Version July 2025
CMV: cytomegalovirus; CVS: chorionic villus sampling; MCA-PSV: middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity; MFM: maternal-fetal medicine; PCR: polymerase chain reaction.
* Refer to UpToDate content on causes of nonimmune hydrops fetalis. Consultation with a genetics specialist can be helpful if the family history suggests a heritable disorder.
¶ Refer to UpToDate content on diagnosis and management of fetal arrhythmias.
Δ Refer to UpToDate content on parvovirus B19, cytomegalovirus, and toxoplasmosis in pregnancy.