Risk factors for increased risk of acquiring TBI and/or progressing to TB disease

Contacts of people with confirmed or suspected contagious TB (contact investigation)

Children with radiographic or clinical findings suggesting TB disease

Children immigrating from countries with endemic infection (eg, Asia, Middle East, Africa, Latin America, countries of the former Soviet Union), including international adoptees

Children with history of significant travel* to countries with endemic infection who have substantial contact with the resident population

Children with HIV infection

Children with other medical conditions, including diabetes mellitus, chronic renal failure, malnutrition, or congenital or acquired immunodeficiencies and children receiving TNF-a antagonists, which may enhance the possibility for progression to severe disease

TBI: tuberculosis infection; TB: tuberculosis; TNF-a: tumor necrosis factor-alpha.

* Determination of significant travel should account for the frequency of travel and the duration of time. Testing should be conducted 8 to 10 weeks after completion of travel, to allow for the known incubation period of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

From: Nolt D, Starke JR. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Infectious Diseases. Tuberculosis Infection in Children and Adolescents: Testing and Treatment. Pediatrics 2021; 148:e2021054663. Copyright © the American Academy of Pediatrics. Available at: https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/148/6/e2021054663/183445/Tuberculosis-Infection-in-Children-and-Adolescents (Accessed on February 23, 2022). Reproduced under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0.

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Risk factors for increased risk of acquiring TBI and/or progressing to TB disease