ﺑﺎﺯﮔﺸﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻗﺒﻠﯽ
خرید پکیج
تعداد آیتم قابل مشاهده باقیمانده : -17 مورد

Overview of multiple system atrophy (MSA) diagnostic criteria

Overview of multiple system atrophy (MSA) diagnostic criteria
Core motor features Core autonomic features
Parkinsonism
  • Bradykinesia plus rigidity or tremor
  • Poor levodopa responsiveness
Cerebellar syndrome
  • Gait ataxia
  • Limb ataxia
  • Cerebellar dysarthria
  • Oculomotor dysfunction (sustained nystagmus or saccadic hypermetria)
Voiding dysfunction
  • Unexplained voiding difficulties
  • Postvoid residual volume (>100 mL for c.e.)
  • Secondary causes excluded (eg, bladder outflow obstruction due to prostate enlargement)
Urinary urge incontinence
  • Involuntary urine leakage associated with urgency
  • Non-neurogenic causes excluded (eg, prior pelvic surgery, pelvic floor prolapse)
Neurogenic orthostatic hypotension
  • ≥20 mmHg systolic blood pressure drop within 10 minutes of standing or head-up tilt test (within 3 minutes for c.e.)
Supportive clinical features Biomarkers
Motor
  • Rapid progression within 3 years of motor onset
  • Moderate to severe postural instability within 3 years of motor onset
  • Craniocervical dystonia induced/exacerbated by levodopa in absence of limb dyskinesia
  • Severe speech impairment within 3 years of motor onset
  • Severe dysphagia within 3 years of motor onset
  • Unexplained Babinski
  • Jerky myoclonic postural or kinetic tremor
  • Postural deformities (eg, anterocollis, laterocollis, camptocormia)
Nonmotor
  • Stridor
  • Inspiratory sighs
  • Cold discolored hands and feet
  • Erectile dysfunction (before age 60 years for c.e.)
  • Pathologic laughter or crying
Brain MRI
  • Atrophy of putamen, MCP, pons, and/or cerebellum
  • Signal decrease of putamen on iron-sensitive sequences
  • "Hot cross bun" sign
  • Increased diffusivity of putamen and/or MCP
Exclusionary features
  • Substantial and persistent beneficial response to dopaminergic medications
  • Unexplained anosmia on olfactory testing
  • Abnormal cardiac sympathic imaging (123I-MIBG-scintigraphy)
  • Fluctuating cognition with early decline in visuospatial abilities
  • Recurrent visual hallucinations within 3 years of disease onset
  • Dementia within 3 years of disease onset
  • Downgaze supranuclear palsy
  • Brain MRI findings suggestive of alternative diagnosis (eg, PSP, MS, vascular parkinsonism, symptomatic cerebellar disease)
  • Alternative condition known to produce autonomic failure, ataxia, or parkinsonism
Clinically established MSA is defined as a sporadic, progressive adult (>30 years) onset disease with:
  • Autonomic dysfunction (≥1 feature) and
  • Poorly levodopa-responsive parkinsonism and/or cerebellar syndrome (≥2 features) and
  • ≥2 supportive clinical features and
  • ≥1 brain MRI feature and
  • No exclusionary criteria

Clinically probable MSA is defined as a sporadic, progressive adult (>30 years) onset disease with:

  • At least 2 of:
    • Autonomic dysfunction (≥1 feature)
    • Parkinsonism
    • Cerebellar syndrome (≥1 feature)
  • and
  • ≥1 supportive clinical feature and
  • No exclusionary criteria
c.e.: clinically established; MCP: middle cerebellar peduncle; MIBG: metaiodobenzylguanidine; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; MS: multiple sclerosis; PSP: progressive supranuclear palsy.
Adapted from: Wenning GK, Stankovic I, Vignatelli L, et al. The Movement Disorder Society criteria for the diagnosis of multiple system atrophy. Mov Disord 2022; 37:1131. Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Available at: https://movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mds.29005 (Accessed on March 13, 2023). Reproduced under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0.
Graphic 140972 Version 2.0