Location of fistula | Etiology | Endoscopic modality | Success rate |
Esophagus (tracheo-esophageal, broncho-esophageal, esophagopleural) | Malignant (esophageal cancer, lung cancer, lymphoma) | FSEMS, PSEMS | >90% |
FSEMS, SEPS | 76 to 83% | ||
Benign (iatrogenic, trauma, infections) | Cardiac septal occluders | – | |
Gastric (gastrocutaneous, gastro-gastric, gastroduodenal, gastrocolonic) | Post PEG tube removal, post bariatric surgery, malignancy | TTSC, OTSC | 75 to 89% |
Endo-suturing | 40 to 80% | ||
Tissue sealants, cardiac septal occluders | – | ||
Colonic (colovesical, colovaginal, colocutaneous) | Post-surgical, malignancy, Crohn's disease | FSEMS | 50 to 70% |
Tissue sealants, OTSC, endoscopic vacuum therapy | – | ||
70 to 90% |