| Risk factors for CKD |
Kidney diseases associated with CKD: - CAKUT (ie, vesicoureteral reflux, dysplastic or hypoplastic kidneys)
- Any urologic abnormalities
- Recurrent kidney calculi or nephrocalcinosis
- Recurrent pyelonephritis
- History of acute kidney injury
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Other conditions associated with CKD: - Moderate risk:
- Preterm birth
- Diabetes mellitus
- Multisystem disease (eg, SLE)
- Nephrotoxin exposure
- Family history of CKD
- High risk:
- Cancer treatment
- Transplantation (solid organ or hematopoietic stem cell)
- Sickle cell disease
- Complex congenital heart disease
- ECMO or history of cardiopulmonary bypass
- History of prematurity and/or intrauterine growth restriction
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| Signs and symptoms associated with CKD |
- Elevated blood pressure
- Poor linear growth
- Anorexia or feeding difficulties
- Polyuria, polydipsia, or secondary enuresis
- Edema
- Unexplained anemia or pallor
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| Laboratory abnormalities |
- Unexplained anemia
- Fluid and electrolyte abnormalities (especially hyperkalemia, uremia, or hyperphosphatemia)
- Hematuria (eg, tea-colored urine) and/or proteinuria
- Hyperparathyroidism
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