use): IV: 40 mg/m2 on days 3 and 4 every 4 weeks (in combination with doxorubicin, etoposide, and mitotane) (Ref) or 40 mg/m2 on days 2 and 9 every 4 weeks (in combination with doxorubicin, etoposide, and mitotane) until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity up to a maximum of 6 cycles (Ref).

Anal carcinoma, squamous cell, metastatic or unresectable locally recurrent

Anal carcinoma, squamous cell, metastatic or unresectable locally recurrent (off-label use): IV: 75 mg/m2 on day 1 every 4 weeks (in combination with continuous infusion fluorouracil); patients received a median of 4 cycles in the study (Ref) or 40 mg/m2 on day 1 every 2 weeks (in combination with docetaxel and fluorouracil; modified DCF regimen) for 8 cycles (Ref).

Biliary tract cancer, advanced

Biliary tract cancer, advanced (off-label use): IV: 25 mg/m2 over 2 hours on days 1 and 8 every 3 weeks (in combination with gemcitabine) for 4 to 8 cycles (Ref) or 25 mg/m2 on days 1 and 8 every 3 weeks (in combination with durvalumab and gemcitabine) for up to 8 cycles, followed by durvalumab as a single agent until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity (Ref) or 25 mg/m2 on days 1 and 8 every 3 weeks for a maximum of 8 cycles (in combination with pembrolizumab [maximum 35 cycles] and gemcitabine until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity) (Ref).

Bladder cancer, advanced

Bladder cancer, advanced: IV: 50 to 70 mg/m2 every 3 to 4 weeks; heavily pretreated patients: 50 mg/m2 every 4 weeks.

Bladder cancer, advanced (off-label dosing/combinations):

Locally advanced or metastatic disease:

Dose-dense MVAC regimen: IV: 70 mg/m2 on day 2 every 14 days (in combination with methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and growth factor support) until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity (Ref).

GC regimen: IV: 70 mg/m2 on day 2 every 28 days (in combination with gemcitabine) for up to 6 cycles (Ref). Split-dose cisplatin may be an option in select patients (Ref).

MVAC regimen: IV: 70 mg/m2 on day 2 every 28 days (in combination with methotrexate, vinblastine, and doxorubicin) for up to 6 cycles (von der Maase 2000) or 70 mg/m2 on day 2 every 28 days (in combination with methotrexate, vinblastine, and doxorubicin) until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity (Ref) or 70 mg/m2 on day 1 every 28 days (in combination with methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and filgrastim) for up to 6 cycles or until loss of clinical benefit (Ref).

Paclitaxel/cisplatin/gemcitabine (PCG) regimen: IV: 70 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks (in combination with paclitaxel and gemcitabine) for up to 6 cycles or until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity (Ref).

Urothelial carcinoma (bladder, renal pelvis, ureter, or urethra), unresectable or metastatic: IV: 70 mg/m2 over 30 to 120 minutes on day 1 every 21 days (in combination with nivolumab and gemcitabine) for up to 6 cycles, followed by nivolumab (as a single agent) until disease progression, unacceptable toxicity, or for up to 2 years (Ref).

Neoadjuvant treatment:

Note: Patients with non-organ confined disease at cystectomy who did not receive cisplatin-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy should be offered an adjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy regimen. Some patients with borderline renal function may be treated with split-dose cisplatin and aggressive hydration (Ref).

Dose-dense MVAC regimen: IV: 70 mg/m2 on day 1 or on day 2 every 14 days (in combination with methotrexate, doxorubicin, and vinblastine) for 3 or 4 cycles (Ref) or 70 mg/m2 on day 1 or on day 2 every 14 days (in combination with methotrexate, doxorubicin, and vinblastine) for 6 cycles (Ref).

GC regimen: IV: 70 mg/m2 on day 1 every 21 days (in combination with gemcitabine) for 4 cycles (Ref) or (split-dose cisplatin) 35 mg/m2 on days 1 and 8 every 21 days (in combination with gemcitabine) for 4 cycles (Ref).

MVAC regimen: IV: 70 mg/m2 on day 2 every 28 days (in combination with methotrexate, vinblastine, and doxorubicin) for 3 cycles (Ref).

CMV regimen: IV: 100 mg/m2 on day 1 every 21 days (in combination with methotrexate, vinblastine, and leucovorin) for 3 cycles (Ref).

Brain metastases, due to breast or non–small cell lung cancers

Brain metastases, due to breast or non–small cell lung cancers (off-label use): IV: 100 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks (in combination with etoposide) for up to 6 cycles in the absence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity (Ref).

Breast cancer, triple-negative

Breast cancer, triple-negative (off-label use): IV: Neoadjuvant therapy (single agent): 75 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks for 4 cycles (Ref).

Cervical cancer

Cervical cancer (off-label use): IV: 40 mg/m2 over 4 hours prior to radiation therapy on days 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, and 36 (Ref) or 75 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks (in combination with fluorouracil and radiation) for 3 cycles (Ref) or 70 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks for 4 cycles (in combination with fluorouracil; cycles 1 and 2 given concurrently with radiation) (Ref) or 50 mg/m2 on day 1 every 4 weeks (in combination with radiation and fluorouracil) for 2 cycles (Ref) or 50 mg/m2 on day 1 or day 2 every 3 weeks (in combination with paclitaxel [conventional] and bevacizumab) until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity (Ref) or 50 mg/m2 once every 3 weeks (in combination with paclitaxel [conventional]) for up to 6 cycles in nonresponders, patients with a clinical response could continue beyond 6 cycles (Ref) or 50 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks (in combination with topotecan) for a maximum of 6 cycles (in nonresponders) or until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity (Ref) or 50 mg/m2 on day 1 or day 2 every 3 weeks (in combination with pembrolizumab and paclitaxel [conventional] ± bevacizumab) for 6 cycles; patients could continue chemotherapy beyond 6 cycles if experiencing clinical benefit without unacceptable toxicity (Ref) or 50 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks (in combination with paclitaxel [conventional], atezolizumab, and bevacizumab) for at least 6 cycles or until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity; patients with a complete response after 6 cycles could discontinue chemotherapy and continue atezolizumab and bevacizumab (Ref).

Endometrial carcinoma, recurrent, metastatic, or high-risk

Endometrial carcinoma, recurrent, metastatic, or high-risk (off-label use): IV: 50 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks (in combination with doxorubicin ± paclitaxel) for 7 cycles or until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity (Ref).

Esophageal, gastric, and gastroesophageal cancers

Esophageal, gastric, and gastroesophageal cancers (off-label uses):

Pembrolizumab/trastuzumab/cisplatin/fluorouracil (HER2-positive gastric or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma): IV: 80 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks for up to 6 cycles (may administer beyond 6 cycles at provider discretion); continue pembrolizumab, trastuzumab, and fluorouracil until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity or (in patients without disease progression) for up to 24 months (Ref).

Pembrolizumab/cisplatin/fluorouracil (HER2-negative gastric or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma): IV: 80 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks (may limit cisplatin to 6 cycles per local guidelines or provider discretion); continue pembrolizumab and fluorouracil until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity or (in patients without disease progression) for up to 24 months (Ref).

Pembrolizumab/cisplatin/fluorouracil (esophageal or gastroesophageal junction cancer): IV: 80 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks for a maximum of 6 cycles; continue pembrolizumab and fluorouracil until disease progression, unacceptable toxicity, or (in patients without disease progression) for up to 24 months (Ref).

Nivolumab/cisplatin/fluorouracil (esophageal squamous cell carcinoma): IV: 80 mg/m2 on day 1 every 4 weeks until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity; patients could continue nivolumab for up to 2 years (Ref).

CF regimen (esophageal or gastroesophageal junction cancer): IV: 100 mg/m2 over 30 minutes on days 1 and 29 (preoperative chemoradiation; in combination with fluorouracil) (Ref) or 80 mg/m2 on day 1 (in combination with fluorouracil) every 3 weeks for 2 cycles (neoadjuvant chemotherapy prior to surgery) (Ref).

TCF or DCF regimen (gastric or gastroesophageal junction cancer): IV: 75 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks (in combination with docetaxel and fluorouracil) until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity (Ref).

Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia, high-risk

Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia, high-risk (off-label use):

EMA-EP regimen: IV: 60 to 80 mg/m2 on day 8 every 2 weeks (in combination with etoposide, methotrexate, leucovorin, and dactinomycin); continue for 2 to 4 treatment cycles after a normal hCG level (Ref).

EP-EMA regimen: EP: IV: 25 mg/m2/dose over 4 hours each for 3 consecutive doses on day 1 (in combination with etoposide), alternating weekly with EMA (etoposide, methotrexate, leucovorin, and dactinomycin) (Ref).

BEP regimen (for refractory disease): IV: 20 mg/m2 on days 1 to 4 of a 21-day cycle (BEP; in combination with bleomycin, etoposide, and WBC growth factor support); continue for at least 2 treatment cycles after a normal hCG level (Ref).

TP/TE regimen (for refractory disease): IV: 60 mg/m2 over 3 hours on day 1 of a 28-day cycle (TP; in combination with paclitaxel) alternating every 2 weeks with TE (paclitaxel and etoposide); continue until hCG level is normal for at least 8 weeks, or until treatment resistance (plateaued or rising hCG) or unacceptable toxicity (Ref).

Low-dose EP induction regimen (consider prior to EMA/CO in patients with high tumor burden): IV: 20 mg/m2 on days 1 and 2 every week (in combination with etoposide) for 1 to 2 cycles, followed by the EMA-CO regimen (etoposide, methotrexate, leucovorin, dactinomycin, cyclophosphamide, and vincristine) until hCG levels normalize and then for a further 6 to 8 weeks (Ref).

Head and neck cancer

Head and neck cancer (off-label use):

Locally advanced disease:

In combination with concurrent radiation therapy: IV: 100 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks for 3 doses (Ref) or (in patients unable to tolerate the higher standard cisplatin dose) 30 mg/m2 once a week for 6 or 7 weeks, until the end of radiation therapy (Ref) or 40 mg/m2 (maximum dose: 70 mg) once a week during the 7 weeks of radiation therapy (Ref).

In combination with chemotherapy: IV: 75 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks (in combination with docetaxel and fluorouracil) for 4 cycles or until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity (if no disease progression after 4 cycles, chemotherapy was followed by radiation) (Ref) or 100 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks (in combination with docetaxel and fluorouracil) for 3 cycles or until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity (chemotherapy was followed by chemoradiation) (Ref).

Metastatic disease: IV: 100 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks (in combination with fluorouracil and cetuximab) until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity or a maximum of 6 cycles (Ref) or 100 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks (in combination with fluorouracil and pembrolizumab) for 6 cycles, followed by up to 24 months of pembrolizumab monotherapy (Ref).

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, locally advanced:

Induction chemotherapy: IV: 80 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks (in combination with gemcitabine) for 3 cycles followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy (Ref) or 60 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks (in combination with docetaxel and fluorouracil; TPF regimen) for 3 cycles, followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy (Ref) or 60 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks (in combination with paclitaxel and capecitabine; TPC regimen) for 2 cycles, followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy (Ref) or 75 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks (in combination with docetaxel) for 2 cycles, followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy (Ref) or 80 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks (in combination with fluorouracil) for 2 cycles, followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy (Ref) or 80 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks (in combination with capecitabine) for 3 cycles, followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy (Ref). A minimum of 2 induction cycles are recommended (Ref).

Concurrent chemoradiation: IV: 100 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks for 2 to 3 cycles, concurrently with radiotherapy (Ref) or 40 mg/m2 weekly for 6 to 7 weeks, concurrently with radiotherapy (Ref). If possible, a cu mulative cisplatin dose of at least 200 mg/m2 is recommended (Ref).

Following induction chemotherapy: IV: 100 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks for 3 cycles concurrently with radiotherapy, following cisplatin and gemcitabine induction chemotherapy (Ref) or 100 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks for 3 cycles concurrently with radiotherapy, following TPF induction chemotherapy (Ref) or 100 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks for 2 cycles concurrently with radiotherapy, following TPC induction chemotherapy (Ref) or 40 mg/m2 weekly for 8 weeks concurrently with radiotherapy, following cisplatin and docetaxel induction chemotherapy (Ref) or 80 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks for 3 cycles concurrently with radiotherapy, following cisplatin and fluorouracil induction chemotherapy (Ref) or 100 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks for 2 to 3 cycles concurrently with radiotherapy, following cisplatin and capecitabine induction chemotherapy (Ref). If possible, a cumulative cisplatin dose of at least 200 mg/m2 is recommended (Ref).

Prior to adjuvant chemotherapy: IV: 100 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks for 3 cycles concurrently with radiotherapy, prior to gemcitabine and cisplatin adjuvant chemotherapy (Ref) or 40 mg/m2 weekly for 7 weeks concurrently with radiotherapy, prior to cisplatin and fluorouracil adjuvant chemotherapy (Ref) or 25 mg/m2 over 6 to 8 hours on days 1 to 4 every 3 weeks for 3 cycles concurrently with radiotherapy, followed by cisplatin and fluorouracil adjuvant chemotherapy (Ref) or 100 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks for 3 cycles concurrently with radiotherapy, followed by cisplatin and fluorouracil adjuvant chemotherapy (Ref). If possible, a cumulative cisplatin dose of at least 200 mg/m2 is recommended (Ref).

Adjuvant therapy: IV: 80 mg/m2 over 4 hours on day 1 every 3 weeks (in combination with gemcitabine) for 3 cycles (Ref) or 80 mg/m2 on day 1 every 4 weeks (in combination with fluorouracil) for 3 cycles (Ref) or 20 mg/m2 over 6 to 8 hours on days 1 to 4 every 4 weeks (in combination with fluorouracil) for 3 cycles (Ref) or 80 mg/m2 on day 1 every 4 weeks (in combination with fluorouracil) for 3 cycles (Ref).

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, metastatic or recurrent, locally advanced (first-line treatment): IV: 80 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks (in combination with gemcitabine and toripalimab); continue until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity for up to a maximum of 6 combination cycles (whichever occurred first); followed by toripalimab (as a single agent) until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity (Ref).

Hodgkin lymphoma, relapsed or refractory

Hodgkin lymphoma, relapsed or refractory (off-label use):

DHAP regimen: IV: 100 mg/m2 continuous infusion over 24 hours on day 1 for 2 cycles; median duration between cycle 1 and 2 was 16 days (in combination with dexamethasone and cytarabine) (Ref).

ESHAP regimen: IV: 25 mg/m2 on days 1 to 4 (in combination with etoposide, methylprednisolone, and cytarabine) every 3 to 4 weeks for 3 or 6 cycles (Ref).

Malignant pleural mesothelioma

Malignant pleural mesothelioma (off-label use): IV: 75 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks (in combination with pemetrexed) (Ref) or 75 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks (in combination with pemetrexed) until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity (Ref) or 100 mg/m2 on day 1 every 4 weeks (in combination with gemcitabine) (Ref) or 80 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks (in combination with gemcitabine) (Ref) or 75 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks (in combination with pemetrexed and bevacizumab) for up to 6 cycles, followed by bevacizumab maintenance therapy until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity (Ref). The American Society of Clinical Oncology guidelines for malignant pleural mesothelioma recommend first-line platinum/pemetrexed-based therapy for 4 to 6 cycles (Ref).

Multiple myeloma

Multiple myeloma (off-label use):

DT-PACE regimen: IV: 10 mg/m2/day administered as a continuous infusion on days 1 to 4 of each cycle; repeat every 4 to 6 weeks (in combination with dexamethasone, thalidomide, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, and etoposide) (Ref).

VDT-PACE regimen: IV: 10 mg/m2/day administered as a continuous infusion on days 1 to 4 of each cycle; repeat every 4 to 6 weeks (in combination with bortezomib, dexamethasone, thalidomide, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, and etoposide) (Ref).

DCEP regimen: IV: 10 mg/m2/day administered as a continuous infusion on days 1 to 4 every 21 days (in combination with cyclophosphamide, etoposide, and dexamethasone) until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity (Ref).

Neuroendocrine tumors, metastatic carcinoma

Neuroendocrine tumors, metastatic carcinoma (off-label use): IV: 45 mg/m2/day as a continuous infusion on days 2 and 3 every 4 weeks (in combination with etoposide) until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity (Ref) or 80 mg/m2 over 30 minutes on day 1 every 3 weeks (in combination with etoposide) for up to 6 cycles (Ref).

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, relapsed/refractory

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, relapsed/refractory (off-label use):

DHAP regimen (for DLBCL): IV: 100 mg/m2 continuous infusion over 24 hours on day 1 every 3 to 4 weeks for 6 to 10 cycles (in combination with dexamethasone and cytarabine) (Ref).

ESHAP regimen: IV: 25 mg/m2/day continuous infusion over 24 hours on days 1 to 4 every 3 to 4 weeks for 6 to 8 cycles (in combination with etoposide, methylprednisolone, and cytarabine) (Ref).

R-GDP or GDP regimen: IV: 75 mg/m2 on day 1 (in combination with gemcitabine and dexamethasone ± rituximab) every 3 weeks for 2 to 6 cycles (Ref).

Non–small cell lung cancer

Non–small cell lung cancer (off-label use): Note: There are multiple cisplatin-containing regimens for the treatment of NSCLC. Several commonly used regimens are listed below:

Neoadjuvant therapy: IV: 75 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks (in combination with nivolumab and either pemetrexed or gemcitabine) for up to 3 cycles (Ref).

Adjuvant therapy: IV: 100 mg/m2 on day 1 every 4 weeks (in combination with etoposide) for 3 to 4 cycles (Ref) or 100 mg/m2 on day 1 every 4 weeks (in combination with vinorelbine) for 4 cycles (Ref).

Advanced or metastatic disease: IV: 100 mg/m2 on day 1 every 4 weeks (in combination with vinorelbine) for 6 to 10 cycles (Ref) or 100 mg/m2 on day 1 every 4 weeks (in combination with vinorelbine) until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity (Ref) or 100 mg/m2 on day 1 every 4 weeks (in combination with gemcitabine) (Ref) or 80 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks (in combination with gemcitabine) until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity (Ref) or 75 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks (in combination with pemetrexed) for up to 6 cycles or until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity (Ref) or 75 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks (in combination with either pemetrexed [non-squamous histology] or gemcitabine [squamous histology], and durvalumab and tremelimumab) for 4 cycles, followed by tremelimumab (for 1 additional dose) and durvalumab; continue durvalumab until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity; optional pemetrexed maintenance therapy could be administered in patients who received pemetrexed initially (if eligible) (Ref) or 75 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks (in combination with cemiplimab and either pemetrexed [non-squamous histology only] or paclitaxel) for 4 cycles, followed by cemiplimab (and pemetrexed maintenance therapy in patients who received pemetrexed initially) until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity, or for up to 108 weeks (Ref) or 75 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks (in combination with pemetrexed, nivolumab, and ipilimumab; non-squamous histology) for 2 cycles; nivolumab/ipilimumab therapy continued until disease progression, unacceptable toxicity, or for up to 2 years in patients without disease progression (Ref) or 75 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks (in combination with osimertinib and pemetrexed) for 4 cycles, followed by osimertinib and pemetrexed until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity (Ref).

Osteosarcoma

Osteosarcoma (off-label use): Adults ≤40 years of age: IV: 60 mg/m2/day (over 4 hours) for 2 days (total of 120 mg/m2/cycle) of weeks 1 and 6 (neoadjuvant therapy) and then 60 mg/m2/day (over 4 hours) for 2 days (total of 120 mg/m2/cycle) of weeks 12 and 17 (adjuvant therapy) in combination with methotrexate, leucovorin, and doxorubicin (Ref).

Ovarian cancer, advanced

Ovarian cancer, advanced: IV: 75 to 100 mg/m2 once every 3 to 4 weeks or (off-label combination) 75 mg/m2 every 3 weeks (in combination with paclitaxel) (Ref).

Intraperitoneal (off-label route): 100 mg/m2 on day 2 of a 21-day treatment cycle (in combination with IV and intraperitoneal paclitaxel) for 6 cycles (Ref).

Ovarian germ cell tumors (off-label dosing):

BEP regimen (adjuvant treatment): IV: 20 mg/m2 on days 1 to 5 every 21 days (in combination with bleomycin and etoposide) for 3 cycles (Ref).

EP regimen: IV: 20 mg/m2 on days 1 to 5 every 21 days (in combination with etoposide) for 4 cycles (Ref); while the BEP regimen is preferred in the treatment of ovarian germ cell tumors, EP may be considered if pulmonary toxicity is a concern. Note: Use of this regimen in ovarian germ cell tumors is extrapolated from data in the management of testicular germ cell tumors.

TIP regimen: IV: 25 mg/m2 on days 2 to 5 every 3 weeks (in combination with paclitaxel, ifosfamide, and mesna) for 4 cycles (Ref). Note: Use of this regimen in ovarian germ cell tumors is extrapolated from data in the management of testicular germ cell tumors.

Pancreatic cancer, locally advanced or metastatic

Pancreatic cancer, locally advanced or metastatic (off-label use; alternative regimen): IV: 50 mg/m2 over 1 hour on days 1 and 15 every 4 weeks (in combination with gemcitabine) (Ref).

Penile cancer, metastatic

Penile cancer, metastatic (off-label use): IV: 25 mg/m2 over 2 hours on days 1, 2, and 3 every 3 to 4 weeks (in combination with paclitaxel and ifosfamide) for 4 cycles (Ref).

Primary CNS lymphoma, relapsed or refractory

Primary CNS lymphoma, relapsed or refractory (off-label use; based on limited data): IV: 100 mg/m2 continuous infusion over 24 hours on day 1 every 3 to 4 weeks (in combination with dexamethasone and high-dose cytarabine) for ~6 to 10 cycles in responding patients (Ref).

Prostate cancer, metastatic, castration resistant, small cell variant or with anaplastic feature

Prostate cancer, metastatic, castration resistant, small cell variant or with anaplastic feature (off-label use): IV: 25 mg/m2 on days 1, 2, and 3 every 3 weeks (in combination with etoposide, as second-line treatment following first-line treatment with carboplatin and docetaxel) for at least 4 cycles (Ref).

Small cell lung cancer

Small cell lung cancer (off-label use):

Limited-stage disease: IV: 60 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks for 4 cycles (in combination with etoposide and concurrent radiation) (Ref) or 80 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks (in combination with etoposide and sequential radiation therapy) for 4 cycles (Ref) or 80 mg/m2 on day 1 every 4 weeks (in combination with etoposide and concurrent radiation therapy) for 4 cycles (Ref) or 25 mg/m2 on days 1, 2, and 3 every 3 to 4 weeks (in combination with etoposide) for 6 cycles (Ref).

Extensive-stage disease: IV: 80 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks (in combination with etoposide) for 4 cycles (Ref) or a maximum of 8 cycles (Ref) or 60 mg/m2 on day 1 every 4 weeks for 4 cycles (in combination with irinotecan) (Ref) or 25 mg/m2 on days 1, 2, and 3 every 3 to 4 weeks (in combination with etoposide) for 6 cycles (Ref).

Testicular cancer, advanced

Testicular cancer, advanced: IV: 20 mg/m2 once daily for 5 days repeated every 3 weeks (in combination with bleomycin and etoposide) (Ref).

Testicular germ cell tumor, metastatic, good-risk (off-label combination): IV: 20 mg/m2 on days 1 to 5 every 3 weeks (in combination with etoposide) for 4 cycles (Ref).

Testicular germ cell tumor, metastatic, intermediate or poor-risk (off-label dosing): IV: 25 mg/m2 on days 2 to 5 every 3 weeks (in combination with paclitaxel, ifosfamide, and mesna) for 4 cycles (Ref) or 20 mg/m2 on days 1 to 5 every 3 weeks (in combination with bleomycin and etoposide) for 4 cycles (Ref) or 20 mg/m2 on days 1 to 5 every 3 weeks (in combination with etoposide and ifosfamide) for 4 cycles (Ref) or 20 mg/m2 on days 1 to 5 every 3 weeks (in combination with vinblastine, ifosfamide, and mesna) for 4 cycles (Ref).

Thymic carcinoma, locally advanced or metastatic

Thymic carcinoma, locally advanced or metastatic (off-label use; based on limited data):

CODE regimen: IV: 25 mg/m2 on day 1 (in combination with vincristine, doxorubicin, and etoposide) during weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 (Ref).

VIP regimen: IV: 20 mg/m2 on days 1 to 4 (in combination with etoposide, ifosfamide, mesna and colony-stimulating growth factor support) every 3 weeks for up to 4 cycles or until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity (Ref).

Thymomas, advanced or metastatic

Thymomas, advanced or metastatic (off-label use):

CAP regimen: IV: 50 mg/m2 over at least 1 hour on day 1 every 3 weeks for up to 8 cycles (in combination with cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin) (Ref).

ADOC regimen: IV: 50 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks (in combination with doxorubicin, vincristine, and cyclophosphamide) (Ref).

PE regimen: IV: 60 mg/m2 over 1 hour on day 1 every 3 weeks (in combination with etoposide) for up to 8 cycles (Ref).

VIP regimen: IV: 20 mg/m2 on days 1 to 4 (in combination with etoposide, ifosfamide, mesna, and colony-stimulating growth factor support) every 3 weeks for up to 4 cycles or until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity (Ref).

Unknown primary, adenocarcinoma

Unknown primary, adenocarcinoma (off-label use): IV: 100 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks (in combination with gemcitabine) (Ref) or 80 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks (in combination with docetaxel) for 2 to 6 cycles (Ref).

Unknown primary, squamous cell carcinoma

Unknown primary, squamous cell carcinoma (off-label use; based on limited data): IV: 75 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks (in combination with fluorouracil ± docetaxel) for 3 cycles (Ref) or 20 mg/m2 on days 1 to 5 every 4 weeks (in combination with fluorouracil) until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity (Ref).

Dosage adjustment for concomitant therapy: Significant drug interactions exist, requiring dose/frequency adjustment or avoidance. Consult drug interactions database for more information.

Dosing: Kidney Impairment: Adult

The renal dosing recommendations are based upon the best available evidence and clinical expertise. Senior Editorial Team: Bruce Mueller, PharmD, FCCP, FASN, FNKF; Jason A. Roberts, PhD, BPharm (Hons), B App Sc, FSHP, FISAC; Michael Heung, MD, MS.

Kidney impairment prior to treatment initiation:

Altered kidney function:

Note: Due to nephrotoxicity concerns, alternative agents may be preferred in patients with baseline kidney impairment when clinically appropriate. The manufacturer's labeling suggests consideration of alternative treatments or dose reductions for patients with impaired CrCl, but does not provide specific adjustments. Limited data are available, and the optimal approach to cisplatin dose adjustment is not established. In addition to the recommendations provided below, other general adjustments (Ref) or cancer-specific adjustments (Ref) have also been described.

Therapy with curative intent (Ref):

CrCl ≥60 mL/minute: IV: No dosage adjustment necessary.

CrCl 50 to <60 mL/minute: IV: Administer 75% of the usual indication-specific recommended dose.

CrCl 40 to <50 mL/minute: IV: Administer 50% of the usual indication-specific recommended dose.

CrCl <40 mL/minute: Use is not recommended.

Therapy with palliative intent (Ref):

CrCl ≥60 mL/minute: IV: No dosage adjustment necessary.

CrCl 50 to <60 mL/minute: IV: Administer 75% of the usual indication-specific recommended dose.

CrCl <50 mL/minute: Use is not recommended.

Hemodialysis, intermittent (thrice weekly): Poorly dialyzable due to rapid and high degree of protein binding (Ref).

Note: Although use of cisplatin is generally not recommended in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) due to the risk of nephrotoxicity, for patients with irreversible CKD receiving hemodialysis, the concern of nephrotoxicity is no longer relevant and although not routinely recommended, administration of cisplatin in these patients (using various strategies) has been reported (Ref). A commonly recommended approach is described below:

Therapy with curative intent: IV: Administer 50% of the usual indication-specific recommended dose (Ref). Although removal by dialysis is not likely to be substantial, administer cisplatin after hemodialysis (or on a nondialysis day) to allow for cisplatin to distribute into the tissue (Ref).

Therapy with palliative intent: Use is not recommended (Ref).

Peritoneal dialysis: Not significantly dialyzed (Ref):

Therapy with curative intent: IV: Although not routinely recommended, if necessary, administer 50% of the usual indication-specific recommended dose. However, nephrotoxicity is likely in patients with residual kidney function; avoid use in patients with significant residual kidney function (Ref).

Therapy with palliative intent: Use is not recommended (Ref).

CRRT: Use is not recommended, as cisplatin is a nephrotoxin that could prevent the return of or worsen kidney function (Ref).

PIRRT (eg, sustained, low-efficiency diafiltration): Use is not recommended, as cisplatin is a nephrotoxin that could prevent the return of or worsen kidney function (Ref).

Nephrotoxicity during treatment: Cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity most commonly presents as acute kidney injury (AKI) and/or as electrolyte disturbances (eg, hypomagnesemia, Fanconi-like syndrome, salt-wasting hyponatremia) (Ref). Patients that develop AKI (eg, SCr >2 times baseline) may require discontinuation of therapy; however, re-treatment may be considered after recovery from AKI if cisplatin is considered life-saving or life-extending. For patients experiencing electrolyte disturbances, if continued use of cisplatin is considered clinically appropriate (ie, patient receiving cisplatin with curative intent and responding to therapy), cisplatin may be continued with appropriate electrolyte repletion. However, if concurrent AKI occurs or electrolyte abnormalities persist even with aggressive supplementation, consider discontinuation of cisplatin therapy and administration of appropriate supportive care (Ref).

Dosing: Hepatic Impairment: Adult

There are no dosage adjustments provided in the manufacturer's labeling. However, cisplatin undergoes nonenzymatic metabolism and predominantly renal elimination. Dosage adjustment is likely not necessary (Ref).

Adverse Reactions

The following adverse drug reactions and incidences are derived from product labeling unless otherwise specified.

>10%:

Central nervous system: Neurotoxicity (peripheral neuropathy is dose and duration dependent)

Gastrointestinal: Nausea and vomiting (76% to 100%)

Genitourinary: Nephrotoxicity (28% to 36%; acute renal failure and chronic renal insufficiency)

Hematologic & oncologic: Anemia (≤40%), leukopenia (25% to 30%; nadir: Day 18 to 23; recovery: By day 39; dose related), thrombocytopenia (25% to 30%; nadir: Day 18 to 23; recovery: By day 39; dose related)

Hepatic: Increased liver enzymes

Otic: Ototoxicity (children 40% to 60%; adults 10% to 31%; as tinnitus, high frequency hearing loss)

1% to 10%: Local: Local irritation

<1%, postmarketing, and/or case reports: Alopecia (mild), ageusia, anaphylaxis, autonomic neuropathy, bradycardia (Schlumbrecht 2015), bronchoconstriction, cardiac arrhythmia, cardiac failure, cerebral arteritis, cerebrovascular accident, dehydration, diarrhea, dysgeusia (Rehwaldt 2009), extravasation, heart block, hemolytic anemia (acute), hemolytic-uremic syndrome, hiccups, hypercholesterolemia, hyperuricemia, hypocalcemia, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, hyponatremia, hypophosphatemia, hypotension, increased serum amylase, ischemic heart disease, leukoencephalopathy, Lhermitte's sign, mesenteric ischemia (acute; Morgan 2011), myocardial infarction, neutropenic enterocolitis (Furonaka 2005), optic neuritis, pancreatitis (Trivedi 2005), papilledema, peripheral ischemia (acute), phlebitis (Tokuda 2015), reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome, seizure, SIADH, skin rash, tachycardia, tetany, thrombosis (aortic; Fernandes 2011), thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, vasospasm (acute arterial; Morgan 2011), vision color changes, vision loss

Contraindications

Severe hypersensitivity to cisplatin or any component of the formulation.

Canadian labeling: Additional contraindications (not in US labeling): Hypersensitivity to other platinum-containing compounds; preexisting renal or hearing impairment (unless benefits outweigh risks); myelosuppression.

Warnings/Precautions

Concerns related to adverse effects:

• Bone marrow suppression: Cisplatin may cause severe myelosuppression; fatalities due to infection (secondary to myelosuppression) have been reported. Fever has been reported in patients with neutropenia. Geriatric patients may be at higher risk for hematologic toxicity.

• Extravasation: Cisplatin is a vesicant at higher concentrations, and an irritant at lower concentrations; ensure proper needle or catheter placement prior to and during infusion; avoid extravasation. Monitor infusion site during administration. Local soft tissue toxicity has been reported following cisplatin extravasation; the severity of the local tissue toxicity appears to be related to the cisplatin concentration. Cisplatin infusion solutions at a concentration >0.5 mg/mL may result in tissue cellulitis, fibrosis, necrosis, pain, edema, and erythema.

• GI toxicity: Cisplatin can cause severe nausea and vomiting; use highly effective antiemetic premedication. Nausea and vomiting are dose-related and may be immediate and/or delayed, usually lasting up to 72 hours, although may persist for up to 1 week. Diarrhea may also occur.

• Hypersensitivity: Cisplatin may cause severe hypersensitivity reactions, including anaphylaxis (some fatal). Manifestations of hypersensitivity include facial edema, wheezing, tachycardia, and hypotension. Hypersensitivity reactions have occurred within minutes of administration (in patients with prior cisplatin exposure). Ensure supportive equipment and medications for management of severe hypersensitivity reactions are available. Cross-reactivity between platinum-based antineoplastic agents has been reported; severe hypersensitivity reactions have recurred following rechallenge with a different platinum agent (case reports).

• Nephrotoxicity: Cisplatin can cause severe renal toxicity, including acute renal failure. Severe renal toxicities are dose related and cumulative. Ensure adequate hydration (before, during, and following cisplatin administration). Acute renal failure may be prolonged and severe with repeat cisplatin courses. The onset of nephrotoxicity usually begins during the second week following a cisplatin dose. Patients with renal impairment at baseline, geriatric patients, those taking other nephrotoxic medications, and/or patients who are not well hydrated may be at higher risk for nephrotoxicity.

• Neurotoxicity: Cisplatin may cause dose-related peripheral neuropathy that becomes more severe with repeated cisplatin courses. Neurotoxicity has been reported following a single cisplatin dose. Neuropathy may be delayed, with an onset occurring 3 to 8 weeks after the last cisplatin dose. Neuropathy manifestations include paresthesias with a stocking-glove distribution, areflexia, and loss of proprioception and vibratory sensation. Neuropathy may progress following cisplatin discontinuation. In some patients, peripheral neuropathy may be irreversible. Geriatric patients may be more susceptible to peripheral neuropathy. Seizures, loss of motor function, loss of taste, leukoencephalopathy, and posterior reversible leukoencephalopathy syndrome have also been described.

• Ocular toxicity: Optic neuritis, papilledema, and cortical blindness have been reported in patients receiving standard recommended cisplatin doses. Blurred vision and altered color perception have been reported after the use of regimens with higher or more frequent cisplatin doses. Altered color perception manifests as a loss of color discrimination, particularly in the blue-yellow axis and irregular retinal pigmentation of the macular area on fundoscopic exam. Improvement and/or total recovery usually occurs following cisplatin discontinuation, although may be delayed.

• Ototoxicity: Cisplatin may cause cumulative and severe ototoxicity. Ototoxicity is manifested by tinnitus, high-frequency (4,000 to 8,000 Hz) hearing loss, and/or decreased ability to hear normal conversational tones. Ototoxicity may occur during or after treatment; may be unilateral or bilateral. Deafness following the initial cisplatin dose has been reported. Vestibular toxicity has also been reported. Ototoxic effects may be more severe and/or detrimental in pediatric patients, particularly those <5 years of age. The prevalence of hearing loss in pediatric patients is estimated to be 40% to 60%. Additional risk factors for ototoxicity include simultaneous cranial irradiation, treatment with other ototoxic medications, and/or renal impairment. Certain genetic variations in the thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) gene may be associated with an increased risk of ototoxicity in children administered conventional cisplatin doses (Pussegoda 2013). Controversy may exist regarding the role of TPMT variants in cisplatin ototoxicity (Ratain 2013; Yang 2013); the association has not been consistent across populations and studies. Children without the TPMT gene variants may still be at risk for ototoxicity. Cumulative dose, prior or concurrent exposure to other ototoxic agents (eg, aminoglycosides, carboplatin), prior cranial radiation, younger age, and type of cancer may also increase the risk for ototoxicity in children (Knight 2005; Landier 2014). An international grading scale (SIOP Boston scale) has been developed to assess ototoxicity in children (Brock 2012). Sodium thiosulfate (Pedmark) is approved to reduce the risk of ototoxicity from cisplatin infusions that are ≤6 hours in duration when used to treat localized nonmetastatic solid tumors in pediatric patients.

• Secondary malignancies: Secondary malignancies, including acute leukemias, have been reported with cisplatin, usually when used in combination with other chemotherapy agents.

• Tumor lysis syndrome: Hyperuricemia has been reported with cisplatin; consider antihyperuricemic therapy to reduce uric acid levels.

Disease-related concerns:

• Myasthenia gravis: Use with caution in patients with myasthenia gravis; may exacerbate condition (Mehrizi 2012).

Special populations:

• Older adult: Select dose cautiously and monitor closely in older adult patients; they may be more susceptible to hematologic toxicity, infections, nephrotoxicity, and/or peripheral neuropathy.

Other warnings/precautions:

• Medication safety: Doses >100 mg/m2/cycle (once every 3 to 4 weeks) are rare; verify with the prescriber. At the approved dose, cisplatin should not be administered more frequently than once every 3 to 4 weeks. Exercise caution to avoid inadvertent overdose due to potential sound-alike/look-alike confusion between CISplatin and CARBOplatin or prescribing practices that fail to differentiate daily doses from the total dose per cycle.

Warnings: Additional Pediatric Considerations

Compared to older patients, pediatric patients, especially those <5 years of age, are at increased risk for the development of ototoxicity that has been observed to be more severe and/or detrimental due to speech and language development during this time. The prevalence of hearing loss in pediatric patients is estimated to be 40% to 60%. Cumulative dose, prior or concurrent exposure to other ototoxic agents (eg, aminoglycosides, carboplatin), prior or concurrent cranial irradiation, younger age, and type of cancer may increase the risk for ototoxicity in children (Knight 2005; Landier 2014). To assess ototoxicity, an international grading scale (SIOP Boston scale) has been developed to (Brock 2012). Sodium thiosulfate (Pedmark) is approved to reduce the risk of ototoxicity from cisplatin infusions that are ≤6 hours in duration when used to treat localized nonmetastatic solid tumors in pediatric patients.

Dosage Forms: US

Excipient information presented when available (limited, particularly for generics); consult specific product labeling.

Solution, Intravenous:

Kemoplat: 50 mg/50 mL (50 mL)

Generic: 50 mg/50 mL (50 mL); 100 mg/100 mL (100 mL)

Solution, Intravenous [preservative free]:

Generic: 50 mg/50 mL (50 mL); 100 mg/100 mL (100 mL); 200 mg/200 mL (200 mL)

Solution Reconstituted, Intravenous [preservative free]:

Generic: 50 mg (1 ea)

Generic Equivalent Available: US

Yes

Pricing: US

Solution (CISplatin Intravenous)

50 mg/50 mL (per mL): $0.37 - $0.87

100 mg/100 mL (per mL): $0.23 - $0.49

200 mg/200 mL (per mL): $0.49 - $0.66

Solution (reconstituted) (CISplatin Intravenous)

50 mg (per each): $600.00

Disclaimer: A representative AWP (Average Wholesale Price) price or price range is provided as reference price only. A range is provided when more than one manufacturer's AWP price is available and uses the low and high price reported by the manufacturers to determine the range. The pricing data should be used for benchmarking purposes only, and as such should not be used alone to set or adjudicate any prices for reimbursement or purchasing functions or considered to be an exact price for a single product and/or manufacturer. Medi-Span expressly disclaims all warranties of any kind or nature, whether express or implied, and assumes no liability with respect to accuracy of price or price range data published in its solutions. In no event shall Medi-Span be liable for special, indirect, incidental, or consequential damages arising from use of price or price range data. Pricing data is updated monthly.

Dosage Forms: Canada

Excipient information presented when available (limited, particularly for generics); consult specific product labeling.

Solution, Intravenous:

Generic: 1 mg/mL (10 mL, 50 mL, 100 mL)

Administration: Pediatric

Cisplatin is associated with a high emetic potential; antiemetics are recommended to prevent nausea and vomiting (Ref).

Pretreatment hydration is recommended prior to cisplatin administration; adequate posthydration and urinary output (eg, >100 mL/hour in adults) should be maintained for 24 hours after administration.

IV: Infuse over 6 to 8 hours; has also been infused over 30 minutes to 3 hours, at a rate of 1 mg/minute, or as a continuous infusion; infusion rate varies by protocol (refer to specific protocol for infusion details)

Needles or IV administration sets that contain aluminum should not be used for administration; aluminum may react with cisplatin resulting in precipitate formation and loss of potency.

Vesicant (at higher concentrations); ensure proper needle or catheter placement prior to and during infusion; avoid extravasation. If extravasation occurs, stop infusion immediately and disconnect (leave cannula/needle in place); gently aspirate extravasated solution (do NOT flush the line); initiate sodium thiosulfate antidote; elevate extremity. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) may also be considered an option (See Management of Drug Extravasations for more details).

Administration: Adult

Cisplatin is associated with a high emetic potential; antiemetics are recommended to prevent nausea and vomiting (Ref). Administer appropriate pretreatment hydration and maintain adequate hydration and urinary output for 24 hours following cisplatin administration.

IV: Cisplatin has been infused over 30 minutes to 4 hours, at a rate of 1 mg/minute, or as a continuous infusion (off-label rates); infusion rate varies by protocol (refer to specific protocol for infusion details). Do not administer as a rapid IV injection. Also refer to specific protocol for information regarding recommended concomitant hydration, diuretics, and (for combination regimens) the administration sequence.

Intraperitoneal (off-label route): Solution was prepared in warmed saline and infused as rapidly as possible through an implantable intraperitoneal catheter (Ref).

Needles or IV administration sets that contain aluminum should not be used in the preparation or administration; aluminum may react with cisplatin resulting in precipitate formation and loss of potency.

Vesicant (at higher concentrations); ensure proper needle or catheter placement prior to and during infusion; avoid extravasation.

Extravasation management: If extravasation occurs, stop infusion immediately and disconnect (leave cannula/needle in place); gently aspirate extravasated solution (do NOT flush the line); initiate sodium thiosulfate antidote; elevate extremity.

Sodium thiosulfate 1/6 M solution: Inject 2 mL into existing IV line for each 100 mg of cisplatin extravasated; then consider also injecting 1 mL as 0.1 mL subcutaneous injections (clockwise) around the area of extravasation, may repeat subcutaneous injections several times over the next 3 to 4 hours (Ref).

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) may also be considered an option: Apply to a region covering twice the affected area every 8 hours for 7 days; begin within 10 minutes of extravasation; do not cover with a dressing (Ref).

Hazardous Drugs Handling Considerations

Hazardous agent (NIOSH 2016 [group 1]).

Use appropriate precautions for receiving, handling, storage, preparation, dispensing, transporting, administration, and disposal. Follow NIOSH and USP 800 recommendations and institution-specific policies/procedures for appropriate containment strategy (NIOSH 2016; USP-NF 2020).

Storage/Stability

Lyophilized powder: Store intact vials at 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F); excursions permitted to 15°C to 30°C (59°F to 86°F). Store in original carton prior to reconstitution to protect from light. The reconstituted solution is stable for 20 hours at 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F); do not refrigerate. Solution removed from amber vial should be protected from light if not used within 6 hours.

Solution: Store intact vials at 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F). Protect from light. Do not refrigerate solution (precipitate may form). According to the manufacturer, after initial entry into the vial, solution is stable for 28 days protected from light or for at least 7 days under fluorescent room light at room temperature.

When diluted for administration in D51/4NS, D51/2NS, D5NS, 1/4NS, 1/3NS, 1/2NS, or NS, cisplatin stability is dependent on the chloride ion concentration.

Use

Treatment of metastatic testicular cancer, advanced bladder cancer, and metastatic ovarian cancers (FDA approved in adults); has also been used in the treatment of central nervous system tumors, germ cell tumors, hepatoblastoma, medulloblastoma, neuroblastoma, and osteosarcoma.

Medication Safety Issues
Sound-alike/look-alike issues:

CISplatin may be confused with CARBOplatin, oxaliplatin

Platinol may be confused with Patanol

High alert medication:

The Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) includes this medication among its list of drug classes (chemotherapeutic agent, parenteral and oral) which have a heightened risk of causing significant patient harm when used in error (High-Alert Medications in Acute Care, Community/Ambulatory Care, and Long-Term Care Settings).

Administration issues:

Cisplatin doses >100 mg/m2 once every 3 to 4 weeks are rarely used and should be verified with the prescriber.

Metabolism/Transport Effects

Substrate of OCT2

Drug Interactions

Note: Interacting drugs may not be individually listed below if they are part of a group interaction (eg, individual drugs within “CYP3A4 Inducers [Strong]” are NOT listed). For a complete list of drug interactions by individual drug name and detailed management recommendations, use the drug interactions program by clicking on the “Launch drug interactions program” link above.

Note: Interacting drugs may not be individually listed below if they are part of a group interaction (eg, individual drugs within “CYP3A4 Inducers [Strong]” are NOT listed). For a complete list of drug interactions by individual drug name and detailed management recommendations, use the drug interactions program

5-Aminosalicylic Acid Derivatives: May enhance the myelosuppressive effect of Myelosuppressive Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Abrocitinib: May enhance the immunosuppressive effect of Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy). Risk X: Avoid combination

Alpha-Lipoic Acid: May diminish the therapeutic effect of CISplatin. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Aminoglycosides: CISplatin may enhance the nephrotoxic effect of Aminoglycosides. CISplatin may enhance the neurotoxic effect of Aminoglycosides. Risk X: Avoid combination

Antithymocyte Globulin (Equine): Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Antithymocyte Globulin (Equine). Specifically, these effects may be unmasked if the dose of cytotoxic chemotherapy is reduced. Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may enhance the immunosuppressive effect of Antithymocyte Globulin (Equine). Specifically, infections may occur with greater severity and/or atypical presentations. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Antithyroid Agents: Myelosuppressive Agents may enhance the neutropenic effect of Antithyroid Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Baricitinib: Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may enhance the immunosuppressive effect of Baricitinib. Risk X: Avoid combination

BCG Products: Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of BCG Products. Specifically, the risk of vaccine-associated infection may be increased. Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may diminish the therapeutic effect of BCG Products. Risk X: Avoid combination

Brincidofovir: Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may diminish the therapeutic effect of Brincidofovir. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Brivudine: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy). Risk X: Avoid combination

Capecitabine: CISplatin may enhance the nephrotoxic effect of Capecitabine. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Chikungunya Vaccine (Live): Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Chikungunya Vaccine (Live). Specifically, the risk of vaccine-associated infection may be increased. Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may diminish the therapeutic effect of Chikungunya Vaccine (Live). Risk X: Avoid combination

Chloramphenicol (Ophthalmic): May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Myelosuppressive Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Chloramphenicol (Systemic): Myelosuppressive Agents may enhance the myelosuppressive effect of Chloramphenicol (Systemic). Risk X: Avoid combination

Cladribine: Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may enhance the immunosuppressive effect of Cladribine. Risk X: Avoid combination

CloZAPine: Myelosuppressive Agents may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of CloZAPine. Specifically, the risk for neutropenia may be increased. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Coccidioides immitis Skin Test: Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may diminish the diagnostic effect of Coccidioides immitis Skin Test. Management: Consider discontinuing cytotoxic chemotherapy several weeks prior to coccidioides immitis skin antigen testing to increase the likelihood of accurate diagnostic results. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

COVID-19 Vaccine (Adenovirus Vector): Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may diminish the therapeutic effect of COVID-19 Vaccine (Adenovirus Vector). Management: Administer a 2nd dose using an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine (at least 4 weeks after the primary vaccine dose) and a bivalent booster dose (at least 2 months after the additional mRNA dose or any other boosters). Risk D: Consider therapy modification

COVID-19 Vaccine (Inactivated Virus): Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may diminish the therapeutic effect of COVID-19 Vaccine (Inactivated Virus). Risk C: Monitor therapy

COVID-19 Vaccine (mRNA): Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may diminish the therapeutic effect of COVID-19 Vaccine (mRNA). Management: Give a 3-dose primary series for all patients aged 6 months and older taking immunosuppressive medications or therapies. Booster doses are recommended for certain age groups. See CDC guidance for details. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

COVID-19 Vaccine (Subunit): Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may diminish the therapeutic effect of COVID-19 Vaccine (Subunit). Risk C: Monitor therapy

COVID-19 Vaccine (Virus-like Particles): Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may diminish the therapeutic effect of COVID-19 Vaccine (Virus-like Particles). Risk C: Monitor therapy

Deferiprone: Myelosuppressive Agents may enhance the neutropenic effect of Deferiprone. Management: Avoid the concomitant use of deferiprone and myelosuppressive agents whenever possible. If this combination cannot be avoided, monitor the absolute neutrophil count more closely. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Dengue Tetravalent Vaccine (Live): Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Dengue Tetravalent Vaccine (Live). Specifically, the risk of vaccine-associated infection may be increased. Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may diminish the therapeutic effect of Dengue Tetravalent Vaccine (Live). Risk X: Avoid combination

Denosumab: May enhance the immunosuppressive effect of Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy). Management: Consider the risk of serious infections versus the potential benefits of coadministration of denosumab and cytotoxic chemotherapy. If combined, monitor patients for signs/symptoms of serious infections. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Deucravacitinib: May enhance the immunosuppressive effect of Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy). Risk X: Avoid combination

Etrasimod: May enhance the immunosuppressive effect of Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy). Risk X: Avoid combination

Fexinidazole: Myelosuppressive Agents may enhance the myelosuppressive effect of Fexinidazole. Risk X: Avoid combination

Filgotinib: May enhance the immunosuppressive effect of Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy). Risk X: Avoid combination

Fosphenytoin-Phenytoin: Platinum Derivatives may decrease the serum concentration of Fosphenytoin-Phenytoin. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Inebilizumab: Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may enhance the immunosuppressive effect of Inebilizumab. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Influenza Virus Vaccines: Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may diminish the therapeutic effect of Influenza Virus Vaccines. Management: Administer influenza vaccines at least 2 weeks prior to initiating chemotherapy if possible. If vaccination occurs less than 2 weeks prior to or during chemotherapy, revaccinate at least 3 months after therapy discontinued if immune competence restored. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Leflunomide: Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may enhance the immunosuppressive effect of Leflunomide. Management: Increase the frequency of chronic monitoring of platelet, white blood cell count, and hemoglobin or hematocrit to monthly, instead of every 6 to 8 weeks, if leflunomide is coadministered with immunosuppressive agents, such as cytotoxic chemotherapy. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Lenograstim: Antineoplastic Agents may diminish the therapeutic effect of Lenograstim. Management: Avoid the use of lenograstim 24 hours before until 24 hours after the completion of myelosuppressive cytotoxic chemotherapy. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Linezolid: May enhance the myelosuppressive effect of Myelosuppressive Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Lipegfilgrastim: Antineoplastic Agents may diminish the therapeutic effect of Lipegfilgrastim. Management: Avoid concomitant use of lipegfilgrastim and myelosuppressive cytotoxic chemotherapy. Lipegfilgrastim should be administered at least 24 hours after the completion of myelosuppressive cytotoxic chemotherapy. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Loop Diuretics: May enhance the nephrotoxic effect of CISplatin. Loop Diuretics may enhance the ototoxic effect of CISplatin. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Melphalan: CISplatin may increase the serum concentration of Melphalan. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Mumps- Rubella- or Varicella-Containing Live Vaccines: Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Mumps- Rubella- or Varicella-Containing Live Vaccines. Specifically, the risk of vaccine-associated infection may be increased. Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may diminish the therapeutic effect of Mumps- Rubella- or Varicella-Containing Live Vaccines. Risk X: Avoid combination

Nadofaragene Firadenovec: Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Nadofaragene Firadenovec. Specifically, the risk of disseminated adenovirus infection may be increased. Risk X: Avoid combination

Natalizumab: Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may enhance the immunosuppressive effect of Natalizumab. Risk X: Avoid combination

Netilmicin (Ophthalmic): CISplatin may enhance the nephrotoxic effect of Netilmicin (Ophthalmic). Risk X: Avoid combination

Ocrelizumab: Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may enhance the immunosuppressive effect of Ocrelizumab. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Ofatumumab: Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may enhance the immunosuppressive effect of Ofatumumab. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Olaparib: Myelosuppressive Agents may enhance the myelosuppressive effect of Olaparib. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Palifermin: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Antineoplastic Agents. Specifically, the duration and severity of oral mucositis may be increased. Management: Do not administer palifermin within 24 hours before, during infusion of, or within 24 hours after administration of myelotoxic chemotherapy. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Pidotimod: Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may diminish the therapeutic effect of Pidotimod. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Pimecrolimus: May enhance the immunosuppressive effect of Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy). Risk X: Avoid combination

Pneumococcal Vaccines: Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may diminish the therapeutic effect of Pneumococcal Vaccines. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Poliovirus Vaccine (Live/Trivalent/Oral): Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Poliovirus Vaccine (Live/Trivalent/Oral). Specifically, the risk of vaccine-associated infection may be increased. Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may diminish the therapeutic effect of Poliovirus Vaccine (Live/Trivalent/Oral). Risk X: Avoid combination

Polymethylmethacrylate: Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may enhance the potential for allergic or hypersensitivity reactions to Polymethylmethacrylate. Management: Use caution when considering use of bovine collagen-containing implants such as the polymethylmethacrylate-based Bellafill brand implant in patients who are receiving immunosuppressants. Consider use of additional skin tests prior to administration. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Promazine: May enhance the myelosuppressive effect of Myelosuppressive Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Rabies Vaccine: Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may diminish the therapeutic effect of Rabies Vaccine. Management: Complete rabies vaccination at least 2 weeks before initiation of immunosuppressant therapy if possible. If combined, check for rabies antibody titers, and if vaccination is for post exposure prophylaxis, administer a 5th dose of the vaccine. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Ritlecitinib: Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may enhance the immunosuppressive effect of Ritlecitinib. Risk X: Avoid combination

Ropeginterferon Alfa-2b: Myelosuppressive Agents may enhance the myelosuppressive effect of Ropeginterferon Alfa-2b. Management: Avoid coadministration of ropeginterferon alfa-2b and other myelosuppressive agents. If this combination cannot be avoided, monitor patients for excessive myelosuppressive effects. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Ruxolitinib (Topical): Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may enhance the immunosuppressive effect of Ruxolitinib (Topical). Risk X: Avoid combination

Sipuleucel-T: Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may diminish the therapeutic effect of Sipuleucel-T. Management: Consider reducing the dose or discontinuing the use of immunosuppressants, such as cytotoxic chemotherapy, prior to initiating sipuleucel-T therapy. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Sphingosine 1-Phosphate (S1P) Receptor Modulator: May enhance the immunosuppressive effect of Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy). Risk C: Monitor therapy

Tacrolimus (Systemic): CISplatin may enhance the nephrotoxic effect of Tacrolimus (Systemic). Risk C: Monitor therapy

Tacrolimus (Topical): Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may enhance the immunosuppressive effect of Tacrolimus (Topical). Risk X: Avoid combination

Talimogene Laherparepvec: Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Talimogene Laherparepvec. Specifically, the risk of infection from the live, attenuated herpes simplex virus contained in talimogene laherparepvec may be increased. Risk X: Avoid combination

Taxane Derivatives: Platinum Derivatives may enhance the myelosuppressive effect of Taxane Derivatives. Administer Taxane derivative before Platinum derivative when given as sequential infusions to limit toxicity. Management: Administer paclitaxel before cisplatin, when given as sequential infusions, to limit toxicity. Problems associated with other taxane/platinum combinations are possible, although unsubstantiated. Administering the taxane before platinum is likely warranted Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Tertomotide: Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may diminish the therapeutic effect of Tertomotide. Risk X: Avoid combination

Tofacitinib: Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may enhance the immunosuppressive effect of Tofacitinib. Risk X: Avoid combination

Topotecan: Platinum Derivatives may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Topotecan. Management: Consider administering platinum derivatives after topotecan when possible to minimize toxicity or using lower doses if administering platinum derivatives prior to topotecan. Monitor for hematologic toxicity (eg, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia). Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Trilaciclib: May increase the serum concentration of CISplatin. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Typhoid Vaccine: Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Typhoid Vaccine. Specifically, the risk of vaccine-associated infection may be increased. Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may diminish the therapeutic effect of Typhoid Vaccine. Risk X: Avoid combination

Ublituximab: Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may enhance the immunosuppressive effect of Ublituximab. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Upadacitinib: Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may enhance the immunosuppressive effect of Upadacitinib. Risk X: Avoid combination

Vaccines (Live): Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Vaccines (Live). Specifically, the risk of vaccine-associated infection may be increased. Vaccines (Live) may diminish the therapeutic effect of Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy). Risk X: Avoid combination

Vaccines (Non-Live/Inactivated/Non-Replicating): Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may diminish the therapeutic effect of Vaccines (Non-Live/Inactivated/Non-Replicating). Management: Give non-live/inactivated/non-replicating vaccines at least 2 weeks prior to starting chemotherapy when possible. Patients vaccinated less than 14 days before or during chemotherapy should be revaccinated at least 3 months after therapy is complete. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Vinorelbine: CISplatin may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Vinorelbine. Specifically, the combination may be associated with a higher risk of granulocytopenia. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Yellow Fever Vaccine: Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Yellow Fever Vaccine. Specifically, the risk of vaccine-associated infection may be increased. Immunosuppressants (Cytotoxic Chemotherapy) may diminish the therapeutic effect of Yellow Fever Vaccine. Risk X: Avoid combination

Dietary Considerations

Some products may contain sodium.

Reproductive Considerations

Verify pregnancy status prior to treatment initiation in patients who could become pregnant.

Patients who could become pregnant should use effective contraception during treatment and for 14 months after the last cisplatin dose. Patients with partners who could become pregnant should use effective contraception during treatment and for 11 months after the last cisplatin dose.

Cisplatin has been associated with cumulative dose-dependent ovarian failure, premature menopause, impairment of spermatogenesis (oligospermia, azoospermia; possibly irreversible), and reduced female and male fertility. Recommendations are available for fertility preservation of male and female patients to be treated with anticancer agents (ASCO [Oktay 2018]; Klipstein 2020).

Pregnancy Considerations

Cisplatin crosses the human placenta (Köhler 2015).

Outcome data following maternal use of cisplatin during pregnancy are available (Bernardini 2022; NTP 2013; Pei 2022; Song 2018; Wang 2022; Zagouri 2013). Cisplatin may cause fetal harm if administered during pregnancy. Adverse events associated with cisplatin containing regimens include oligohydramnios, intrauterine growth restriction, and preterm birth; acute respiratory distress syndrome, cytopenias, and hearing loss have been reported in the neonate. Children with in utero exposure to cisplatin should be monitored for hearing loss (Amant 2019).

The European Society for Medical Oncology has published guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of cancer during pregnancy. The guidelines recommend referral to a facility with expertise in cancer during pregnancy and encourage a multidisciplinary team (obstetrician, neonatologist, oncology team) approach. In general, if chemotherapy is indicated, it should be avoided in the first trimester and there should be a 3-week time period between the last chemotherapy dose and anticipated delivery (for adequate maternal and fetal bone marrow recovery), and chemotherapy should not be administered beyond week 33 of gestation. When indicated, chemotherapy may be administered during the second or third trimester at the same dose and schedule as recommended for nonpregnant patients (Amant 2019; ESMO [Peccatori 2013]).

A long-term observational research study is collecting information about the diagnosis and treatment of cancer during pregnancy. For additional information about the pregnancy and cancer registry or to become a participant, contact Cooper Health (1-877-635-4499).

Monitoring Parameters

Renal function tests (serum creatinine, BUN, CrCl), electrolytes (particularly magnesium, calcium, potassium), ototoxicity assessment (SIOP Boston scale: Baseline and prior to each subsequent dose and following treatment), neurologic exam (with high dose), liver function tests periodically, CBC with differential and platelet count (weekly), urine output, urinalysis, urine specific gravity.

Mechanism of Action

Cisplatin inhibits DNA synthesis by the formation of DNA cross-links; denatures the double helix; covalently binds to DNA bases and disrupts DNA function; may also bind to proteins; the cis-isomer is 14 times more cytotoxic than the trans-isomer; both forms cross-link DNA but cis-platinum is less easily recognized by cell enzymes and, therefore, not repaired. Cisplatin can also bind two adjacent guanines on the same strand of DNA producing intrastrand cross-linking and breakage.

Pharmacokinetics (Adult Data Unless Noted)

Distribution: IV: 11 to 12 L/m2

Protein binding: Plasma platinum: >90%

Metabolism: Nonenzymatic; inactivated (in both cell and bloodstream) by sulfhydryl groups; covalently binds to glutathione and thiosulfate

Half-life elimination:

Children: Free drug: 1.3 hours; Total platinum: 44 hours

Adults: Cisplatin: 20 to 30 minutes; Platinum: ≥5 days

Excretion: Cisplatin: Urine (13% to 17% within 1 hour); Platinum: Urine (35% to 51%)

Brand Names: International
International Brand Names by Country
For country code abbreviations (show table)

  • (AR) Argentina: Cisplatino | Cisplatino asofarm | Cisplatino deltafarma | Cisplatino gador | Cisplatino Glenmark | Cisplatino kemex | Cisplatino Labinca | Cisplatino martian | Cisplatino microsules | Cisplatino rontag | Cisplatino teva | Metaplatin | Platamine | Platanovag | Platil | Platino ii filaxis | Platinol | Sicatem;
  • (AT) Austria: Abiplatin | Cisplatin accord | Cisplatin ebewe | Cisplatin hikma | Platinol;
  • (AU) Australia: Cisplatin accord | Cisplatin comp;
  • (BD) Bangladesh: Ariplat | Platinex | Platosin;
  • (BE) Belgium: Cisplatin accord healthcare | Cisplatine | Cisplatine Sandoz | Cisplatine Teva | Platinol | Platistine | Platosin;
  • (BG) Bulgaria: Cisplatin accord | Platamine | Platidiam | Platinex | Sinplatin;
  • (BR) Brazil: Bioplatino | C Platin | Cisplatex | Cisplatina | Cisplatinum | Cisplatyl | Citoplax | Fauldcispla | Myllcis | Platinil | Platiran | Platistine | Platistine cs | Tecnoplatin;
  • (CH) Switzerland: Cisplatin accord | Cisplatin Actavis | Cisplatin ebewe | Cisplatin Mepha | Cisplatin sandoz | Cisplatin teva | Cisplatyl | Platiblastin-s | Platinol;
  • (CL) Chile: Blastolem | Cisplatino;
  • (CN) China: Fang tan | Jin shun | Lyoph.cisplatin | Nuo xin | Shun ke da;
  • (CO) Colombia: Alplatin | Blastolem | Brisplatin | Cilat | Cisplaseven | Cisplatino | Cisplatino ebewe | Cytoplatin | Noveldexis;
  • (CZ) Czech Republic: Cisplatin kabi | Cisplatyl | Platidiam | Platinex;
  • (DE) Germany: Cis-gry | Cisplatin accord | Cisplatin ebewe | Cisplatin Haemato pharm | Cisplatin nc | Cisplatin teva | Platicept | Platinex;
  • (DO) Dominican Republic: Cytoplatin;
  • (EC) Ecuador: Alplatin | Cisplatino | Cisplatino kemex | Noveldexis;
  • (EE) Estonia: Cisplatin accord | Cisplatin ebewe | Cisplatin kabi | Platinol;
  • (EG) Egypt: Cisplatine mylan | Platinex | Platinol | Unistin;
  • (ES) Spain: Cisplatino Accord | Cisplatino Actavis | Cisplatino almirall | Cisplatino ferrer | Cisplatino Ferrer Farma | Cisplatino pharmacia | Neoplatin | Placis | Platistil;
  • (ET) Ethiopia: Platinex;
  • (FI) Finland: Cisplatin accord | Cisplatin mayne | Cisplatin pharmachemie | Platinol | Platistin | Sisplanil;
  • (FR) France: Cisplatine Accord | Cisplatine dakota | Cisplatine merck | Cisplatine Pasteur | Cisplatine Teva | Cisplatine viatris | Cisplatyl;
  • (GB) United Kingdom: Cisplatin lederle | Cisplatin sandoz | Platinex | Platosin | Trav cisplatin;
  • (GR) Greece: Cisplatin ebewe | Cisplatin hospira | Cisplatino | Cisplatyl | Lipoplatin | Oncoplat | Platamine | Platinol | Platosin;
  • (HK) Hong Kong: Cisplatin ebewe | Platosin;
  • (HR) Croatia: Cisplatin Pfizer | Cisplatin Pliva | Platinex;
  • (HU) Hungary: Cisplatin accord | Cisplatin ebewe | Cisplatin kabi | Cisplatin teva | Platidiam;
  • (ID) Indonesia: Cilatin | Cisplasan | Cisplatin Pfizer | Cisteen | Platamine rtu | Platinox | Platosin | Sinplatin | Unistin;
  • (IN) India: Celplat | Cisplan | Cisplat | Cisteen | Cizcan | Neoplat | Oncoplatin aq | Platicis | Platikem | Platin | Platinex | Platipar | Stritin | Uniplatin;
  • (IT) Italy: Cisplatino | Cisplatino Accord | Cisplatino ebewe | Cisplatino hikma | Cisplatino pfizer | Cisplatino teva | Citoplatino | Platamine | Platinex | Pronto platamine;
  • (JP) Japan: Briplatin | Cisplamerck | Cisplatin maruko | Ia cor | Platosin | Randa;
  • (KE) Kenya: Cispole | Kemoplat | Platamine | Platinex | Platol | Uniplatin;
  • (KR) Korea, Republic of: Abiplatin | Cancertin | Cispatin | Cisplan | Placis | Platamine | Platinol | Platosin | Unistin;
  • (LB) Lebanon: Cisplatine mylan | Cisplatyl | Cytoplatin;
  • (LT) Lithuania: Cisplatin accord | Cisplatin ebewe | Cisplatin strides | Cisplatin teva | Platidiam;
  • (LV) Latvia: Cisplatin accord | Cisplatin kabi | Cisplatin Pfizer | Cytoplatin | Platidiam | Platinol;
  • (MA) Morocco: Ceplatin | Cisplatyl | Platamine;
  • (MX) Mexico: Accocit | Acistikno | Blastolem | Blastolem ru | Cepelene | Cisplatino | Ifapla | Noveldexis | Platinol | Tecnoplatin | Tisplal | Zuridry;
  • (MY) Malaysia: Cisplatin DBL | Cisplatin ebewe | Cisplatinum | Cytoplatin | Kemoplat | Platinol | Platol | Platosin;
  • (NL) Netherlands: Abiplatin | Cisplatine | Cisplatine cytosafe | Cisplatine ebewe | Cisplatine hikma | Cisplatine pch | Cisplatine Sandoz | Platinol | Platosin;
  • (NO) Norway: Cisplatin accord | Cisplatin hospira | Cisplatin mayne | Cisplatin strides | Platinol | Platistin;
  • (NZ) New Zealand: Cisplatin accord | Cisplatin solution;
  • (PE) Peru: Cislan | Cispa | Cisplatino | Cytoplatin;
  • (PH) Philippines: Cidiamine | Cilatin | Ciplexal | Cispla 50 | Cisteen | Cizcan | Cysplack | Docistin | Docistin lpfi | Ebeplatin | Kemoplat | Nippon kayaku cisplatin | Platamine | Platinol | Platinoxan | Platosin;
  • (PK) Pakistan: Cipintu | Cisplasol | Cisplatin ebewe | Cisplatinum | Cytoplatin | Oncoplatin | Platidiam | Platosin | Unistin;
  • (PL) Poland: Abiplatin | Blastolem | Cisplatin accord | Cisplatin Actavis | Cisplatin ebewe | Cisplatin teva | Cisplatinum | Cisplatinum Accord | Cisplatyl | Platamine | Platidiam;
  • (PR) Puerto Rico: Cisplatin-Aq | Platinol aq;
  • (PT) Portugal: Cisplatina | Cisplatina accord | Cisplatina kabi | Cisplatina teva | Faulplatin;
  • (PY) Paraguay: Cisplatino fada | Cisplatino libra | Cisplatino martian | Cisplatino microsules | Incel | Platinum;
  • (RO) Romania: Cisplatin ebewe | Cisplatina accord | Platosin;
  • (RU) Russian Federation: Blastolem | Cisoter | Cisplatin ebewe | Cisplatin kelun kazpharm | Cisplatin lens | Cisplatin ronc | Cisplatin teva | Cisplatyl | Cytoplatin | Displanor | Kemoplat | Platamin | Platidiam | Platinol;
  • (SA) Saudi Arabia: Platol | Tinplat;
  • (SE) Sweden: Cisplatin accord | Cisplatin ebewe | Cisplatin hospira | Cisplatin teva | Lederplatin | Platinol | Platistin;
  • (SG) Singapore: Cisplatin ebewe;
  • (SI) Slovenia: Cisplatin accord | Cisplatin hospira | Cisplatin kabi | Cisplatin teva | Cisplatinum | Cisplatyl | Platidiam | Platinex | Platosin;
  • (SK) Slovakia: Cisplatin kabi | Cisplatin teva | Cisplatina hospira | Platidiam;
  • (TH) Thailand: Abiplatin | Cisplatin DBL | Cisplatin ebewe | Cisplatinum | Kemoplat | Placis | Platamine | Platinex | Platinol | Platosin | Unistin;
  • (TN) Tunisia: Cisplatin ebewe | Cisplatine mylan | Cytocis;
  • (TR) Turkey: Cipintu | Cisplatin DBL | Cisplatin ebewe | Cisplatin Kocak | Cisplatyl | Placis | Platosin | Sisplatin MN;
  • (TW) Taiwan: Abiplatin | Kemoplat | Platamine | Platinex | Randa;
  • (UA) Ukraine: Blastolem | Cisplatin mili | Cytoplatin | Kemoplat | Platidiam | Platinol;
  • (UG) Uganda: Platinex | Platol;
  • (UY) Uruguay: Cisplatino | Cisplatino blau farmaceutica | Cisplatino delta farma | Cisplatino libra;
  • (ZA) South Africa: Abiplatin | Cisacor | Cisplatin hexal | Norplatin | Platamine | Platosin;
  • (ZM) Zambia: Cisplat | Cytoplatin | Platicin | Platinex;
  • (ZW) Zimbabwe: Cisteen
  1. <800> Hazardous Drugs–Handling in Healthcare Settings. United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary (USP 43-NF 38). Rockville, MD: United States Pharmacopeia Convention; 2020:74-92.
  2. Ajani JA, Moiseyenko VM, Tjulandin S, et al; V-325 Study Group. Quality of life with docetaxel plus cisplatin and fluorouracil compared with cisplatin and fluorouracil from a phase III trial for advanced gastric or gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma: the V-325 Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(22):3210-3216. [PubMed 17664468]
  3. Alderson D, Cunningham D, Nankivell M, et al. Neoadjuvant cisplatin and fluorouracil versus epirubicin, cisplatin, and capecitabine followed by resection in patients with oesophageal adenocarcinoma (UK MRC OE05): an open-label, randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2017;18(9):1249-1260. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(17)30447-3 [PubMed 28784312]
  4. Alifrangis C, Agarwal R, Short D, et al. EMA/CO for high-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia: good outcomes with induction low-dose etoposide-cisplatin and genetic analysis. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(2):280-286. doi:10.1200/JCO.2012.43.1817 [PubMed 23233709]
  5. Al-Sarraf M, LeBlanc M, Giri PG, et al. Chemoradiotherapy versus radiotherapy in patients with advanced nasopharyngeal cancer: phase III randomized Intergroup study 0099. J Clin Oncol. 1998;16(4):1310-1317. doi:10.1200/JCO.1998.16.4.1310 [PubMed 9552031]
  6. Amagai H, Murakami K, Sakata H, et al. Pharmacokinetics of cisplatin in an esophageal cancer patient on hemodialysis who was treated with a full-dose cisplatin-fluorouracil regimen: a case report. J Oncol Pharm Pract. 2019;25(7):1767-1775. doi:10.1177/1078155218808074 [PubMed 30304984]
  7. Amant F, Berveiller P, Boere IA, et al. Gynecologic cancers in pregnancy: guidelines based on a third international consensus meeting. Ann Oncol. 2019;30(10):1601-1612. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdz228 [PubMed 31435648]
  8. Aparicio AM, Harzstark AL, Corn PG, et al. Platinum-based chemotherapy for variant castrate-resistant prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2013;19(13):3621-3630. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-12-3791 [PubMed 23649003]
  9. Aparicio J, Segura A, Garcerá S, et al. ESHAP is an active regimen for relapsing Hodgkin's disease. Ann Oncol. 1999;10(5):593-595. [PubMed 10416011]
  10. Armstrong DK, Bundy B, Wenzel L, et al. Intraperitoneal Cisplatin and Paclitaxel in Ovarian Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(1):34-43. [PubMed 16394300]
  11. Aronoff GR, Bennett WM, Berns JS, et al. Drug Prescribing in Renal Failure: Dosing Guidelines for Adults and Children. 5th ed. American College of Physicians; 2007:97, 170.
  12. Arriagada R, Bergman B, Dunant A, et al. Cisplatin-based adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with completely resected non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(4):351-360. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa031644 [PubMed 14736927]
  13. Atkins MB, Hsu J, Lee S, et al; Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. Phase III trial comparing concurrent biochemotherapy with cisplatin, vinblastine, dacarbazine, interleukin-2, and interferon alfa-2b with cisplatin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine alone in patients with metastatic malignant melanoma (E3695): a trial coordinated by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(35):5748-5754. doi:10.1200/JCO.2008.17.5448 [PubMed 19001327]
  14. Based on expert opinion.
  15. Bamias A, Aravantinos G, Deliveliotis C, et al; Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group. Docetaxel and cisplatin with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) versus MVAC with G-CSF in advanced urothelial carcinoma: a multicenter, randomized, phase III study from the Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22(2):220-228. doi:10.1200/JCO.2004.02.152 [PubMed 14665607]
  16. Bellmunt J, von der Maase H, Mead GM, et al. Randomized phase III study comparing paclitaxel/cisplatin/gemcitabine and gemcitabine/cisplatin in patients with locally advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer without prior systemic therapy: EORTC Intergroup Study 30987. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(10):1107-1113. doi:10.1200/JCO.2011.38.6979 [PubMed 22370319]
  17. Ben-Baruch G, Menczer J, Goshen R, Kaufman B, Gorodetsky R. Cisplatin excretion in human milk. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1992;84(6):451-452. doi:10.1093/jnci/84.6.451 [PubMed 1538424]
  18. Bernardini F, Ferrandina G, Ricci C, et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy in pregnant patients with cervical cancer: a monocentric retrospective study. Curr Oncol. 2022;29(8):5702-5714. doi:10.3390/curroncol29080450 [PubMed 36005188]
  19. Bernier J, Domenge C, Ozsahin M, et al. Postoperative irradiation with or without concomitant chemotherapy for locally advanced head and neck cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(19):1945-1952. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa032641 [PubMed 15128894]
  20. Berruti A, Terzolo M, Sperone P, et al. Etoposide, doxorubicin and cisplatin plus mitotane in the treatment of advanced adrenocortical carcinoma: a large prospective phase II trial. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2005;12(3):657-666. [PubMed 16172198]
  21. Boucher AA, Mizuno T, Vinks AA, Goldstein SL, Tiao GM, Geller JI. Dose modifications and pharmacokinetics of adjuvant cisplatin monotherapy while on hemodialysis for patients with hepatoblastoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2019;66(1):e27425. doi:10.1002/pbc.27425 [PubMed 30160353]
  22. Brock PR, Knight KR, Freyer DR, et al. Platinum-induced ototoxicity in children: a consensus review on mechanisms, predisposition, and protection, including a new International Society of Pediatric Oncology Boston ototoxicity scale. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(19):2408-2417. [PubMed 22547603]
  23. Burtness B, Harrington KJ, Greil R, et al; KEYNOTE-048 Investigators. Pembrolizumab alone or with chemotherapy versus cetuximab with chemotherapy for recurrent or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (KEYNOTE-048): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 study. Lancet. 2019;394(10212):1915-1928. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32591-7 [PubMed 31679945]
  24. Carles J, Suárez C, Mesía C, et al. Feasiblity study of gemcitabine and cisplatin administered every two weeks in patients with advanced urothelial tumors and impaired renal function. Clin Transl Oncol. 2006;8(10):755-757. doi:10.1007/s12094-006-0123-8 [PubMed 17074675]
  25. Chang PY, Dai MS, Ho CL, Yao NS. Administration of gemcitabine and cisplatin in cancer patients with renal failure under hemodialysis. J BUON. 2013;18(4):1058-1061. [PubMed 24344039]
  26. Chang SS, Bochner BH, Chou R, et al. Treatment of non-metastatic muscle-invasive bladder cancer: AUA/ASCO/ASTRO/SUO guideline. J Urol. 2017;198(3):552-559. [PubMed 28456635]
  27. Chen Y, Sun Y, Liang SB, et al. Progress report of a randomized trial comparing long-term survival and late toxicity of concurrent chemoradiotherapy with adjuvant chemotherapy versus radiotherapy alone in patients with stage III to IVB nasopharyngeal carcinoma from endemic regions of China. Cancer. 2013;119(12):2230-2238. doi:10.1002/cncr.28049 [PubMed 23576020]
  28. Chen YP, Ismaila N, Chua MLK, et al. Chemotherapy in combination with radiotherapy for definitive-intent treatment of stage II-IVA nasopharyngeal carcinoma: CSCO and ASCO guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2021;39(7):840-859. doi:10.1200/JCO.20.03237 [PubMed 33405943]
  29. Chuang LT, Temin S, Berek JS; Management and Care of Patients with Invasive Cervical Cancer Resource-Stratified Guideline Expert Panel. Management and care of patients with invasive cervical cancer: ASCO resource-stratified guideline rapid recommendation update. JCO Glob Oncol. 2022;8:e2200027. doi:10.1200/GO.22.00027 [PubMed 35245079]
  30. Chuang LT, Temin S, Camacho R, et al. Management and care of women with invasive cervical cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology resource-stratified clinical practice guideline. J Glob Oncol. 2016;2(5):311-340. doi:10.1200/JGO.2016.003954 [PubMed 28717717]
  31. Choueiri TK, Jacobus S, Bellmunt J, et al. Neoadjuvant dose-dense methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin with pegfilgrastim support in muscle-invasive urothelial cancer: pathologic, radiologic, and biomarker correlates. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32(18):1889-1894. [PubMed 24821883]
  32. Cisplatin injection [prescribing information]. North Wales, PA: Teva Pharmaceuticals USA Inc; August 2022.
  33. Cisplatin injection [prescribing information]. Paramus, NJ: WG Critical Care LLC; September 2021.
  34. Cisplatin injection [product monograph]. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Fresenius Kabi Canada Ltd; May 2024.
  35. Cisplatin lyophilized powder [prescribing information]. Paramus, NJ: WG Critical Care LLC; February 2019.
  36. Cisplatin lyophilized powder [prescribing information]. Paramus, NJ: WG Critical Care LLC; September 2021.
  37. Cisplatin solution for injection [prescribing information]. Schaumburg, IL: Athenex; June 2017.
  38. Colombo N, Dubot C, Lorusso D, et al; KEYNOTE-826 Investigators. Pembrolizumab for persistent, recurrent, or metastatic cervical cancer. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(20):1856-1867. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2112435 [PubMed 34534429]
  39. Colucci G, Labianca R, Di Costanzo F, et al. Randomized Phase III Trial of Gemcitabine Plus Cisplatin Compared With Single-Agent Gemcitabine As First-Line Treatment of Patients With Advanced Pancreatic Cancer: The GIP-1 Study. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(10):1645-1651. [PubMed 20194854]
  40. Comella P, Frasci G, Panza N, et al. Randomized trial comparing cisplatin, gemcitabine, and vinorelbine with either cisplatin and gemcitabine or cisplatin and vinorelbine in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: interim analysis of a phase III trial of the Southern Italy Cooperative Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18(7):1451-1457. doi:10.1200/JCO.2000.18.7.1451 [PubMed 10735892]
  41. Cooper JS, Pajak TF, Forastiere AA, et al. Postoperative concurrent radiotherapy and chemotherapy for high-risk squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(19):1937-1944. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa032646 [PubMed 15128893]
  42. Crump M, Baetz T, Couban S, et al. Gemcitabine, dexamethasone, and cisplatin in patients with recurrent or refractory aggressive histology B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a phase II study by the National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group (NCIC-CTG). Cancer. 2004;101(8):1835-1842. doi:10.1002/cncr.20587 [PubMed 15386331]
  43. Crump M, Kuruvilla J, Couban S, et al. Randomized comparison of gemcitabine, dexamethasone, and cisplatin versus dexamethasone, cytarabine, and cisplatin chemotherapy before autologous stem-cell transplantation for relapsed and refractory aggressive lymphomas: NCIC-CTG LY.12. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32(31):3490-3496. doi:10.1200/JCO.2013.53.9593 [PubMed 25267740]
  44. Culine S, Kerbrat P, Kramar A, et al; Genito-Urinary Group of the French Federation of Cancer Center (GETUG T93BP). Refining the optimal chemotherapy regimen for good-risk metastatic nonseminomatous germ-cell tumors: a randomized trial of the Genito-Urinary Group of the French Federation of Cancer Centers (GETUG T93BP). Ann Oncol. 2007;18(5):917-924. [PubMed 17351252]
  45. Culine S, Lortholary A, Voigt JJ, et al. Cisplatin in combination with either gemcitabine or irinotecan in carcinomas of unknown primary site: results of a randomized phase II study--trial for the French Study Group on Carcinomas of Unknown Primary (GEFCAPI 01). J Clin Oncol. 2003;21(18):3479-3482. doi:10.1200/JCO.2003.12.104 [PubMed 12972523]
  46. Cushing B, Giller R, Cullen JW, et al. Randomized Comparison of Combination Chemotherapy With Etoposide, Bleomycin, and Either High-Dose or Standard-Dose Cisplatin in Children and Adolescents With High-Risk Malignant Germ Cell Tumors: A Pediatric Intergroup Study -- Pediatric Oncology Group 9049 and Children's Cancer Group 8882. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22(13):2691-2700. [PubMed 15226336]
  47. Damoiseaux D, Calpe S, Rosing H, et al. Presence of five chemotherapeutic drugs in breast milk as a guide for the safe use of chemotherapy during breastfeeding: results from a case series. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2022;112(2):404-410. doi:10.1002/cpt.2626 [PubMed 35486426]
  48. Dash A, Pettus JA 4th, Herr HW, et al. A role for neoadjuvant gemcitabine plus cisplatin in muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder: a retrospective experience. Cancer. 2008;113(9):2471-2477. [PubMed 18823036]
  49. de Vries EG, van der Zee AG, Uges DR, Sleijfer DT. Excretion of platinum into breast milk. Lancet. 1989;1(8636):497. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(89)91396-2 [PubMed 2563865]
  50. Doki Y, Ajani JA, Kato K, et al; CheckMate 648 Trial Investigators. Nivolumab combination therapy in advanced esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2022;386(5):449-462. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2111380 [PubMed 35108470]
  51. Douglass EC, Reynolds M, Finegold M, Cantor AB, Glicksman A. Cisplatin, vincristine, and fluorouracil therapy for hepatoblastoma: a Pediatric Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol. 1993;11(1):96-99. [PubMed 8380296]
  52. Douillard JY, Rosell R, De Lena M, et al. Adjuvant vinorelbine plus cisplatin versus observation in patients with completely resected stage IB-IIIA non-small-cell lung cancer (Adjuvant Navelbine International Trialist Association [ANITA]): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2006;7(9):719-727. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(06)70804-X [PubMed 16945766]
  53. Dupuis LL, Boodhan S, Sung L. Guideline for the Classification of the Acute Emetogenic Potential of Antineoplastic Medication in Pediatric Cancer Patients. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2011;57(2):191-198. [PubMed 21465637]
  54. Eads JR, Beumer JH, Negrea L, Holleran JL, Strychor S, Meropol NJ. A pharmacokinetic analysis of cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil in a patient with esophageal cancer on peritoneal dialysis. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2016;77(2):333-338. doi:10.1007/s00280-015-2939-9 [PubMed 26687170]
  55. Egan PC, Costanza ME, Dodion P, Egorin MJ, Bachur NR. Doxorubicin and cisplatin excretion into human milk. Cancer Treat Rep. 1985;69(12):1387-1389. [PubMed 4075315]
  56. Eiriksson L, Dean E, Sebastianelli A, et al. Guideline no. 408: management of gestational trophoblastic diseases. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2021;43(1):91-105.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jogc.2020.03.001 [PubMed 33384141]
  57. Ener RA, Meglathery SB, Styler M. Extravasation of Systemic Hemato-oncological Therapies. Ann Oncol. 2004;15(6):858-862. [PubMed 15151940]
  58. Eng C, Chang GJ, You YN, et al. The role of systemic chemotherapy and multidisciplinary management in improving the overall survival of patients with metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal. Oncotarget. 2014;5(22):11133-11142. [PubMed 25373735]
  59. Evans WK, Shepherd FA, Feld R, Osoba D, Dang P, Deboer G. VP-16 and cisplatin as first-line therapy for small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1985;3(11):1471-1477. doi:10.1200/JCO.1985.3.11.1471 [PubMed 2997406]
  60. Expert opinion. Senior Renal Editorial Team: Bruce Mueller, PharmD, FCCP, FASN, FNKF; Jason A. Roberts, PhD, BPharm (Hons), B App Sc, FSHP, FISAC; Michael Heung, MD, MS.
  61. Fassnacht M, Terzolo M, Allolio B, et al; FIRM-ACT Study Group. Combination chemotherapy in advanced adrenocortical carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(23):2189-2197. [PubMed 22551107]
  62. Fernandes DD, Louzada ML, Souza CA, Matzinger F. Acute aortic thrombosis in patients receiving cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Curr Oncol. 2011;18(2):e97-e100. [PubMed 21505594]
  63. Fjällskog ML, Granberg DP, Welin SL, et al. Treatment with cisplatin and etoposide in patients with neuroendocrine tumors. Cancer. 2001;92(5):1101-1107. [PubMed 11571721]
  64. Fleming GF, Brunetto VL, Cella D, et al. Phase III Trial of Doxorubicin Plus Cisplatin With or Without Paclitaxel Plus Filgrastim in Advanced Endometrial Carcinoma: A Gynecologic Oncology Group Study. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22(11):2159-2166. [PubMed 15169803]
  65. Forde PM, Spicer J, Lu S, et al; CheckMate 816 Investigators. Neoadjuvant nivolumab plus chemotherapy in resectable lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2022;386(21):1973-1985. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2202170 [PubMed 35403841]
  66. Fornasiero A, Daniele O, Ghiotto C, et al. Chemotherapy for invasive thymoma. A 13-year experience. Cancer. 1991;68(1):30-33. [PubMed 2049749]
  67. Franciosi V, Cocconi G, Michiara M, et al. Front-line chemotherapy with cisplatin and etoposide for patients with brain metastases from breast carcinoma, nonsmall cell lung carcinoma, or malignant melanoma: a prospective study. Cancer. 1999;85(7):1599-1605. [PubMed 10193952]
  68. Furonaka M, Miyazaki M, Nakajima M, et al. Neutropenic enterocolitis in lung cancer: a report of two cases and a review of the literature. Intern Med. 2005;44(5):467-470. [PubMed 15942096]
  69. Gebre-Medhin M, Brun E, Engström P, et al. ARTSCAN III: A randomized phase III study comparing chemoradiotherapy with cisplatin versus cetuximab in patients with locoregionally advanced head and neck squamous cell cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2021;39(1):38-47. doi:10.1200/JCO.20.02072 [PubMed 33052757]
  70. Ghaemmaghami F, Modares M, Arab M, et al. EMA-EP regimen, as firstline multiple agent chemotherapy in high-risk GTT patients (stage II-IV). Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2004;14(2):360-365. [PubMed 15086738]
  71. Giaccone G, Ardizzoni A, Kirkpatrick A, Clerico M, Sahmoud T, van Zandwijk N. Cisplatin and etoposide combination chemotherapy for locally advanced or metastatic thymoma. A phase II study of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Lung Cancer Cooperative Group. J Clin Oncol. 1996;14(3):814-820. doi:10.1200/JCO.1996.14.3.814 [PubMed 8622029]
  72. Gogishvili M, Melkadze T, Makharadze T, et al. Cemiplimab plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone in non-small cell lung cancer: a randomized, controlled, double-blind phase 3 trial. Nat Med. 2022;28(11):2374-2380. doi:10.1038/s41591-022-01977-y [PubMed 36008722]
  73. Goorin AM, Schwartzentruber DJ, Devidas M, et al. Presurgical Chemotherapy Compared With Immediate Surgery and Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Nonmetastatic Osteosarcoma: Pediatric Oncology Group Study POG-8651. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21(8):1574-1580. [PubMed 12697883]
  74. Ghosh-Laskar S, Kalyani N, Gupta T, et al. Conventional radiotherapy versus concurrent chemoradiotherapy versus accelerated radiotherapy in locoregionally advanced carcinoma of head and neck: results of a prospective randomized trial. Head Neck. 2016;38(2):202-207. doi:10.1002/hed.23865 [PubMed 25224814]
  75. Gorodetsky R, Vexler A, Bar-Khaim Y, Biran H. Plasma platinum elimination in a hemodialysis patient treated with cisplatin. Ther Drug Monit. 1995;17(2):203-206. doi:10.1097/00007691-199504000-00018 [PubMed 7624912]
  76. Greco FA, Erland JB, Morrissey LH, et al. Carcinoma of Unknown Primary Site: Phase II Trials With Docetaxel Plus Cisplatin or Carboplatin. Ann Oncol. 2000;11(2):211-215. [PubMed 10761758]
  77. Griffiths G, Hall R, Sylvester R, et al; International Collaboration of Trialists; Medical Research Council Advanced Bladder Cancer Working Party (now the National Cancer Research Institute Bladder Cancer Clinical Studies Group); European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Genito-Urinary Tract Cancer Group; Australian Bladder Cancer Study Group; National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group; Finnbladder; Norwegian Bladder Cancer Study Group; Club Urologico Espanol de Tratamiento Oncologico Group. International phase III trial assessing neoadjuvant cisplatin, methotrexate, and vinblastine chemotherapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer: long-term results of the BA06 30894 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(16):2171-2177. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2010.32.3139. [PubMed 21502557]
  78. Griggs JJ, Bohlke K, Balaban EP, et al. Appropriate systemic therapy dosing for obese adult patients with cancer: ASCO guideline update. J Clin Oncol. 2021;39(18):2037-2048. doi:10.1200/JCO.21.00471 [PubMed 33939491]
  79. Gross-Goupil M, Fourcade A, Blot E, et al. Cisplatin alone or combined with gemcitabine in carcinomas of unknown primary: results of the randomised GEFCAPI 02 trial. Eur J Cancer. 2012;48(5):721-727. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2012.01.011 [PubMed 22317952]
  80. Grossman HB, Natale RB, Tangen CM, et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus cystectomy compared with cystectomy alone for locally advanced bladder cancer. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(9):859-866. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa022148 [PubMed 12944571]
  81. Hays KE, Ryu RJ, Swisher EM, et al. Duration of cisplatin excretion in breast milk. J Hum Lact. 2013;29(4):469-472. doi:10.1177/0890334413479671 [PubMed 23492761]
  82. Heinemann V, Quietzsch D, Gieseler F, et al. Randomized phase III trial of gemcitabine plus cisplatin compared with gemcitabine alone in advanced pancreatic cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24(24):3946-3952. doi:10.1200/JCO.2005.05.1490 [PubMed 16921047]
  83. Herrstedt J, Clark-Snow R, Ruhlmann CH, et al; participants of the MASCC/ESMO Consensus Conference 2022. 2023 MASCC and ESMO guideline update for the prevention of chemotherapy- and radiotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. ESMO Open. 2024;9(2):102195. doi:10.1016/j.esmoop.2023.102195 [PubMed 38458657]
  84. Hesketh PJ, Kris MG, Basch E, et al. Antiemetics: ASCO guideline update. J Clin Oncol. 2020;38(24):2782-2797. doi:10.1200/JCO.20.01296 [PubMed 32658626]
  85. Hincal AA, Long DF, Repta AJ. Cis-platin stability in aqueous parenteral vehicles. J Parenter Drug Assoc. 1979;33(3):107-116. [PubMed 256991]
  86. Hirai K, Ishiko O, Sumi T, Kanaoka Y, Ogita S. Kinetics of plasma platinum in a hemodialysis patient receiving repeated doses of cisplatin. Oncol Rep. 2000;7(6):1243-1245. doi:10.3892/or.7.6.1243 [PubMed 11032923]
  87. Hirakawa H, Nakashima C, Nakamura T, et al. Chemotherapy for primary mediastinal yolk sac tumor in a patient undergoing chronic hemodialysis: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2017;11(1):43. doi:10.1186/s13256-017-1213-7 [PubMed 28202048]
  88. Horie S, Oya M, Nangaku M, et al. Guidelines for treatment of renal injury during cancer chemotherapy 2016. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2018;22(1):210-244. doi:10.1007/s10157-017-1448-z [PubMed 28856465]
  89. Hui EP, Ma BB, Leung SF, et al. Randomized phase II trial of concurrent cisplatin-radiotherapy with or without neoadjuvant docetaxel and cisplatin in advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(2):242-249. doi:10.1200/JCO.2008.18.1545 [PubMed 19064973]
  90. Hwang JP, Feld JJ, Hammond SP, et al. Hepatitis B virus screening and management for patients with cancer prior to therapy: ASCO provisional clinical opinion update. J Clin Oncol. 2020;38(31):3698-3715. doi:10.1200/JCO.20.01757 [PubMed 32716741]
  91. Ihde DC, Mulshine JL, Kramer BS, et al. Prospective randomized comparison of high-dose and standard-dose etoposide and cisplatin chemotherapy in patients with extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1994;12(10):2022-2034. doi:10.1200/JCO.1994.12.10.2022 [PubMed 7931470]
  92. Ives NJ, Stowe RL, Lorigan P, Wheatley K. Chemotherapy compared with biochemotherapy for the treatment of metastatic melanoma: a meta-analysis of 18 trials involving 2,621 patients. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(34):5426-5434. doi:10.1200/JCO.2007.12.0253 [PubMed 18048825]
  93. Jaiyesimi IA, Leighl NB, Ismaila N, et al. Therapy for stage IV non-small cell lung cancer with driver alterations: ASCO living guideline, version 2023.3. J Clin Oncol. Published online February 28, 2024b. doi:10.1200/JCO.23.02744 [PubMed 38417091]
  94. Jaiyesimi IA, Leighl NB, Ismaila N, et al. Therapy for stage IV non-small cell lung cancer without driver alterations: ASCO living guideline, version 2023.3. J Clin Oncol. Published online February 28, 2024a. doi:10.1200/JCO.23.02746 [PubMed 38417098]
  95. Janjigian YY, Kawazoe A, Bai Y, et al. Pembrolizumab plus trastuzumab and chemotherapy for HER2-positive gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction adenocarcinoma: interim analyses from the phase 3 KEYNOTE-811 randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2023;402(10418):2197-2208. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02033-0 [PubMed 37871604]
  96. Janjigian YY, Kawazoe A, Yañez P, et al. The KEYNOTE-811 trial of dual PD-1 and HER2 blockade in HER2-positive gastric cancer. Nature. 2021;600(7890):727-730. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04161-3 [PubMed 34912120]
  97. Janus N, Thariat J, Boulanger H, et al. Proposal for Dosage Adjustment and Timing of Chemotherapy in Hemodialyzed Patients. Ann Oncol. 2010;21(7):1395-1403. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdp598 [PubMed 20118214]
  98. Johnson ML, Cho BC, Luft A, et al; POSEIDON investigators. Durvalumab with or without tremelimumab in combination with chemotherapy as first-line therapy for metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer: the phase III POSEIDON study. J Clin Oncol. 2022:JCO2200975. doi:10.1200/JCO.22.00975 [PubMed 36327426]
  99. Josting A, Rudolph C, Reiser M, et al; Participating Centers. Time-intensified dexamethasone/cisplatin/cytarabine: an effective salvage therapy with low toxicity in patients with relapsed and refractory Hodgkin's disease. Ann Oncol. 2002;13(10):1628-1635. [PubMed 12377653]
  100. Katzenstein HM, Langham MR, Malogolowkin MH, et al. Minimal adjuvant chemotherapy for children with hepatoblastoma resected at diagnosis (AHEP0731): a Children's Oncology Group, multicentre, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2019;20(5):719-727. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(18)30895-7 [PubMed 30975630]
  101. Katzenstein HM, Malogolowkin MH, Krailo MD, et al. Doxorubicin in combination with cisplatin, 5-flourouracil, and vincristine is feasible and effective in unresectable hepatoblastoma: a Children's Oncology Group study. Cancer. 2022;128(5):1057-1065. doi:10.1002/cncr.34014 [PubMed 34762296]
  102. Kelley RK, Ueno M, Yoo C, et al; KEYNOTE-966 Investigators. Pembrolizumab in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin compared with gemcitabine and cisplatin alone for patients with advanced biliary tract cancer (KEYNOTE-966): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2023;401(10391):1853-1865. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(23)00727-4 [PubMed 37075781]
  103. Kelly K, Crowley J, Bunn PA Jr, et al. Randomized phase III trial of paclitaxel plus carboplatin versus vinorelbine plus cisplatin in the treatment of patients with advanced non--small-cell lung cancer: a Southwest Oncology Group trial. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19(13):3210-3218. doi:10.1200/JCO.2001.19.13.3210 [PubMed 11432888]
  104. Kim H, Kang HJ, Lee JW, et al. Irinotecan, vincristine, cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, and etoposide for refractory or relapsed medulloblastoma/PNET in pediatric patients. Childs Nerv Syst. 2013;29(10):1851-1858. [PubMed 23748464]
  105. Kim S, François E, André T, et al. Docetaxel, cisplatin, and fluorouracil chemotherapy for metastatic or unresectable locally recurrent anal squamous cell carcinoma (Epitopes-HPV02): a multicentre, single-arm, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol. 2018;19(8):1094-1106. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(18)30321-8 [PubMed 30042063]
  106. Kim YR, Lee JL, You D, et al. Gemcitabine plus split-dose cisplatin could be a promising alternative to gemcitabine plus carboplatin for cisplatin-unfit patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2015;76(1):141-153. [PubMed 26001531]
  107. Kindler HL, Ismaila N, Armato SG 3rd, et al. Treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2018;36(13):1343-1373. doi:10.1200/JCO.2017.76.6394 [PubMed 29346042]
  108. Kintzel PE, Dorr RT. Anticancer drug renal toxicity and elimination: dosing guidelines for altered renal function. Cancer Treat Rev. 1995;21(1):33-64. doi:10.1016/0305-7372(95)90010-1 [PubMed 7859226]
  109. Klipstein S, Fallat ME, Savelli S; Committee on Bioethics; section on hematology/oncology; section on surgery. Fertility preservation for pediatric and adolescent patients with cancer: medical and ethical considerations. Pediatrics. 2020;145(3):e20193994. doi:10.1542/peds.2019-3994 [PubMed 32071259]
  110. Knight KR, Kraemer DF, Neuwelt EA. Ototoxicity in children receiving platinum chemotherapy: underestimating a commonly occurring toxicity that may influence academic and social development. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(34):8588-8596. [PubMed 16314621]
  111. Köhler C, Oppelt P, Favero G, et al. How much platinum passes the placental barrier? Analysis of platinum applications in 21 patients with cervical cancer during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015;213(2):206.e1-5. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2015.02.022 [PubMed 25731691]
  112. Kondagunta GV, Bacik J, Bajorin D, et al. Etoposide and cisplatin chemotherapy for metastatic good-risk germ cell tumors. J Clin Oncol. 2005a;23(36):9290-9294. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2005.03.6616. [PubMed 16361627]
  113. Kondagunta GV, Bacik J, Donadio A, et al. Combination of paclitaxel, ifosfamide, and cisplatin is an effective second-line therapy for patients with relapsed testicular germ cell tumors. J Clin Oncol. 2005b;23(27):6549-6555. [PubMed 16170162]
  114. Koyfman SA, Ismaila N, Crook D, et al. Management of the neck in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx: ASCO clinical practice guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2019;37(20):1753-1774. doi:10.1200/JCO.18.01921 [PubMed 30811281]
  115. Kreismann SG, Seeger RC, Matthay KK, et al. Purged versus non-purged peripheral blood stem-cell transplantation for high-risk neuroblastoma (COG A3973): a randomized phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2013;14:999-1008. [PubMed 23890779]
  116. Krens SD, Lassche G, Jansman FGA, et al. Dose recommendations for anticancer drugs in patients with renal or hepatic impairment. Lancet Oncol. 2019;20(4):e200-e207. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(19)30145-7 [PubMed 30942181]
  117. Kusaba H, Shibata Y, Arita S, et al. Infusional 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin as first-line chemotherapy in patients with carcinoma of unknown primary site. Med Oncol. 2007;24(2):259-264. [PubMed 17848753]
  118. Kushner BH, LaQuaglia MP, Bonilla MA, et al. Highly Effective Induction Therapy for Stage 4 Neuroblastoma in Children Over 1 Year of Age. J Clin Oncol. 1994;12(12):2607-2613. [PubMed 7527454 ]
  119. Landier W, Knight K, Wong FL, et al. Ototoxicity in children with high-risk neuroblastoma: prevalence, risk factors, and concordance of grading scales--a report from the Children's Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32(6):527-534. [PubMed 24419114]
  120. Lanowska M, Köhler C, Oppelt P, et al. Addressing concerns about cisplatin application during pregnancy. J Perinat Med. 2011;39(3):279-285. doi:10.1515/jpm.2011.015 [PubMed 21391877]
  121. Lara PN Jr, Natale R, Crowley J, et al. Phase III trial of irinotecan/cisplatin compared with etoposide/cisplatin in extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer: clinical and pharmacogenomic results from SWOG S0124. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(15):2530-2535. doi:10.1200/JCO.2008.20.1061 [PubMed 19349543]
  122. Lazzarino M, Corso A, Barbarano L, et al. DCEP (dexamethasone, cyclophosphamide, etoposide, and cisplatin) is an effective regimen for peripheral blood stem cell collection in multiple myeloma. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2001;28(9):835-839. doi:10.1038/sj.bmt.1703240 [PubMed 11781643]
  123. Le Treut J, Sault MC, Lena H, et al. Multicentre phase II study of cisplatin-etoposide chemotherapy for advanced large-cell neuroendocrine lung carcinoma: the GFPC 0302 study. Ann Oncol. 2013;24(6):1548-1552. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdt009 [PubMed 23406729]
  124. Lee AW, Tung SY, Chan AT, et al. A randomized trial on addition of concurrent-adjuvant chemotherapy and/or accelerated fractionation for locally-advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Radiother Oncol. 2011;98(1):15-22. doi:10.1016/j.radonc.2010.09.023 [PubMed 20971520]
  125. Lee AWM, Ngan RKC, Ng WT, et al. NPC-0501 trial on the value of changing chemoradiotherapy sequence, replacing 5-fluorouracil with capecitabine, and altering fractionation for patients with advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer. 2020;126(16):3674-3688. doi:10.1002/cncr.32972 [PubMed 32497261]
  126. Lee CK, Barlogie B, Munshi N, et al. DTPACE: an effective, novel combination chemotherapy with thalidomide for previously treated patients with myeloma. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21(14):2732-2739. doi:10.1200/JCO.2003.01.055 [PubMed 12860952]
  127. Li WZ, Lv X, Hu D, et al. Effect of induction chemotherapy with paclitaxel, cisplatin, and capecitabine vs cisplatin and fluorouracil on failure-free survival for patients with stage IVA to IVB nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a multicenter phase 3 randomized clinical trial. JAMA Oncol. 2022;8(5):706-714. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2022.0122 [PubMed 35323856]
  128. Lichtman SM, Wildiers H, Launay-Vacher V, Steer C, Chatelut E, Aapro M. International Society of Geriatric Oncology (SIOG) recommendations for the adjustment of dosing in elderly cancer patients with renal insufficiency. Eur J Cancer. 2007;43(1):14-34. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2006.11.004 [PubMed 17222747]
  129. Liu LT, Liu H, Huang Y, et al. Concurrent chemoradiotherapy followed by adjuvant cisplatin-gemcitabine versus cisplatin-fluorouracil chemotherapy for N2-3 nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a multicentre, open-label, randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2023;24(7):798-810. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(23)00232-2 [PubMed 37290468]
  130. Loehrer PJ Sr, Gonin R, Nichols CR, Weathers T, Einhorn LH. Vinblastine plus ifosfamide plus cisplatin as initial salvage therapy in recurrent germ cell tumor. J Clin Oncol. 1998;16(7):2500-2504. doi:10.1200/JCO.1998.16.7.2500 [PubMed 9667270]
  131. Loehrer PJ Sr, Jiroutek M, Aisner S, et al. Combined etoposide, ifosfamide, and cisplatin in the treatment of patients with advanced thymoma and thymic carcinoma: an intergroup trial. Cancer. 2001;91(11):2010-2015. [PubMed 11391579]
  132. Loehrer PJ Sr, Kim K, Aisner SC, et al. Cisplatin plus doxorubicin plus cyclophosphamide in metastatic or recurrent thymoma: final results of an intergroup trial. The Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, Southwest Oncology Group, and Southeastern Cancer Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 1994;12(6):1164-1168. doi:10.1200/JCO.1994.12.6.1164 [PubMed 8201378]
  133. Long HJ 3rd, Bundy BN, Grendys EC Jr, et al; Gynecologic Oncology Group Study. Randomized phase III trial of cisplatin with or without topotecan in carcinoma of the uterine cervix: a Gynecologic Oncology Group Study. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(21):4626-4633. doi:10.1200/JCO.2005.10.021 [PubMed 15911865]
  134. Lopes LF, Macedo CR, Aguiar Sdos S, et al. Lowered cisplatin dose and no bleomycin in the treatment of pediatric germ cell tumors: results of the GCT-99 Protocol from the Brazilian Germ Cell Pediatric Oncology Cooperative Group. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34(6):603-610. [PubMed 26729441]
  135. Lowery MA, Kelsen DP, Stadler ZK, et al. An emerging entity: pancreatic adenocarcinoma associated with a known BRCA mutation: clinical descriptors, treatment implications, and future directions. Oncologist. 2011;16(10):1397-1402. doi:10.1634/theoncologist.2011-0185 [PubMed 21934105]
  136. Lurain JR, Nejad B. Secondary chemotherapy for high-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. Gynecol Oncol. 2005;97(2):618-623. doi: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2005.02.004 [PubMed 15863169]
  137. Lurain JR, Schink JC. Importance of salvage therapy in the management of high-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. J Reprod Med. 2012;57(5-6):219-224. [PubMed 22696816]
  138. Lurain JR, Singh DK, Schink JC. Management of metastatic high-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia: FIGO stages II-IV: risk factor score > or = 7. J Reprod Med. 2010;55(5-6):199-207. [PubMed 20626175]
  139. Maghami E, Ismaila N, Alvarez A, et al. Diagnosis and management of squamous cell carcinoma of unknown primary in the head and neck: ASCO guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2020;38(22):2570-2596. doi:10.1200/JCO.20.00275 [PubMed 32324430]
  140. Mai HQ, Chen QY, Chen D, et al. Toripalimab or placebo plus chemotherapy as first-line treatment in advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a multicenter randomized phase 3 trial. Nat Med. 2021;27(9):1536-1543. doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01444-0 [PubMed 34341578]
  141. Malogolowkin MH, Katzenstein HM, Krailo M, et al. Redefining the role of doxorubicin for the treatment of children with hepatoblastoma. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(14):2379-2383. [PubMed 18467729]
  142. Manohar S, Leung N. Cisplatin nephrotoxicity: a review of the literature. J Nephrol. 2018;31(1):15-25. doi:10.1007/s40620-017-0392-z [PubMed 28382507]
  143. Marina NM, Smeland S, Bielack SS, et al. Comparison of MAPIE versus MAP in patients with a poor response to preoperative chemotherapy for newly diagnosed high-grade osteosarcoma (EURAMOS-1): an open-label, international, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2016;17(10):1396-1408. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(16)30214-5 [PubMed 27569442]
  144. Marnitz S, Kettritz R, Kahl A, et al. Simultaneous chemoradiation with cisplatin in a patient with recurrent cervical cancer undergoing hemodialysis: analysis of cisplatin concentrations in serum and dialysate and therapy-related acute toxicity. Strahlenther Onkol. 2011;187(12):831-834. doi:10.1007/s00066-011-2281-z [PubMed 22127362]
  145. Masters GA, Temin S, Azzoli CG. Systemic therapy for stage IV non-small-cell lung cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline update. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(30):3488-3515. [PubMed 26324367]
  146. McLaughlin P, Velasquez WS, Redman JR, et al. Chemotherapy with dexamethasone, high-dose cytarabine, and cisplatin for parenchymal brain lymphoma. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1988;80(17):1408-1412. doi:10.1093/jnci/80.17.1408 [PubMed 3172268]
  147. Mehrizi M, Fontem RF, Gearhart TR, Pascuzzi RM. Medications and Myasthenia Gravis (a Reference for Health Care Professionals). Indiana University School of Medicine's Department of Neurology; 2012.
  148. Moertel CG, Kvols LK, O'Connell MJ, Rubin J. Treatment of neuroendocrine carcinomas with combined etoposide and cisplatin. Evidence of major therapeutic activity in the anaplastic variants of these neoplasms. Cancer. 1991;68(2):227-232. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19910715)68:2<227::aid-cncr2820680202>3.0.co;2-i [PubMed 1712661]
  149. Monk BJ, Sill MW, McMeekin DS, et al. Phase III trial of four cisplatin-containing doublet combinations in stage IVB, recurrent, or persistent cervical carcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(28):4649-4655. doi:10.1200/JCO.2009.21.8909 [PubMed 19720909]
  150. Moore DH, Blessing JA, McQuellon RP, et al. Phase III study of cisplatin with or without paclitaxel in stage IVB, recurrent, or persistent squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix: a gynecologic oncology group study. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22(15):3113-3139. doi:10.1200/JCO.2004.04.170 [PubMed 15284262]
  151. Morgan C, Tillett T, Braybrooke J, et al. Management of Uncommon Chemotherapy-Induced Emergencies. Lancet Oncol. 2011;12(8):806-814. [PubMed 21276754]
  152. Morris M, Eifel PJ, Lu J, et al. Pelvic Radiation With Concurrent Chemotherapy Compared With Pelvic and Para-aortic Radiation for High-Risk Cervical Cancer. N Engl J Med. 1999;340(15):1137-1143. [PubMed 10202164 ]
  153. Mukai H, Katsumata N, Ando M, Watanabe T. Safety and efficacy of a combination of docetaxel and cisplatin in patients with unknown primary cancer. Am J Clin Oncol. 2010;33(1):32-35. doi:10.1097/COC.0b013e31819ccc55 [PubMed 19786850]
  154. Naranjo A, Parisi MT, Shulkin BL, et al. Comparison of 123I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) and 131I-MIBG Semi-Quantitative Scores in Predicting Survival in Patients With Stage 4 Neuroblastoma: A Report from the Children’s Oncology Group. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2011;56(7):1041-1045. [PubMed 21328522]
  155. National Toxicology Program (NTP). NTP monograph: developmental effects and pregnancy outcomes associated with cancer chemotherapy use during pregnancy. NTP Monogr. 2013;(2):i-214. [PubMed 24736875]
  156. Newlands ES, Mulholland PJ, Holden L, et al. Etoposide and Cisplatin/Etoposide, Methotrexate, and Actinomycin D (EMA) Chemotherapy for Patients With High-Risk Gestational Trophoblastic Tumors Refractory to EMA/Cyclophosphamide and Vincristine Chemotherapy and Patients Presenting With Metastatic Placental Site Trophoblastic Tumors. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18(4):854-859. [PubMed 10673528]
  157. Nichols CR, Catalano PJ, Crawford ED, et al. Randomized Comparison of Cisplatin and Etoposide and Either Bleomycin or Ifosfamide in Treatment of Advanced Disseminated Germ Cell Tumors: An Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, Southwest Oncology Group, and Cancer and Leukemia Group B Study. J Clin Oncol. 1998;16(4):1287-1293. [PubMed 9552027]
  158. Noronha V, Joshi A, Patil VM, et al. Once-a-week versus once-every-3-weeks cisplatin chemoradiation for locally advanced head and neck cancer: a phase III randomized noninferiority trial. J Clin Oncol. 2018;36(11):1064-1072. doi:10.1200/JCO.2017.74.9457 [PubMed 29220295]
  159. Nowak AK, Byrne MJ, Williamson R, et al. A multicentre phase II study of cisplatin and gemcitabine for malignant mesothelioma. Br J Cancer. 2002;87(5):491-496. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6600505. [PubMed 12189542]
  160. O'Dwyer PJ, Stevenson JP Johnson SW. Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Administration of Established Platinum Drugs. Drugs. 2000; 59(suppl 4):19-27. [PubMed 10864227]
  161. Oaknin A, Gladieff L, Martínez-García J, et al. Atezolizumab plus bevacizumab and chemotherapy for metastatic, persistent, or recurrent cervical cancer (BEATcc): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2024;403(10421):31-43. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02405-4 [PubMed 38048793]
  162. Oh D-Y, He AR, Qin S, et al. Durvalumab plus gemcitabine and cisplatin in advanced biliary tract cancer. NEJM Evidence. https://evidence.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/EVIDoa2200015. Published online June 1, 2022. Accessed January 23, 2023.
  163. Ohe Y, Ohashi Y, Kubota K, et al. Randomized phase III study of cisplatin plus irinotecan versus carboplatin plus paclitaxel, cisplatin plus gemcitabine, and cisplatin plus vinorelbine for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: Four-Arm Cooperative Study in Japan. Ann Oncol. 2007;18(2):317-323. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdl377 [PubMed 17079694]
  164. Oktay K, Harvey BE, Partridge AH, et al. Fertility preservation in patients with cancer: ASCO clinical practice guideline update. J Clin Oncol. 2018;36(19):1994-2001. doi:10.1200/JCO.2018.78.1914 [PubMed 29620997]
  165. Ortega JA, Douglass EC, Feusner JH, et al. Randomized comparison of cisplatin/vincristine/fluorouracil and cisplatin/continuous infusion doxorubicin for treatment of pediatric hepatoblastoma: A report from the Children's Cancer Group and the Pediatric Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18(14):2665-2675. [PubMed 10894865]
  166. Ozols RF, Bundy BN, Greer BE, et al. Phase III Trial of Carboplatin and Paclitaxel Compared With Cisplatin and Paclitaxel in Patients With Optimally Resected Stage III Ovarian Cancer: A Gynecologic Oncology Group Study. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21(17):3194-3200. [PubMed 12860964]
  167. Packer RJ, Gajjar A, Vezina G, et al. Phase III Study of Craniospinal Radiation Therapy Followed by Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Newly Diagnosed Average-Risk Medulloblastoma. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24(25):4202-4208. [PubMed 16943538]
  168. Packer RJ, Zhou T, Holmes E, Vezina G, Gajjar. A Survival and secondary tumors in children with medulloblastoma receiving radiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy: results of Children’s Oncology Group trial A9961. Neuro-Oncology. 2013;15(1):97-103. [PubMed 23099653]
  169. Pagliaro LC, Williams DL, Daliani D, et al. Neoadjuvant paclitaxel, ifosfamide, and cisplatin chemotherapy for metastatic penile cancer: a phase II study. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(24):3851-3857. doi:10.1200/JCO.2010.29.5477 [PubMed 20625118]
  170. Park S, Lee SJ, Jung CW, et al. DCEP for relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma after therapy with novel agents. Ann Hematol. 2014;93(1):99-105. doi:10.1007/s00277-013-1952-5. [PubMed 24240976]
  171. Paw Cho Sing E, Robinson PD, Flank J, et al. Classification of the acute emetogenicity of chemotherapy in pediatric patients: A clinical practice guideline. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2019;66(5):e27646. doi:10.1002/pbc.27646 [PubMed 30729654]
  172. Paz-Ares L, Ciuleanu TE, Cobo M, et al. First-line nivolumab plus ipilimumab combined with two cycles of chemotherapy in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (CheckMate 9LA): an international, randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2021;22(2):198-211. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(20)30641-0 [PubMed 33476593]
  173. Peccatori FA, Azim HA Jr, Orecchia R, et al. Cancer, pregnancy and fertility: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2013;24(suppl 6):vi160-170. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdt199 [PubMed 23813932]
  174. Pegram MD, Pienkowski T, Northfelt DW, et al. Results of Two Open-Label, Multicenter Phase II Studies of Docetaxel, Platinum Salts, and Trastuzumab in HER2-Positive Advanced Breast Cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004;96(10):759-769. [PubMed 15150304]
  175. Pei Y, Gou Y, Li N, Yang X, Han X, Huiling L. Efficacy and safety of platinum-based chemotherapy for ovarian cancer during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Oncol Ther. 2022;10(1):55-73. doi:10.1007/s40487-021-00179-9 [PubMed 34865206]
  176. Perazella MA, Portilla D, Safar AM. Cisplatin nephrotoxicity. Post TW, ed. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. http://www.uptodate.com. Accessed December 5, 2022.
  177. Pérez Fidalgo JA, García Fabregat L, Cervantes A, et al. Management of Chemotherapy Extravasation: ESMO-EONS Clinical Practice Guidelines. Ann Oncol. 2012;23(suppl 7):167-173. [PubMed 22997449]
  178. Perilongo G, Maibach R, Shafford E, et al. Cisplatin versus cisplatin plus doxorubicin for standard-risk hepatoblastoma. NEJM. 2009;361:1662-1670. [PubMed 19846851]
  179. Perilongo G, Shafford E, Maibach R, et al. Risk-adapted treatment for childhood hepatoblastoma: final report of the second study of the International Society of Paediatric Oncology – SIOPEL 2. Eur J Cancer. 2004;40(3):411-421. [PubMed 14746860]
  180. Peters WA 3rd, Liu PY, Barrett RJ 2nd, et al. Concurrent Chemotherapy and Pelvic Radiation Therapy Compared With Pelvic Radiation Therapy Alone as Adjuvant Therapy After Radical Surgery in High-Risk Early-Stage Cancer of the Cervix. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18(8):1606-1613. [PubMed 10764420]
  181. Pfister C, Gravis G, Fléchon A, et al. Dose-dense methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin or gemcitabine and cisplatin as perioperative chemotherapy for patients with nonmetastatic muscle-invasive bladder cancer: results of the GETUG-AFU V05 VESPER trial. J Clin Oncol. 2022;40(18):2013-2022. doi:10.1200/JCO.21.02051 [PubMed 35254888]
  182. Pfister C, Gravis G, Fléchon A, et al. Perioperative dose-dense methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin in muscle-invasive bladder cancer (VESPER): survival endpoints at 5 years in an open-label, randomised, phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol. 2024;25(2):255-264. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(23)00587-9 [PubMed 38142702]
  183. Pineda-Roman M, Zangari M, Haessler J, et al. Sustained complete remissions in multiple myeloma linked to bortezomib in total therapy 3: comparison with total therapy 2. Br J Haematol. 2008;140(6):625-634. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2007.06921.x [PubMed 18302711]
  184. Pinkerton CR, Pritchard J, Spitz L. High Complete Response Rate in Children With Advanced Germ Cell Tumors Using Cisplatin-Containing Combination Chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 1986;4(2):194-199. [PubMed 2418168]
  185. Pistilli B, Bellettini G, Giovannetti E, et al. Chemotherapy, targeted agents, antiemetics and growth-factors in human milk: how should we counsel cancer patients about breastfeeding? Cancer Treat Rev. 2013;39(3):207-211. doi:10.1016/j.ctrv.2012.10.002 [PubMed 23199900]
  186. Planchard D, Jänne PA, Cheng Y, et al. Osimertinib with or without chemotherapy in EGFR-mutated advanced NSCLC. N Engl J Med. 2023;389(21):1935-1948. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2306434 [PubMed 37937763]
  187. Plimack ER, Hoffman-Censits JH, Viterbo R, et al. Accelerated methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin is safe, effective, and efficient neoadjuvant treatment for muscle-invasive bladder cancer: results of a multicenter phase II study with molecular correlates of response and toxicity. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32(18):1895-1901. doi:10.1200/JCO.2013.53.2465 [PubMed 24821881]
  188. Pointreau Y, Garaud P, Chapet S, et al. Randomized trial of induction chemotherapy with cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil with or without docetaxel for larynx preservation. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009;101(7):498-506. doi:10.1093/jnci/djp007 [PubMed 19318632]
  189. Posner MR, Hershock DM, Blajman CR, et al; TAX 324 Study Group. Cisplatin and fluorouracil alone or with docetaxel in head and neck cancer. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(17):1705-1715. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa070956 [PubMed 17960013]
  190. Pritchard J, Brown J, Shafford E, et al. Cisplatin, Doxorubicin, and Delayed Surgery for Childhood Hepatoblastoma: A Successful Approach--Results of the First Prospective Study of the International Society of Pediatric Oncology. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18(22):3819-3828. [PubMed 11078495]
  191. Pussegoda K, Ross CJ, Visscher H, et al; CPNDS Consortium. Replication of TPMT and ABCC3 genetic variants highly associated with cisplatin-induced hearing loss in children. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2013;94(2):243-251. [PubMed 23588304]
  192. Ratain MJ, Cox NJ, Henderson TO. Challenges in interpreting the evidence for genetic predictors of ototoxicity. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2013;94(6):631-635. [PubMed 24241639]
  193. Reece PA, Stafford I, Abbott RL, et al. Two-Versus 24-Hour Infusion of Cisplatin: Pharmacokinetic Considerations. J Clin Oncol. 1989;7(2):270-275. [PubMed 2536803]
  194. Rehwaldt M, Wickham R, Purl S, et al. Self-care strategies to cope with taste changes after chemotherapy. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2009;36(2):E47-56. [PubMed 19273394]
  195. Rha SY, Oh DY, Yañez P, et al. Pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy versus placebo plus chemotherapy for HER2-negative advanced gastric cancer (KEYNOTE-859): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2023;24(11):1181-1195. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(23)00515-6 [PubMed 37875143]
  196. Rose PG, Ali S, Watkins E, et al; Gynecologic Oncology Group. Long-term follow-up of a randomized trial comparing concurrent single agent cisplatin, cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy, or hydroxyurea during pelvic irradiation for locally advanced cervical cancer: a Gynecologic Oncology Group Study. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(19):2804-2810. doi:10.1200/JCO.2006.09.4532 [PubMed 17502627]
  197. Rudin CM, Ismaila N, Hann CL, et al. Treatment of Small-Cell Lung Cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology Endorsement of the American College of Chest Physicians Guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(34):4106-4111. doi:10.1200/JCO.2015.63.7918 [PubMed 26351333]
  198. Santoro A, O'Brien ME, Stahel RA, et al. Pemetrexed plus cisplatin or pemetrexed plus carboplatin for chemonaïve patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma: results of the International Expanded Access Program. J Thorac Oncol. 2008;3(7):756-763. doi:10.1097/JTO.0b013e31817c73d6 [PubMed 18594322]
  199. Saxman SB, Finch D, Gonin R, et al. Long-Term Follow-Up of a Phase III Study of Three Versus Four Cycles of Bleomycin, Etoposide, and Cisplatin in Favorable-Prognosis Germ-Cell Tumors: The Indian University Experience. J Clin Oncol. 1998;16(2):702-706. [PubMed 9469360]
  200. Scagliotti GV, Parikh P, von Pawel J, et al. Phase III study comparing cisplatin plus gemcitabine with cisplatin plus pemetrexed in chemotherapy-naive patients with advanced-stage non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(21):3543-3551. doi:10.1200/JCO.2007.15.0375 [PubMed 18506025]
  201. Schlumbrecht MP, Hehr K. Cisplatin-induced bradycardia and the importance of the QT interval. J Oncol Pharm Pract. 2015; 21(2):157-60. [PubMed 24557923]
  202. Schmid I, Häberle B, Albert MH, et al. Sorafenib and cisplatin/doxorubicin (PLADO) in pediatric hepatocellular carcinoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2012;58(4):539-544. [PubMed 21922643]
  203. Schuchter LM, Hensley ML, Meropol NJ, et al. 2002 Update of Recommendations for the Use of Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy Protectants: Clinical Practice Guidelines of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20(12):2895-2903. [PubMed 12065567]
  204. Shah MA, Kennedy EB, Catenacci DV, et al. Treatment of locally advanced esophageal carcinoma: ASCO guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2020;38(23):2677-2694. doi:10.1200/JCO.20.00866 [PubMed 32568633]
  205. Silver DP, Richardson AL, Eklund AC, et al. Efficacy of neoadjuvant Cisplatin in triple-negative breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(7):1145-1153. [PubMed 20100965]
  206. Song Y, Liu Y, Lin M, Sheng B, Zhu X. Efficacy of neoadjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy during the second and third trimester of pregnancy in women with cervical cancer: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2018;13:79-102. doi:10.2147/DDDT.S186966 [PubMed 30587930]
  207. Sternberg CN, de Mulder PH, Schornagel JH, et al; European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Genitourinary Tract Cancer Cooperative Group. Randomized phase III trial of high-dose-intensity methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin (M-VAC) chemotherapy and recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor versus classic M-VAC in advanced urothelial tract tumors: European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Protocol No. 30924. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19(10):2638-2646. doi:10.1200/JCO.2001.19.10.2638 [PubMed 11352955]
  208. Sternberg CN, de Mulder P, Schornagel JH, et al; EORTC Genito-Urinary Cancer Group. Seven year update of an EORTC phase III trial of high-dose intensity M-VAC chemotherapy and G-CSF versus classic M-VAC in advanced urothelial tract tumours. Eur J Cancer. 2006;42(1):50-54. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2005.08.032 [PubMed 6330205]
  209. Stopenski S, Aslam A, Zhang X, Cardonick E. After chemotherapy treatment for maternal cancer during pregnancy, is breastfeeding possible? Breastfeed Med. 2017;12:91-97. doi:10.1089/bfm.2016.0166 [PubMed 28170295]
  210. Sun JM, Shen L, Shah MA, et al; KEYNOTE-590 Investigators. Pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for first-line treatment of advanced oesophageal cancer (KEYNOTE-590): a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 study. Lancet. 2021;398(10302):759-771. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01234-4 [PubMed 34454674]
  211. Sun Y, Li WF, Chen NY, et al. Induction chemotherapy plus concurrent chemoradiotherapy versus concurrent chemoradiotherapy alone in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a phase 3, multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2016;17(11):1509-1520. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(16)30410-7 [PubMed 27686945]
  212. Takada M, Fukuoka M, Kawahara M, et al. Phase III study of concurrent versus sequential thoracic radiotherapy in combination with cisplatin and etoposide for limited-stage small-cell lung cancer: results of the Japan Clinical Oncology Group Study 9104. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20(14):3054-3060. doi:10.1200/JCO.2002.12.071 [PubMed 12118018]
  213. Tepper J, Krasna MJ, Niedzwiecki D, et al. Phase III trial of trimodality therapy with cisplatin, fluorouracil, radiotherapy, and surgery compared with surgery alone for esophageal cancer: CALGB 9781. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(7):1086-92. [PubMed 18309943]
  214. Tewari KS, Sill MW, Long HJ 3rd, et al. Improved survival with bevacizumab in advanced cervical cancer. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(8):734-743. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1309748 [PubMed 24552320]
  215. Tewari KS, Sill MW, Penson RT, et al. Bevacizumab for advanced cervical cancer: final overall survival and adverse event analysis of a randomised, controlled, open-label, phase 3 trial (Gynecologic Oncology Group 240). Lancet. 2017;390(10103):1654-1663. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31607-0 [PubMed 28756902]
  216. Tokuda Y, Arakura F, Uhara H. Combination chemotherapy of low-dose 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin for advanced extramammary Paget's disease. Int J Clin Oncol. 2015;20(1):194-197. doi:10.1007/s10147-014-0686-2 [PubMed 24687531]
  217. Tomita M, Kurata H, Aoki Y, Tanaka K, Kazama JJ. Pharmacokinetics of paclitaxel and cisplatin in a hemodialysis patient with recurrent ovarian cancer. Anticancer Drugs. 2001;12(5):485-487. doi:10.1097/00001813-200106000-00010 [PubMed 11395577]
  218. Trivedi CD, Pitchumoni CS. Drug-induced pancreatitis: an update. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2005;39(8):709-716. [PubMed 16082282]
  219. Turrisi AT 3rd, Kim K, Blum R, et al. Twice-daily compared with once-daily thoracic radiotherapy in limited small-cell lung cancer treated concurrently with cisplatin and etoposide. N Engl J Med. 1999;340(4):265-271. doi:10.1056/NEJM199901283400403 [PubMed 9920950]
  220. US Department of Health and Human Services; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. NIOSH list of antineoplastic and other hazardous drugs in healthcare settings 2016. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2016-161/default.html. Updated September 2016. Accessed October 5, 2016.
  221. Valle J, Wasan H, Palmer DH, et al; ABC-02 Trial Investigators. Cisplatin plus gemcitabine versus gemcitabine for biliary tract cancer. N Engl J Med. 2010 ;362(14):1273-1281. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0908721 [PubMed 20375404]
  222. Van Cutsem E, Moiseyenko VM, Tjulandin S, et al; V325 Study Group. Phase III study of docetaxel and cisplatin plus fluorouracil compared with cisplatin and fluorouracil as first-line therapy for advanced gastric cancer: a report of the V325 Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24(31):4991-4997. [PubMed 17075117]
  223. van der Heijden MS, Sonpavde G, Powles T, et al; CheckMate 901 Trial Investigators. Nivolumab plus gemcitabine-cisplatin in advanced urothelial carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2023;389(19):1778-1789. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2309863 [PubMed 37870949]
  224. van Haarst JM, Baas P, Manegold Ch, et al. Multicentre phase II study of gemcitabine and cisplatin in malignant pleural mesothelioma. Br J Cancer. 2002;86(3):342-345. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6600118 [PubMed 11875695 ]
  225. Velasquez WS, Cabanillas F, Salvador P, et al. Effective salvage therapy for lymphoma with cisplatin in combination with high-dose Ara-C and dexamethasone (DHAP). Blood. 1988;71(1):117-122. [PubMed 3334893]
  226. Velasquez WS, McLaughlin P, Tucker S, et al. ESHAP--an effective chemotherapy regimen in refractory and relapsing lymphoma: a 4-year follow-up study. J Clin Oncol. 1994;12(6):1169-1176. doi:10.1200/JCO.1994.12.6.1169 [PubMed 8201379]
  227. Vermorken JB, Mesia R, Rivera F, et al. Platinum-based chemotherapy plus cetuximab in head and neck cancer. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(11):1116-1127. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0802656 [PubMed 18784101]
  228. Vermorken JB, Remenar E, van Herpen C, et al. Cisplatin, Fluorouracil, and Docetaxel in Unresectable Head and Neck Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(17):1695-1704. [PubMed 17960012]
  229. Vogelzang NJ, Rusthoven JJ, Symanowski J, et al. Phase III study of pemetrexed in combination with cisplatin versus cisplatin alone in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21(14):2636-2644. doi:10.1200/JCO.2003.11.136 [PubMed 12860938]
  230. von der Maase H, Hansen SW, Roberts JT, et al. Gemcitabine and cisplatin versus methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin in advanced or metastatic bladder cancer: results of a large, randomized, multinational, multicenter, phase III study. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18(17):3068-3077. doi:10.1200/JCO.2000.18.17.3068 [PubMed 11001674]
  231. Wang J, Short D, Sebire NJ, et al. Salvage chemotherapy of relapsed or high-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) with paclitaxel/cisplatin alternating with paclitaxel/etoposide (TP/TE). Ann Oncol. 2008;19(9):1578-1583. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdn181 [PubMed 18453518]
  232. Wang M, Yin Z, Miao J, Wu Y. The fetal outcomes after neoadjuvant platinum and paclitaxel chemotherapy during pregnancy: analysis of three cases and review of the literature. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2022;305(1):49-54. doi:10.1007/s00404-021-06113-8 [PubMed 34115181]
  233. Wee J, Tan EH, Tai BC, et al. Randomized trial of radiotherapy versus concurrent chemoradiotherapy followed by adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with American Joint Committee on Cancer/International Union against cancer stage III and IV nasopharyngeal cancer of the endemic variety. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(27):6730-6738. doi:10.1200/JCO.2005.16.790 [PubMed 16170180]
  234. Whelan JS, Bielack SS, Marina N, et al; EURAMOS collaborators. EURAMOS-1, an international randomised study for osteosarcoma: results from pre-randomisation treatment. Ann Oncol. 2015;26(2):407-414. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdu526 [PubMed 25421877]
  235. Whitney CW, Sause W, Bundy BN, et al. Randomized Comparison of Fluorouracil Plus Cisplatin Versus Hydroxyurea as an Adjunct to Radiation Therapy in Stage IIB-IVA Carcinoma of the Cervix With Negative Para-aortic Lymph Nodes: A Gynecologic Oncology Group and Southwest Oncology Group Study. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17(5):1339-1348. [PubMed 10334517 ]
  236. Williams S, Blessing JA, Liao SY, Ball H, Hanjani P. Adjuvant therapy of ovarian germ cell tumors with cisplatin, etoposide, and bleomycin: a trial of the Gynecologic Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol. 1994;12(4):701-706. doi:10.1200/JCO.1994.12.4.701 [PubMed 7512129]
  237. Wozniak AJ, Crowley JJ, Balcerzak SP, et al. Randomized trial comparing cisplatin with cisplatin plus vinorelbine in the treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a Southwest Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol. 1998;16(7):2459-2465. doi:10.1200/JCO.1998.16.7.2459 [PubMed 9667264]
  238. Xia WX, Lv X, Liang H, et al. Randomized controlled trial comparing two different schedules for cisplatin treatment in patients with locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2021;27(15):4186-4194. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-20-4532 [PubMed 34083231]
  239. Xiao H, Mazumdar M, Bajorin DF, et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with good-risk germ cell tumors treated with etoposide and cisplatin. J Clin Oncol. 1997;15(7):2553-2558. doi:10.1200/JCO.1997.15.7.2553 [PubMed 9215824]
  240. Yang JJ, Lim JY, Huang J, et al. The role of inherited TPMT and COMT genetic variation in cisplatin-induced ototoxicity in children with cancer. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2013;94(2):252-259. [PubMed 23820299]
  241. Yang Q, Cao SM, Guo L, et al. Induction chemotherapy followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy versus concurrent chemoradiotherapy alone in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: long-term results of a phase III multicentre randomised controlled trial. Eur J Cancer. 2019;119:87-96. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2019.07.007 [PubMed 31425966]
  242. Yoh K, Goto K, Ishii G-i, et al. Weekly chemotherapy with cisplatin, vincristine, doxorubicin, and etoposide is an effective treatment for advanced thymic carcinoma. Cancer. 2003;98:926-931. doi:10.1002/cncr.11606 [PubMed 12942558]
  243. Zagouri F, Sergentanis TN, Chrysikos D, Bartsch R. Platinum derivatives during pregnancy in cervical cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;121(2, pt 1):337-343. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e31827c5822 [PubMed 23344284]
  244. Zahra MA, Taylor A, Mould G, Coles C, Crawford R, Tan LT. Concurrent weekly cisplatin chemotherapy and radiotherapy in a haemodialysis patient with locally advanced cervix cancer. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2008;20(1):6-11. doi:10.1016/j.clon.2007.10.007 [PubMed 18191389]
  245. Zalcman G, Mazieres J, Margery J, et al; French Cooperative Thoracic Intergroup (IFCT). Bevacizumab for newly diagnosed pleural mesothelioma in the Mesothelioma Avastin Cisplatin Pemetrexed Study (MAPS): a randomised, controlled, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2016;387(10026):1405-1414. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01238-6 [PubMed 26719230]
  246. Zhang Y, Chen L, Hu GQ, et al. Final overall survival analysis of gemcitabine and cisplatin induction chemotherapy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a multicenter, randomized phase III trial. J Clin Oncol. 2022;40(22):2420-2425. doi:10.1200/JCO.22.00327 [PubMed 35709465]
  247. Zhang Y, Chen L, Hu GQ, et al. Gemcitabine and cisplatin induction chemotherapy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(12):1124-1135. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1905287 [PubMed 31150573]
  248. Zhu Q, Hu H, Tang LQ, et al. Weekly versus triweekly cisplatin plus intensity-modulated radiotherapy in locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a propensity score analysis with a large cohort. J Cancer. 2018;9(19):3447-3455. doi:10.7150/jca.26110 [PubMed 30310501]
Topic 13162 Version 379.0

آیا می خواهید مدیلیب را به صفحه اصلی خود اضافه کنید؟